Strategic Management Policies Research Articles

Monitoring and Assessing (PM10 & PM2.5) Particulate Matters within Federal University Otuoke amidst Seasonal Variation of Relative Humidity

This study examines the seasonal variation of particulate matter (PM10; PM2.5) concentrations within Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria. The study is premised on monitoring and assessing PM10 and PM2.5 in the environment of the university. Dustmate and Kane 100-1 and 3.5.1 RS-1361C-Humidity/Temperature meter were used in sampling between the hours of 8am to 5pm per day in five day per week for a period of 6month which covers both the rainy and dry season. The sampled concentration of PM10 and PM 2.5 obtained was compared with the guidelines of “The National Ambient Air Quality Standard” established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for compliance and regulation. Descriptive statistically methods were used in data analysis. The Results revealed that the averages PM10 are 116.71 µg/m3 and 107.25 µg/m3, while PM 2.5 records as 27.52 µg/m3 and 32.21 µg/m3 respectively. Relative humidity was also recorded 55.53 µg/m3 and 73.74 µg/m3. Similarly the results in both seasons shows the total average of PM10 as 100.19 µg/m3 and 110.07 µg/m3, PM 2.5 records 23.88 µg/m3 and 23.37 µg/m3 while relative humidity records 55.78 µg/m3 and 68.18 µg/m3 respectively. These were significantly influenced by the relative humidity of the environment of Federal University Otuoke. The study concludes that the seasonal variation of the relative humidity has an effect on the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations and consequently the air quality of the university, hence further research into methods that will reduce particulate matter, as well as strategic environmental management policies within the university and beyond is recommended.

Tourism resilience and challenges in Limpopo, South Africa: A post-COVID-19 analysis

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact, recovery and resilience of COVID-19 on South Africa's Limpopo Province's tourism industry. The study utilises surveys (n = 115) and interviews (n = 50) to examine the impact, recovery, resilience, success and challenges of various tourism-related businesses, including national parks, restaurants, and hotels. Despite minimal government support and significant challenges like erratic utilities, high inflation, and a global economic downturn, the sector showed resilience, with few business failures. While some businesses in the accommodation sector diversified into areas like student accommodation, some survived by cutting the number of staff, tapping into savings, borrowing and adopting various cost containment measures to survive the pandemic. Post the pandemic, the sector faces issues like decreased demand due to technological changes in meetings and conferences and employee mental health concerns. The study underscores the need for strategic management and specific policy interventions to ensure the sector's resilience and survival post-pandemic.

Green Commerce: Navigating the Environmental Impact Landscape with Strategic Management Policies

In the contemporary business landscape, the imperative of environmental sustainability has reshaped the discourse surrounding commerce, ushering in the era of "Green Commerce." This paradigm shift necessitates a strategic fusion of commerce and environmental responsibility, orchestrated through the lens of strategic management policies. This article explores the transformative potential of Green Commerce, focusing on how businesses can navigate the environmental impact landscape while advancing their strategic objectives.

