Strategic Judgment Research Articles

Professionalism and Self-Evaluation: Diverging Perspectives Among Physicians and Nurses.

Professionalism among healthcare professionals is often defined in terms such as altruism, humanism, and excellence. The integration of such professionalism ideals to healthcare professionals' practice poses a challenge to medical tutors. We examined the assessment of professionalism among physicians and nurses by their peers and evaluated the significance of each professional role component within each sector. We also performed a cross-sector assessment whereby physicians assessed nurses' professionalism and vice versa. A survey among physicians, interns, and nurses. The participants were asked to rate the extent that each of the 12 characteristics contributes to physicians' and nurses' professionalism of on a scale of 1 (does not contribute at all) to 10 (highly contributes). Each participant rated the contribution of each component to the professionalism of their own occupation (direct scoring) and to the professionalism of the other occupation (cross scoring). In total, 300healthcare professionals (mean age 36.6, 46% males) responded to the survey. The most highly contributing characteristics to physicians' professionalism were knowledge, responsibility, decision-making and leadership, clustered as "strategic judgment". The most highly contributing characteristics to nurses' professionalism were responsibility, personal attention, empathy, and skills, clustered as "bedside approach" and "performance abilities". Cross-assessment among professionals was different: Nurses assigned higher ratings in general, interns assigned higher ratings to physicians' characteristics, whereas physicians assigned lower ratings to professionalism characteristics, and especially to those of nurses. Nurses emphasized patient centeredness and communication skills more than physicians. Nurses and interns appreciated teamwork compared to physicians. Major differences in how physicians and nurses perceive professionalism revealed physicians' emphasis on "strategic judgment" while nurses emphasis on "bedside approach". Physicians and nurses hold differing viewpoints on many topics, including the objectives of their mission, expected performance, and activity types. Medical professionals can assess their colleagues and partners, recognizing both strengths and weaknesses in themselves and others.

How fear of entrapment shapes South Korean public opinion on conflicts with North Korea under US extended deterrence

ABSTRACT The nuclear crises in 1994 and 2017 between the United States and North Korea introduced South Korea to the fear of becoming entrapped in unwanted wars on the Korean Peninsula. To understand how the fear of entrapment shapes a client state’s strategic judgments toward the use of force by a patron state under extended deterrence, we designed novel experiments on pre- and post-strike approval of military operations by combining war-game scenarios and survey experiments. In the pre-strike-approval experiment, we examined how the decision-making mechanism for military planning and operations, the type of weapon systems, and the expected casualties shape South Korean public opinion on the use of US military strikes against North Korea. In the post-strike-approval experiment, we provided South Koreans with outcomes of military strikes and examined how US unilateral military strikes against North Korea would change public attitudes toward the US–South Korea alliance. We found that the fear of US unilateral use of force and consequent entrapment in unwanted wars substantially decreased South Korean public approval of the military strikes against North Korea. We also found that US unilateral military strikes against North Korea, regardless of their success or failure, would severely harm the US–South Korea alliance.

드론테러에 대비한 국가중요시설 유형분류 및 효과적인 안티드론시스템 구축방안

Recently, the National Terrorism Countermeasures Committee decided on supplementary measures for the anti-drone system to be built in important national facilities in the future. Accordingly, the head of national important facilities and those in charge of protection policy are at a crossroads of strategic judgment to secure both cost and effectiveness, and recognize that some do not match when building 'A/B/C' according to the existing classification system situation.
 Therefore, this study provides basic data on which equipment is desirable to use for each facility in consideration of environmental conditions that may be missed when the system is built according to the importance, and can be used as a comprehensive index applicable to private facilities. The purpose of this study is to suggest an effective anti-drone system construction plan.
 For the research method, after confirming the aspects of the previously presented anti-drone system through literature review, equipment incorporating the latest technology was added, and considering the existence of surroundings facilities, population density, and exposure of facilities, which are environmental factors of national important facilities, total of four types were presented: city-exposed type, city-non-exposed type, non-city-exposed type, and non-city-non-exposed type.
 As a result of the study, it was suggested that it is possible to build an effective anti-drone system when selected by dividing it into essential equipment and optional equipment presented according to the environment of the facility, and this is expected to be a countermeasure against drone terrorism suitable for the field.

