Strategic Context Research Articles

A comparative view of India and Pakistan’s defence capabilities: Historical evolution and future trends

War has been here since time immemorial and has been influenced and modified by various civilizations; as necessitated by internal and external conflicts and challenges. Every country views war under the lens of factors such as its geography, threats from neighbouring countries, internal circumstances and economic standing. This article discusses and highlights the quest for modern conventional warfare advancement generally, and particularly in the context of two South Asian nuclear armed nations – India and Pakistan, two arch-rivals. Both nations have been trying since their independence to gain an edge over the other in terms of defence, and so have invested more than they should in the defence sector for various reasons. The article presents the relevance of conventional warfare in the Indo–Pak context and sheds light on the strategic context of South Asia which hosts two nuclear-armed rivals. It discusses the historical and near-contemporary use of conventional warfare by both nations in the pursuit of their political objectives. It draws attention to the growing Indian military modernization in its conventional arsenal, especially by the induction of the Russian-built T-90S tank and S-400 missile system, French-built Rafale fighter jet and aircraft carrier. It also discusses low-observable instruments such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The article focuses on the tactical, operational, as well as strategic implications of such advanced hardware on the Armed Forces of Pakistan. The world cannot afford a nuclear war and that too between heavily populated immediate rivals. Owing to this, both are investing more and more in modern conventional warfare by developing and advancing their defence systems, weapons, strategies and other related warfare – which the world must not ignore. This article enunciates how India getting its hands on the Russian T-90S, S-400 Missile System, Rafale Aircraft and INS Vikramadtiya has pushed Pakistan into a state of immense concern over its security and its quest for meeting this looming threat. This article also discusses the historical travelogue of advancements and investment made in the purchasing of the modern conventional warfare equipment both by India and Pakistan.

The Costs of Ambiguity in Strategic Contexts

With this research, we contribute to the study of ambiguity by analyzing how it can be handled in a rational, objective manner across the main strategic decision-making contexts that entrepreneurs and organizations face. Differentiating from most previous managerial and entrepreneurial studies, we conduct the analysis from a mathematical rather than an experimental approach, doing so by considering variants of a robust, yet simple, decision problem. Significantly, the analysis offers a simple model and approach to consider as benchmarks when assessing the impact of an ambiguity level of information against cases where more precise information is available. We identify the many costs of ambiguity, including direct absolute and relative maximum harms, as well as indirect possible penalties. We discuss the strategic entrepreneurial and managerial implications.

The Costs of Ambiguity in Strategic Management Contexts

We contribute to the study of ambiguity by analyzing it how it can be handled in a rational, objective manner across the main strategic decision-making contexts that organizations face. Differentiating from previous managerial studies, we conduct the analysis apart from behavioral concerns, and illustrated by a robust-yet-simple decision problem. Significantly, the analysis sets a clear benchmark to use when assessing the impact of an ambiguity level of information against cases where more precise information is available. We identify the many costs of ambiguity, including direct absolute and relative maximums and indirect possibilities. We discuss the strategic managerial implications.

Adding to the Toolbox: Expert Perspectives on Conducting Experiments in Strategic Management

Strategic management as a field is primarily concerned with examining and explaining performance asymmetries between firms, yet the field’s heavy reliance on archival studies and resulting lack of methodological diversity leads to endemic problems with endogeneity and the potential presence of confounding variables. Experimental methods are excellent for dealing with endogeneity, but level of analysis concerns, lack of reviewer acceptance, and other barriers have prevented their widespread use in the strategic management context. Nonetheless, scholars have successfully published papers on important strategic management topics that have served to consolidate past theoretical gains, serve as a platform for future work, and drive the field forward. The purpose of this symposium is to gather some of these scholars together to share their experiences publishing strategic management papers that included experiments. We hope to address both the theoretical benefits of how greater methodological diversity can improve individual papers and the field as a whole, and share very practical suggestions for how scholars can overcome the very real barriers to using such methods in this context. Importantly, the theme of the panel will not be that experiments should completely replace archival methods, or that archival methods are not valuable; rather, it will advocate that the field should “widen its toolbox” and exploit the benefits of a wider range of methods for the benefit of the field.

Mind Your Category in a Shifting World: New Frontiers in Market Categories and Firm Strategy

Research interests at the intersection of strategic management and market categories has grown significantly in recent years and current market environments have posed tremendous challenge for firms seeking to classify themselves and their offerings for competitive advantage in a rapidly changing market structure. This symposium invites scholars interested in strategic management and market categories to present and discuss their views on firms’ strategic choice of category labels, meanings, and positions as they consider and engage with other key stakeholders in the marketplace. By examining factors associated with firms’ strategic categorization, including motivations, occasions and contexts, we hope to open conversations and future research opportunities to clarify the multiple mechanisms through which categories and categorization processes in the market can be associated with firms’ strategic choices. More broadly, we hope this symposium would also contribute to the understanding of market categories and firm strategy in dynamic market environments. Market positioning, spanning competitive sets or market category features: Effects on firm value Presenter: Elizabeth Pontikes; UC Davis Presenter: Amanda Sharkey; U. Of Chicago Dynamic Positioning and Accelerating Product Launches by Ventures Presenter: Emily Cox-Pahnke; U. of Washington Presenter: Michael Deane Howard; Texas A&M U., College Station Close to Functional Ideal: Product Positioning and Performance Implications in High-growth Markets Presenter: Amy Zhao-Ding; Technical U. of Munich Beef- it’s what’s for dinner: Incumbent responses to category transformation in the U.S. meat market Presenter: Anders Dahl Krabbe; King's Business School Presenter: Eunice Yunjin Rhee; Seattle U. Presenter: Jade Lo; Drexel U. The Role of Categories in Market Coordination: A Framework and Map Presenter: Enlan Wang; U. of Southern California Presenter: Peer Fiss; U. of Southern California

Strategic responses of regional economic organizations to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative: the cases of ASEAN, EAEU, and EU

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to undertake a systematic comparative analysis of how regional economic organizations (REOs) in the wider Eurasian region have strategically responded to the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative. The theoretical framework is based on the external actorness literature, comparative regionalism, and foreign policy analysis. The analysis links the distinctive features of the REOs to the shape and impact of their strategic responses to the Belt and Road Initiative. At the same time, it shows the extent to which REOs play a functional role vis-à-vis their member states and large firms in a macro-regional strategic context.