Bon voyage: a vacation from food wastage

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are as follows: to use advanced frameworks and tools to convey complex ideas related to strategy and sustainable business practices; apply relevant concepts and theories of corporate social responsibility and governance to a practical situation while making decisions; demonstrate understanding of the importance of stakeholders when developing socially responsible thinking; and analyze the different strengths and weaknesses of the organization when making a decision that would affect the company strategy. Case overview/synopsis Claire Humphry was the General Manager at the renowned The Nacre Hotel in Penang, Malaysia. Claire had a very busy job as she had many people who reported to her, and the hotel was always full of guests. One of the things Claire also managed was the restaurant OceanSound that was owned and operated by her hotel. OceanSound was a very thematic restaurant that specialized in making sculptures of food for special events. On the New Year’s Day in 2023, Claire came to work ready to tackle what was sure to be a long and busy day. However, Claire had not anticipated exactly how taxing the day would end up being. During Claire’s talks with her colleagues throughout the day, her conversation with her friend, the head chef of OceanSound, Poh, would nag at her head for the rest of the day based on the events that followed. The New Year’s special sculpture at OceanSound was to be a large rabbit made of cake to commemorate 2023 being the year of the rabbit according to Chinese zodiac. This is usually kept secret until the sculpture is revealed; but somehow this information had been leaked. This led to The Nacre Hotel and OceanSound being in the spotlight for bad reasons as this sparked a debate online regarding food wastage. This escalated quickly and even led to a famous food influencer commenting on this using specifically The Nacre’s name. Activists also quickly emerged in front of the hotel to protest the creation of sculptures and the food wastage in Malaysian hospitality industry, seeking to make an example out of The Nacre Hotel. The online criticism died down and was eventually replaced by praise for the sculpture. The activists were also eventually asked by the hotel security to leave, which led to the rest of the day to go as expected for a New Year’s Day at The Nacre. However, Claire’s nagging suspicion that they were not out of the woods led her to start looking into food wastage in the hospitality industry in Malaysia to educate herself and bring it up in a future meeting. Two days after this incident, on January 3, 2023, Claire found The Nacre Hotel posted on the newspaper headlines, dissecting the food wastage associated with the hotel now. After getting an urgent phone call from the Regional Manager, who was pressured by the board and shareholders, Claire decided the time to address this issue could not be delayed any longer. She wrote an email to her strategy team to come up with some ideas for possible solutions to the issue and to present them in a group meeting within a week’s time. At the conclusion of the meeting, Claire was contemplating about the decision that she had to make if she wanted The Nacre Hotel to continue operating successfully in Malaysia’s hospitality industry. Complexity academic level The main theoretical concepts illustrated in the case include corporate governance approaches, types of corporate social responsibility, stakeholders’ prioritization, organizational culture, organizational structure, industry analysis and strategic choices. Therefore, this case study can be used in a upper-level undergraduate business courses in the field of Strategic Management and Corporate Social Responsibility. The case study can be successfully used in a capstone course on Business Policy and Strategy, when tackling the concepts of corporate social responsibility, environmental sustainability strategy and corporate governance. Under this scenario, the usage of conceptual frameworks from Chapters 2 and 3 of the textbook titled “Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy: Toward Global Sustainability” by Wheelen and Hunger would be required. This case study can also be successfully applied to MBA level courses on Strategic Management in a Globalized World. In this case, the latest edition of the textbook titled “Exploring Strategy” by Whittington et al., could be used (particularly, the material from Chapters 2–9, 11, 14 and 15). Additionally, the case could also be used in courses related to Tourism and Hospitality, especially in schools which have specialized programs in this field. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CCS 12: Tourism and Hospitality.

University social responsibility: bibliometric analysis and research trends

PurposeThis article develops a review of the university social responsibility literature to identify the most influential countries, authors, journals, and institutions, their structure, and research lines.Design/methodology/approachThe review was carried out from a bibliometric and network analysis of documents published in the Web of Science database.FindingsIn total, 192 documents were found that were scientifically mapped in this field. From the network analysis, four research perspectives were identified: strategic impact management policy, user and its stakeholders, service-learning and its contribution to user, and theories, approaches, and strategies of University Social Responsibility (USR). Finally, the agenda for future research are presented.Originality/valueThe present work carries out a bibliometric and network analysis that seeks to contribute to the literature on USR, identifying its current perspectives and future lines of research.

Strategic management tools for sports management in a public administration body

Physical activity and sport are basic requirements for a healthy population and public administrations should provide the necessary services for the wellbeing of their citizens. However, there are few clear directives around the priorities and objectives of administrations in terms of sports provision. The present study uses the case study method to show how strategic management tools are decisive when drawing up the strategic sports management policies of a town hall.

Impact of Culture on Strategic Management in Japan

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the impact of culture on strategic management in Japan
 Methodology: The research was conducted entirely on desktop review method. Secondary data, or data that doesn't require actual observation in the field, are the focus of desk research. Because it requires little more than an executive's time, telephone rates, and directories, desk research is generally seen as a low-cost strategy in comparison to field research. As a result, the research used data that had already been collected and reported. This secondary data was readily available via the internet's digital library and scholarly articles.
 Findings: The results show that culture has a significant impact on strategic management. It can influence the types of information managers rely on when making decisions, the way managers interact with their employees, and the strategies they ultimately choose to pursue. Thus, it is important for managers to be aware of the cultural context in which they are operating and to consider how their decisions and strategies may be affected by the prevailing culture.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Future research in the field of strategic management may be grounded in the configurational theory and the institutional theory. Policymakers, researchers, and academics from all across the world will all stand to gain from this study's findings. Executives in charge of national strategic management initiatives will also use the study's findings to boost cultural performance across the board. The research suggests that the cultural sector should implement strategic management policies to boost the effectiveness of their primary operations and activities.