The Applied Strategic Leadership Process: Setting Direction in a VUCA World

Strategic leadership frameworks have become more complex in response to our increasingly volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) world. While comprehensive strategic approaches may help leaders of large bureaucratic organizations exercise control over their staff and resources, these approaches may not be optimal for all organizations and contexts. Given the acceleration of environmental volatility, complexity, and competition, we offer leader developers and aspiring strategic leaders the Applied Strategic Leadership Process (ASLP), a focused and simplified strategic leadership approach that integrates relevant scholarship and practical tools to better enable the success of strategic leaders across cultures, situations, and leadership styles. The ASLP is organized with the themes of strategic judgment, strategic influence, and strategic resilience. Strategic judgment includes assessing the external environment, assessing the internal environment, and setting strategic direction by choosing the optimal big ideas. Strategic influence includes leading the organizational change needed to accomplish the big ideas. Strategic resilience includes developing its leaders’ strategic competencies, character, and wellness while attracting and building a pipeline of junior leaders. We conclude by sharing the 10 strategic leader competencies that several modern-day senior leaders believe will be the most important to leading successfully in the future.

Research on Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law on the Coordinated Promotion of Domestic and Foreign-Related Rule of Law

Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law is the fundamental rules and guideline for law-based governance, among which the coordinated promotion of domestic and foreign rule of law, as one of the contents of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, is a strategic judgment based on internal and international imperatives, rooted in China’s rule of law practice and coped with the international situation. To comprehensively understand and implement the vision of coordinating domestic rule of law and foreign-related rule of law, we need to grasp it from three aspects, including internal relationship, practical relevance, implementation path and basic value. Building the rule of law in China, dealing with economic and trade disputes, and building a community with a shared future for mankind all require the coordinated promotion of both. In the process of promoting domestic rule of law and foreign-related rule of law in a coordinated manner, efforts can be made in three aspects: legislation, personnel training and legal services in foreign-related fields.

Influence Mechanism of Educational Leadership on Environmental Accounting Based on Big Data Algorithm.

Over the last 20 years, big data techniques in teaching have been overgrown. Making educational decisions now includes information knowledge as a crucial component. This started a trend for using big data algorithms strategically. Technological advances have been used to analyze the enormous amount of information and develop strategic judgments. The current study aims to address issues with the conventional instructional, administrative management solution focused on manual rule formulation in big data storage and interpretation and has poor efficiency in analyzing big data and lacking value in developing education leadership qualities. The study suggests an educational leadership model based on big data algorithm (ELM-BDA) to explore the student leadership performance that relies on cooperative filtration and fuzzy C-means (FCM) and big data. The different influencing mechanisms and factors directly linked to educational leadership were also analyzed using a big data algorithm. To build an intelligent institutional administrative system, the research also exposes it to organizational studies. By evaluating the big data research already in existence, this study emphasizes the expanding significance of big data. Additionally, this study explores the effects of big data analytics on educational leadership qualities by utilizing an FCM. A scoring system is designed to predict the student's leadership level, and using the big data algorithms, the students are motivated and trained to improve their skills. The education and learning method can be enhanced at educational institutions through better decision-making to use this big data for leadership development. Big data facilitates efficient educational decision-making by merging various data and telecommunications technologies. Using big data in schooling will increase—leadership quality among students. To effectively use big data for decision-making, academic leaders must create new types of learning and monitoring systems.