Role of Leadership in Strategic Management in Nigeria

Purpose: The study sought to analyze the role of leadership in strategic management in Nigeria
 Methodology: The research was conducted entirely on desktop review methoods. Secondary data, or data that doesn't require actual observation in the field, are the focus of desk research. Because it requires little more than an executive's time, telephone rates, and directories, desk research is generally seen as a low-cost strategy in comparison to field research. As a result, the research used data that had already been collected and reported. Secondary sources such as internet journals and libraries made this information readily available.
 Findings: The results show that Leadership is a critical element of strategic management. Leaders are responsible for setting the direction, vision and culture of the organization. They must also be able to develop and execute plans to achieve the organization’s objectives. Leaders in Nigeria must be able to anticipate, plan, lead, motivate and manage change. They must be able to develop strategies that are aligned with the organization’s objectives, and that will enable the organization to achieve a competitive advantage. They must also be able to effectively manage risk, create an environment of performance and excellence, and create a culture of trust and collaboration.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Future research in the field of strategic management may employ the transformational leadership theory and the contingency leadership theory as a foundation. Policymakers, researchers, and academics from all across the world will all stand to gain from this study's findings. The study's findings will also be used by the country's top strategic management executives to boost the effectiveness of their teams' leadership across the board. Effective strategic management policies in the leadership are advocated for in the study as a means to boost efficiency across key operations and activities.

DOES CARBON EMISSION, ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND INCOME MATTER? INVESTIGATING FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE AMONG 61 NATIONS

Empirical studies on the effects of carbon emissions on population health are still in their infancy and its true implications have not yet been fully understood. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis on the relationship between carbon emissions, energy consumption, income and public healthcare expenditure in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. The empirical research employs the dynamic common correlated effects of mean group (DCCEMG) and two-stage least square estimators. The findings indicate that carbon emissions increase healthcare spending only in non-OECD countries. The relationship between energy consumption and health expenditure varies significantly between OECD and non-OECD countries. Income increases health expenditure; however, the correlation is more robust in the OECD than in non-OECD countries. As a result, the findings recommend that non-OECD governments implement strategic environmental management policies that prioritize clean and healthy air to reduce healthcare costs.

A Guide for Stakeholder Analysis in IS/IT Management and Research: The Case of Broadband Availability in Rural North Carolina

Stakeholder analysis is a methodology that can provide valuable insights about a phenomenon. Information systems and information technology researchers have utilized stakeholder analysis to understand and learn from successes, failures, and other aspects of IS/IT initiatives. In this tutorial, we provide guidelines for conducting a stakeholder analysis currently missing in the IS/IT discipline despite being repeatedly called for. We reviewed studies on stakeholder analysis within IS/IT first, but found that there was not sufficient coverage. Then we went outside the discipline and found relevant studies in the areas of organizational and strategic management and public policy. Our analysis, then, consists of a review and a combination of the findings of studies from within the IS/IT discipline and studies in organizational and strategic management and public policy. Our guidelines start with determining who the stakeholders are related to a phenomenon and what key concerns these stakeholders have about the phenomenon. In the next step, we relate stakeholders to one another and across the key concerns and point out how to identify possible coalitions. Last, we describe how to apply these findings to determine strategies for managing stakeholders or building theory around a phenomenon and its concerns. These final steps can be used to make policy recommendations, provide guidance for IS/IT-related initiatives, or present constructs and relationships that can be tested by future researchers. We demonstrate the applicability of our guidelines with a case study about broadband availability in rural North Carolina.