A replication about cause–effect linkage benefits and managers’ strategic judgments

A replication about cause–effect linkage benefits and managers’ strategic judgments

一九六〇年代の「大陸反攻」と軍事戦略の転換

一九六〇年代の「大陸反攻」と軍事戦略の転換

From the Mattachine Society to Megan Rapinoe: Tracing and Telegraphing the Conformist/Visionary Divide in the LGBT Rights Movement

From the beginning of the LGBT civil rights movement, there has been an intracommunity debate concerning strategies and tactics to effect legal and social change. On one end of the spectrum, the lesbian and gay organizations of the 1950s--the Mattachine Society and the Daughters of Bilitis--advocated an assimilationist strategy that sought tolerance rather than full acceptance and integration. The tactics to affect this strategy are best described as conservative and conventional--to look and act as “straight” as possible in order to convince courts, legislatures, and the public that lesbians and gay men should be left alone rather than fired from their jobs and criminalized for their intimate conduct. On the other end of the spectrum, the protesters at the Stonewall Inn on June 27, 1969, advocated for liberation along many axes-- gender, race, sexual orientation, gender identity, class. The Gay Liberation Front, inspired by the Stonewall Riots and formed shortly thereafter, embodied this liberation-based strategy. Its tactics are best described as confrontational, intersectional, and anti-assimilationist. This Article will refer to these two approaches as Conformist and Visionary. Presumably, both the Conformist and the Visionary approaches shared the general end goal of equality for LGBT people; what *800 equality looked like to each group reflects the differences between them. The differences between their strategies and tactics can be generalized as ones of imagination and vision. The Conformist and Visionary divide has permeated the LGBT community’s civil rights campaign through the present day, as has the debate among scholars and advocates about the “best” approach to effect lasting change. While most scholars discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these two approaches vis-a-vis the law and society writ large and propose that one take precedence over the other, this Article explores how this decades-long intracommunity divide--the conversation among activists and scholars within the LGBT community--might shape the future of the movement. Rather than attempt to settle on the “best” approach, then, this Article instead focuses on the impact of the dynamic created by the intracommunity debate vis-a-vis the law and society writ large. It asks and answers the questions: What work did the Conformist and the Visionary approaches do to support the rise of LGBT rights in the United States? And, what work do they continue to do today, so that we may anticipate the growth and impact of LGBT rights on education law and employment law in the future? In doing so, it does not make a normative or strategic judgment concerning either approach. Rather, its goal is to expose and explore what this Article calls the transcommunity dialogue--a communicative pathway between the LGBT community and society at large, which is informed by the Conformist-Visionary dynamic.

Why caregivers discontinue applied behavior analysis (ABA) and choose communication-based autism interventions

Why caregivers discontinue applied behavior analysis (ABA) and choose communication-based autism interventions

삼국시대 ‘당항성 전투’의 역사적 실상

In the meantime, it has been extreme confusion in the documentary record and researchers discussions about the battle of ‘Danghang castle(党項城)’ in the Three Kingdoms period(三國時代). As a result of reviewing the related historical material from the basic point of view, the following history can be depicted In 643, Backje(百濟)s King Uija(義慈王) pushed the attack on the Danghang castle to block Silla(新羅)s lines of communication with Dang-China(唐). In order to overcome Sillas defensive network, which was concentrated on the traffic road around the Danghang castle, Backje`s King Uija cooperated with the Goguryeo(高句麗), who was monitoring the military and diplomatic trends of Silla at the Han River(漢江) and the Imjin River(臨津江) estuary toward the West Sea(西海), and prepared for a considerable period of time. Through this, the king Uija tried to raid Danghang castle. However, at the time when the three countries` secret war plans fiercely developed, such preparations had the adverse effect of releasing relevant information to Silla. Although Silla had already dispatched an envoy to Dang-China to ask for salvation, Silla sent another envoy to Dang-China to announce it. The delegation seemed to have delivered relevant information to Dang-China in November 643. And, as Baekje became aware of the information leak, the king Uija, who mobilized troops to attack Danghang castle in November 643, seemed to have stopped the attack, judging that the raid(surprise attack) was no longer possible. In other words, the king`s attack discontinuance on Danghang castle was based on his own military strategic judgment, not on Baekje`s relationship with Dang-China. Here, a part of Baekje foreign policy is revealed in this period. At that time, Baekje had been pushed foreign policies that pursued both ‘goodwill against China’ and ‘attack on Silla’. In this context, cooperation with Koguryo seems to have been maintained at the level of ‘strategic cooperation’ rather than ‘military alliance’. In the later days, Dang-China criticized Baekje for having had duplicity, but it was Baekjes foreign policy to maximize the security and purpose of self- country at that time. This was the result of inheriting his father`s ‘two-way policy(兩端策)’. The reason why Baekje was able to use this foreign policy seems to be that it did not assume that the Dang-China could directly penetrate across the sea, believing different geographical advantages from Goguryeo as King Dang-China Taejong(唐 太宗)`s commentary in 643.