ARCHITECTURAL REFERENCE MODELS USED IN PROCESS MODELING

ARCHITECTURAL REFERENCE MODELS USED IN PROCESS MODELING

Character Education Strengthening Strategy Based On School Culture For Senior High School Students

The era of globalization characterized by free competition and excellence, and supported by modern information technology, turned out to provide problems for the world of education in the development of the character of the nation. Among the problems is the optimal involvement of envirormental input consisting of families, communities and stakeholders, to the process of implementing strengthening character education strategies based on humanist education principles. Based on some of these problems, the study focused on: "Character Education Strengthening Strategy based on school culture for high school students." In general, this study aims to describe: Environmentalobservation, formulation of school culture-based strengthening character education strategy for high school students, implementation of strengthening character education strategy, evaluation of strengthening character educationstrategy, obstacles to implementation of strengthening character education strategy, solutions from obstacles to the implementation of strengthening character education strategies, and impact of implementation of strengthening character education strategies. The study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis, sourced from principals, deputy principals, teachers, and students. The data collection tools used are observations, interviews, and documentation studies. The results of this study generally show that these two Institutions have established the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of strategies of the school's culture-based strengthening character education for high school students well in accordance with the principles of strategic management. Specifically: 1) Environmental analysis conducted by the Principal at the two Educational Institutions runs in accordance with strategic management theory and can be used as a first step before formulating and choosing a school culture-based strengthening character education strategy for high school students. 2) The formulation of strengthening character education strategy implemented at these two Educational Institutions is in accordance with the principles of strategic management and government policy. 3) Implementation and implementation of school culture-based strengthening character education Strategy for students at two institutions can be implemented properly in accordance with the principles of strategic management, although in his research researchers found some obstacles, but all of them can be sought solutions. 4) Evaluation related to the School's culture-based strengthening character education strategy for students has been arranged and running well. This can be seen with the articles and rules that have been set by the school related to what students do, their development and activities while in school and outside school. 5) In general, obstacles in implementing the strengthening of school culture-based character education in the two institutions include the limitations of integrated policy tools in realizing character values; shifting ethical values in the life of the nation and state; affected by information technology. 6) Everyone involved in the Education process must know very well the function of national education and teachers must have a commitment in participating in realizing every function of national education. 7) The formation of students of strong character and religious character, an effective, conducive and efficient learning environment, an integrated curriculum between co-curricular, intra-curricular and extra-curricular, and the creation of a good school culture.

Study on the Current Situation of Accounting for Environmental Assets of Enterprises under the "Double Carbon" Target

With the introduction of the dual carbon targets of "carbon peaking" and "carbon neutral", environmental and ecological issues have become critical. Reasonable accounting of environmental assets, which are important components of environmental resources, is a specific requirement for achieving sustainable development of green economy. Improving the accounting of environmental assets to suit the stage and characteristics of China's economic development can better provide basic data support and information basis for strategic decisions and management policies on resources and environment in China. How to scientifically define the connotation and measurement attributes of environmental assets, construct a perfect accounting system, and summarize the existing experience and paths has important theoretical value and practical significance for the sustainable development of enterprises. This paper starts from clarifying and elaborating the concept and scale of environmental assets, specifying their connotation and main measurement attributes, and summarizing their accounting status under the new development requirements.

GIS and Machine Learning for Analysing Influencing Factors of Bushfires Using 40-Year Spatio-Temporal Bushfire Data

The causes of bushfires are extremely complex, and their scale of burning and probability of occurrence are influenced by the interaction of a variety of factors such as meteorological factors, topography, human activity and vegetation type. An in-depth understanding of the combined mechanisms of factors affecting the occurrence and spread of bushfires is needed to support the development of effective fire prevention plans and fire suppression measures and aid planning for geographic, ecological maintenance and urban emergency management. This study aimed to explore how bushfires, meteorological variability and other natural factors have interacted over the past 40 years in NSW Australia and how these influencing factors synergistically drive bushfires. The CSIRO’s Spark toolkit has been used to simulate bushfire burning spread over 24 h. The study uses NSW wildfire data from 1981–2020, combined with meteorological factors (temperature, precipitation, wind speed), vegetation data (NDVI data, vegetation type) and topography (slope, soil moisture) data to analyse the relationship between bushfires and influencing factors quantitatively. Machine learning-random forest regression was then used to determine the differences in the influence of bushfire factors on the incidence and burn scale of bushfires. Finally, the data on each influence factor was imported into Spark, and the results of the random forest model were used to set different influence weights in Spark to visualise the spread of bushfires burning over 24 h in four hotspot regions of bushfire in NSW. Wind speed, air temperature and soil moisture were found to have the most significant influence on the spread of bushfires, with the combined contribution of these three factors exceeding 60%, determining the spread of bushfires and the scale of burning. Precipitation and vegetation showed a greater influence on the annual frequency of bushfires. In addition, burn simulations show that wind direction influences the main direction of fire spread, whereas the shape of the flame front is mainly due to the influence of land classification. Besides, the simulation results from Spark could predict the temporal and spatial spread of fire, which is a potential decision aid for fireproofing agencies. The results of this study can inform how fire agencies can better understand fire occurrence mechanisms and use bushfire prediction and simulation techniques to support both their operational (short-term) and strategic (long-term) fire management responses and policies.

The Role of Green Human Resource Practices in Fostering Green Corporate Social Responsibility.

This study develops a conceptual framework and investigates green human resource practices (GHRM)—green recruitment and selection, green training and development, and green reward and compensation? effects on pro-environmental psychological climate and pro-environmental behavior, which cause green corporate social responsibility (GCSR). We employ information technology (IT) capabilities as a moderator between the GHRM and pro-environmental behavior. It applies a convenience sampling technique and survey questionnaire to collect data from 388 employees at CPEC projects. Results demonstrate that GHRM positively influences pro-environmental psychological climate and pro-environmental behavior that significantly develops GCSR. IT capabilities significantly moderate the relationships between GHRM and pro-environmental behavior. The study findings add to the body of green HRM practices, strategic management, and information processing and policy makers better postulate, align, and exercise their green HRM practices for its synergetic effects for green CSR and sustainability. We also acknowledge some limitations and provide future directions.

Does Carbon Emissions, and Economic Expansion Induce Health Expenditure in China: Evidence for Sustainability Perspective

The current paper assesses the drivers of health care expenditure such as urbanization, natural resources, economic expansion, and CO2 utilizing quarterly data from 2000Q1 to 2018Q4. The research applied the novel dual adjustment approach to identify the long run association between healthcare expenditure and urbanization, economic growth, natural resource and CO2 emissions. The main novelty of the dual adjustment approach is that the approach offers another way to cointegration analysis by relaxing the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. The outcome of the dual adjustment approach affirmed cointegration among the variables in the long run. Furthermore, we applied fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) estimators and their results disclosed that economic growth, urbanization, and CO2 emissions increase health care expenditure while natural resource rent mitigates healthcare expenditure in China. Moreover, the spectral causality test uncovered that urbanization, economic growth, natural resource, and CO2 emissions can predict healthcare expenditure at various frequencies. Based on these findings, China’s policymakers should establish strategic environmental management policies that improve healthy and clean air to reduce healthcare costs. In addition, policymakers in China should reevaluate their urban development strategies to avoid negative externalities associated with fast urbanization.

Strengthening health system through outsourcing of non-clinical services: inputs for improving management

Background: Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as a strategic management policy to improve hospital health services standards to the Indian Public Health Standards level, specially the non-clinical services. The studies on the qualitative as well quantitative aspects of services by identifying components that are suitable for execution Public Private partnerships for improving hospital services specially for non-clinical services are needed. There is also a need to identify probable modalities for the sustainability of the same. Objectives: The aim was to propose management inputs in improving non-clinical services of cleaning, security, diet, driver, and laundry in the hospitals under Public Health Department Maharashtra. The objectives were to assess the scope and feasibility of specific managerial inputs to promote the Public-Private Partnership under the National Rural Health Mission in emphasizing the qualitative aspect of service. To identify components where Public-Private Partnership can be evolved for hospital services, develop probable modalities for sustainability. Material and methods: The study adopted an experimental, epidemiological study design involving a study and control group. The study group of six sub-districts hospitals received an intervention package, and the control group of 14 sub-district hospitals did not receive an intervention package. Which included interventions to improve performance of clinical quality indicators, training, monitoring, and corrections. The author randomly selected the hospitals from betterperforming hospitals. The focus was mainly on “outsourcing'' components such as non-clinical services and their impact on the quality of services. In the evaluation of non-clinical services, the focus was on the quality of performance and cost-saving, compared to expenditure if regularly appointed employees would have delivered the services. Results and impact: Only 25% of patients were satisfied with non-clinical services. The contractors did not pay as per Minimum Wages Act 1948. The department accepted the checklist for monitoring cleaning and security services and disseminated it across the state as a circular.