The interplay between strategic risk profiles and presentation format on managers' strategic judgments using the balanced scorecard

Managers are increasingly aware that strategic judgments need to be made in the context of risk assessments. It has been proposed that strategic performance management systems, such as the balanced scorecard (BSC), offer a useful framework for integrating strategic risk and performance information to provide managers with a more comprehensive overview of their strategy. In this study, we conduct an experiment to investigate whether integrating strategic risk information in a BSC affects managers' responses to different strategic risk profiles when making strategy evaluation and recommendation judgments. Specifically, we provide strategic risk information either as a stand-alone list (a stand-alone approach), or incorporated in a BSC (an integrated approach). We also vary the risk profile of the strategy provided, by manipulating whether the strategy has relatively higher risks associated with performance drivers (high performance driver risks) or relatively higher risks associated with performance outcomes (high performance outcome risks). Our results show that managers make less favorable strategy evaluation and recommendation judgments with high performance driver risks than with high performance outcome risks when strategic risk information is integrated in a BSC, but not when the strategic risks are presented as a stand-alone list. While we find a significant difference in strategic risk profile effects between the two presentation formats for strategy recommendation judgments, this difference is not significant for strategy evaluation judgments. Overall, our study shows that how organizations choose to combine the reporting of strategic risk and performance information is important for managers making strategic judgments.

Paradigm Shift in Game Theory: Sociological Re-Conceptualization of Human Agency, Social Structure, and Agents’ Cognitive-Normative Frameworks and Action Determination Modalities

This article aims to present some of the initial work of developing a social science grounded game theory—as a clear alternative to classical game theory. Two distinct independent initiatives in Sociology are presented: One, a systems approach, social systems game theory (SGT), and the other, Erving Goffman’s interactionist approach (IGT). These approaches are presented and contrasted with classical theory. They focus on the social rules, norms, roles, role relationships, and institutional arrangements, which structure and regulate human behavior. While strategic judgment and instrumental rationality play an important part in the sociological approaches, they are not a universal or dominant modality of social action determination. Rule following is considered, generally speaking, more characteristic and more general. Sociological approaches, such as those outlined in this article provide a language and conceptual tools to more adequately and effectively than the classical theory describe, model, and analyze the diversity and complexity of human interaction conditions and processes: (1) complex cognitive rule based models of the interaction situation with which actors understand and analyze their situations; (2) value complex(es) with which actors operate, often with multiple values and norms applying in interaction situations; (3) action repertoires (rule complexes) with simple and complex action alternatives—plans, programs, established (sometimes highly elaborated) algorithms, and rituals; (4) a rule complex of action determination modalities for actors to generate and/or select actions in game situations; three action modalities are considered here; each modality consists of one or more procedures or algorithms for action determination: (I) following or implementing a rule or rule complex, norm, role, ritual, or social relation; (II) selecting or choosing among given or institutionalized alternatives according to a rule or principle; and (III) constructing or adopting one or more alternatives according to a value, guideline, or set of criteria. Such determinations are often carried out collectively. The paper identifies and illustrates in a concluding table several of the key differences between classical theory and the sociological approaches on a number of dimensions relating to human agency; social structure, norms, institutions, and cultural forms; patterns of game interaction and outcomes, the conditions of cooperation and conflict, game restructuring and transformation, and empirical relevance. Sociologically based game theory, such as the contributions outlined in this article suggest a language and conceptual tools to more adequately and effectively than the classical theory describe, model, and analyze the diversity, complexity, and dynamics of human interaction conditions and processes and, therefore, promises greater empirical relevance and scientific power. An Appendix provides an elaboration of SGT, concluding that one of SGT’s major contributions is the rule based conceptualization of games as socially embedded with agents in social roles and role relationships and subject to cognitive-normative and agential regulation. SGT rules and rule complexes are based on contemporary developments relating to granular computing and Artificial Intelligence in general.

The strategic significance of building the research hospital

The development strategy of research hospitals means that the hospital manager should think rationally about the big problems of the hospital development related to the functional orientation, situation and tasks, goals and ideas, top-level design which concern direction, long-term and overall situation from the era development and a strategic and overall perspective; and then form the strategic judgment, strategic decision, strategic planning and strategic initiatives which are realistic, in accordance with law, and practical. This paper discusses that building research hospitals should master its political significance, era significance and social significance through exploring the strategic significance of building the research hospital.

The strategic initiatives of building research hospitals

Building the research hospital is to rationally think of the major issues related to the direction, long-term and overall, of the hospital development including its function orientation, situation, targets, tasks, ideas and top design, to form practical, lawful and feasible strategic judgments, strategic decisions, strategic planning and strategic measures. This paper, by discussing the strategic measures of building the research hospital, introduces the concept that the construction of research hospitals should grasp the regularity, humanity, progressiveness, universality, openness, and inheritance of the research hospital tradition.

The strategic transformation of building research hospitals

Building research hospitals is to think rationally of the major problems in the hospital development related to direction, long-term and overall situation such as function and orientation, situation and task, target and ideas and top design, to formulate strategic judgments, strategic decisions, strategic planning and strategic initiatives according to reality, feasibility and reflecting the law. This paper clearly puts forward the idea that building research hospitals should achieve the innovative transformation of the clinical diagnosis and treatment mode, the disciplined construction mode, personnel training mode and organization management mode, and formulate the development and construction mode of research hospitals, through exploring the strategic transformation of building research hospitals.

One for You, One for Me

Long-term collaborative relationships require that any jointly produced resources be shared in mutually satisfactory ways. Prototypically, this sharing involves partners dividing up simultaneously available resources, but sometimes the collaboration makes a resource available to only one individual, and any sharing of resources must take place across repeated instances over time. Here, we show that beginning at 5 years of age, human children stabilize cooperation in such cases by taking turns across instances of obtaining a resource. In contrast, chimpanzees do not take turns in this way, and so their collaboration tends to disintegrate over time. Alternating turns in obtaining a collaboratively produced resource does not necessarily require a prosocial concern for the other, but rather requires only a strategic judgment that partners need incentives to continue collaborating. These results suggest that human beings are adapted for thinking strategically in ways that sustain long-term cooperative relationships and that are absent in their nearest primate relatives.

Cognitive demands of lower paleolithic toolmaking.

Stone tools provide some of the most abundant, continuous, and high resolution evidence of behavioral change over human evolution, but their implications for cognitive evolution have remained unclear. We investigated the neurophysiological demands of stone toolmaking by training modern subjects in known Paleolithic methods (“Oldowan”, “Acheulean”) and collecting structural and functional brain imaging data as they made technical judgments (outcome prediction, strategic appropriateness) about planned actions on partially completed tools. Results show that this task affected neural activity and functional connectivity in dorsal prefrontal cortex, that effect magnitude correlated with the frequency of correct strategic judgments, and that the frequency of correct strategic judgments was predictive of success in Acheulean, but not Oldowan, toolmaking. This corroborates hypothesized cognitive control demands of Acheulean toolmaking, specifically including information monitoring and manipulation functions attributed to the "central executive" of working memory. More broadly, it develops empirical methods for assessing the differential cognitive demands of Paleolithic technologies, and expands the scope of evolutionary hypotheses that can be tested using the available archaeological record.