Climate change and its effect on groundwater quality.

Knowing water quality at larger scales and related ground and surface water interactions impacted by land use and climate is essential to our future protection and restoration investments. Population growth has driven humankind into the Anthropocene where continuous water quality degradation is a global phenomenon as shown by extensive recalcitrant chemical contamination, increased eutrophication, hazardous algal blooms, and faecal contamination connected with microbial hazards antibiotic resistance. In this framework, climate change and related extreme events indeed exacerbate the negative trend in water quality. Notwithstanding the increasing concern in climate change and water security, research linking climate change and groundwater quality remain early. Additional research is required to improve our knowledge of climate and groundwater interactions and integrated groundwater management. Long-term monitoring of groundwater, surface water, vegetation, and land-use patterns must be supported and fortified to quantify baseline properties. Concerning the ways climate change affects water quality, limited literature data are available. This study investigates the link between climate change and groundwater quality aquifers by examining case studies of regional carbonate aquifers located in Central Italy. This study also highlights the need for strategic groundwater management policy and planning to decrease groundwater quality due to aquifer resource shortages and climate change factors. In this scenario, the role of the Society of Environmental Geochemistry is to work together within and across geochemical environments linked with the health of plants, animals, and humans to respond to multiple challenges and opportunities made by global warming.

Smart Recommendations for Renting Bikes in Bike-Sharing Systems

Vehicle-sharing systems—such as bike-, car-, or motorcycle-sharing systems—have become increasingly popular in big cities in recent years. On the one hand, they provide a cheaper and environmentally friendlier means of transportation than private cars, and on the other hand, they satisfy the individual mobility demands of citizens better than traditional public transport systems. One of their advantages in this regard is their availability, e.g., the possibility of taking (or leaving) a vehicle almost anywhere in a city. This availability obviously depends on different strategic and operational management decisions and policies, such as the dimension of the fleet or the (re)distribution of vehicles. Agglutination problems—where, due to usage patterns, available vehicles are concentrated in certain areas, whereas no vehicles are available in others—are quite common in such systems, and need to be dealt with. Research has been dedicated to this problem, specifying different techniques to reduce imbalanced situations. In this paper, we present and compare strategies for recommending stations to users who wish to rent or return bikes in station-based bike-sharing systems. Our first contribution is a novel recommendation strategy based on queuing theory that recommends stations based on their utility to the user in terms of lower distance and higher probability of finding a bike or slot. Then, we go one step further, defining a strategy that recommends stations by combining the utility of a particular user with the utility of the global system, measured in terms of the improvement in the distribution of bikes and slots with respect to the expected future demand, with the aim of implicitly avoiding or alleviating balancing problems. We present several experiments to evaluate our proposal with real data from the bike sharing system BiciMAD in Madrid.

The relationship between healthcare expenditure, CO2 emissions and natural resources: evidence from developing countries

ABSTRACT The paper examines the association between health expenditure, carbon emission, economic growth, natural resources, and population in developing countries for 2000–2018. It further explores the relationship between these variables over the same period. The study applied Pooled mean group (PMG) and Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) estimations to explore the long and short-term impact of environmental pollution, economic growth, and natural resources on health expenditure. PMG and the DOLS results show that economic growth and environmental pollution, and natural resources increase health expenditure at the panel level. However, improved sanitation reduces health spending. The findings for the individual country level from the FMOLS confirmed similar results for some countries. Furthermore, there is bidirectional causality between health spending and economic growth. Developing nations should implement strategic environment management policies that enhanced clean and healthy air to decrease the pressure on health care expenses.