Experiential Legal Writing: The New Approach to Practicing Like a Lawyer

Law students engage in various types of “experiential” learning activities while in school, such as clinics and externships, but they graduate without the experience necessary to practice law. This is traceable to a glaring deficiency at most law schools: a writing program that is comprehensive, properly sequenced, and integrated across and throughout the law school curriculum. First, most graduates have never drafted the documents they will encounter in law practice. Additionally, they have not drafted and re-drafted such documents while also participating in real-world simulations as they would in actual practice. Instead, students graduate having drafted an appellate brief, a contract, and maybe a complaint, and having participated in one or two oral arguments. That is akin to a medical school graduate who has perfect knowledge of human anatomy from the waist up. When a patient is carted into the emergency room with a broken leg, the medical school graduate will stand there confused and unable to diagnose or treat the patient. Law graduates face the same problem. They cannot competently solve legal problems unless they have experience in the all the parts and sub-parts of the dispute resolution process, and grapple with complex facts as real attorneys would in an actual litigation. Second, law students do not draft litigation and transactional documents in the order that they would draft them in actual practice. They do not understand that good writing is re-writing, not merely revising. Students do not have a practical understanding of the role and purpose that litigation and transactional documents play in the dispute resolution process, or learn to exercise strategic judgment as writers, counselors, negotiators, and advocates. Graduating without a contextual understanding of law practice — and outstanding persuasive writing ability — leaves students without many essential skills.The authors’ experiential legal writing model has two components: large-scale or cross-curricular sequencing, and small-scale or intra-curricular sequencing. In large-scale sequencing, which is applied in the first year of law school only, doctrinal and legal writing faculty design a cross-curricular hypothetical fact pattern containing legal issues from all first-year courses, and then design sequential writing assignments (and simulations) as they would occur in actual practice. Small-scale sequencing occurs exclusively in the legal writing curriculum and consists of two subcomponents. First, students receive a multi-issue hypothetical in the first year that is chronologically sequenced and takes students through each step of the litigation and transactional process. In addition, the legal writing programs extend over all six semesters of law school, thus giving students sufficient time to practice and develop their writing skills on a variety of documents. The goal is to produce graduates who are outstanding re-writers, not just good writers, and who can practice, not merely think, like lawyers.

외국계 할인점과 국내계 할인점의 경쟁력 비교 연구 : 입지경쟁력과 비입지경쟁력 비교를 중심으로

This research has verified the assertions of each of the conventional studies which analyzed the cause of the evacuation of the foreign discount stores from domestic market and inferred which of the assertions were close to the truth. All the domestic discount stores open for business were divided into foreign ones and domestic ones by the origin, and the verification of these assertions were implemented in various methods based on the store-specific annual sales data, the measurement of attribute of position and value of the store attributes etc for 2000-2009 and the following conclusion has been derived. First, the foreign discount store has apparently low sales achievement overall compared to the domestic discount store, and although this fact can not be said to be the direct cause of the evacuation from the domestic market, but it seems hard to deny that is affect the decision of evacuation to a certain degree. Second, the locational conditions of the foreign discount stores was not poor conditions compared to the domestic discount stores indifferently from the assertions in many of conventional studies, but, rather the conditions were very excellent in potential purchasing power aspects like residential concentration level and income level etc. Accordingly, assertions of some conventional studies that the low sales achievement of foreign discount stores is derived from failure of locational strategy do not seem to have persuasive power. Third, foreign discount stores had lack of competitiveness compared to the domestic discount stores in the non-locational aspects like marketing strategy, and thus it is judged that the cause of poor sales is derived from lack of this non-locational competitiveness. Fourth, the assertion of some studies that the cause of the evacuation of the foreign distribution corporations from domestic market was strategic judgment for correction of global business portfolio has limitations in the verification through quantitative analysis in the subject’s character sense and thus the authenticity of such assertion could not be judged, but even though this assertion is true, the fact that poor sales achievement affected to a certain degree the decision of evacuation of foreign distribution companies from domestic market can not be excluded.