TYPOLOGY OF INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS UNIVERSITY-BASED INNOVATION ECOSYSTEMS ENTREPRENEURS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Purpose- This paper explores the typology of innovation ecosystems obtained from the literature review which university-based innovation ecosystems in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) universities on the entrepreneurial subdivision of the innovation ecosystem and terms it an entrepreneurial ecosystem. Methodology- The aims of this study is qualitative in nature, while reflecting its exploratory nature and the absence of any previous work on university Typology of innovation in the UAE. A list of all UAE universities from the Commission for Academic Accreditation (CAA) will be used as primary research. Secondary sources and used as a sampling frame. The sampling procedure involved contacting the universities or colleges. Findings- The Centre of Excellence for Applied Research and Training (CERT) at Higher Colleges of Technology (HCT) Established in 1996 the first center to adopt entrepreneurial initiatives. The UAEU Science and Innovation Park (UAEU-SIP) and Start AD, NYU Abu Dhabi both established in 2016 as the first concepts of innovation and incubator centers in the UAE universities. The UAE Government and Local government are the biggest supporters of universities, and with limited support from the private sector. Due to the early stage of those incubators and centers, with building a skilled workforce with entrepreneurial mindsets, the outcomes of incubated startups are expected to emerge after some time. Conclusion- This study focused only on universities located in the UAE which it's an emerging country. This study focused on university incubators or Innovation Centers only as introduced above more research is required on university-based innovation ecosystems' reach and strategic context. Keywords: Entrepreneurial, Ecosystem, Typology of innovation,UAE, University-based innovation JEL Codes: O30, O31

18 Politically relevant solar geoengineering scenarios

Solar geoengineering, also known as Solar Radiation Modification (SRM), has been proposed to alter Earth’s radiative balance to reduce the effects of anthropogenic climate change. SRM has been identified as a research priority, as it has been shown to effectively reduce surface temperatures, while substantial uncertainties remain around side effects and impacts. Global modeling studies of SRM have often relied on idealized scenarios to understand the physical processes of interventions and their widespread impacts. These extreme or idealized scenarios are not directly policy-relevant and are often physically implausible (such as imposing global solar reduction to counter the warming of an instantaneous quadrupling of CO2). The climatic and ecological impacts of politically relevant and potentially plausible SRM approaches have rarely been modeled and assessed. Nevertheless, commentators and policymakers often falsely assume that idealized or extreme scenarios are proposed solutions to climate change. This paper proposes 18 scenarios that appear to be broadly plausible from political and Earth System perspectives and encompass futures that could be both warnings or perhaps desirable. We place these scenarios into four groups following broader strategic contexts: (1) Global Management; (2) Regional Emergencies; (3) Coordinated Regional Interventions; and (4) Reactive Global Interventions. For each scenario, relevant model experiments are proposed. Some may be performed with existing setups of global climate models, while others require further specification. Developing and performing these model experiments – and assessing likely resulting impacts on society and ecosystems – would be essential to inform public debate and policymakers on the real-world issues surrounding SRM.

Councils, Managers. . . and Consultants? Management Consulting and Complementarity in Municipal Strategy Implementation

American governments spend $6 billion annually on management consulting, with steady growth. However, public-sector consulting receives little scholarly and public attention—especially for local governments. For which municipal projects are management consultants best suited? Svara asserts that complementarity promotes effective governance between city councils and their managers; sometimes, however, neither has the capability to lead the other. This study explores whether consultants can effectively fill this complementarity void by examining 205 strategic initiatives from 43 US municipalities. The analysis confirms that consultants are helpful when strategic and political-administrative contexts conflict, but only when key stakeholders are supportive.

КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИ КАК КАТЕГОРИЯ СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОГО ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The article deals with the problem of the duality of sustainable development, which consists in the need to maintain stability while providing conditions for intensive growth, which implies a way out of a stable situation. The authors consider the most relevant and advanced systems for assessing the quality of life. Some estimates of its aspects for the Russian Federation are given. According to the authors, the solution to this problem lies in the strategic planning of the quality-of-life parameter, since the control of this parameter in a strategic context ensures proper stability, and the strategic priority associated with increasing this parameter will contribute to the improvement of socio-economic systems. The considered concepts of qualityof-life assessment made it possible to justify the need for a systematic consideration of interrelated factors, which will improve the quality of regional strategic planning documents and ensure their most effective implementation.

Birds of a feather?: Lessons on U.S. cultural diplomacy from Walt Disney during the Good Neighbor Policy

ABSTRACT The Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration sought to improve relations between with Latin America and strengthen the Inter-American system through the Good Neighbor Policy. In 1940, to combat the spread of Axis influence, the Roosevelt administration formed the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA). Tasked with improving perceptions of the United States in Latin America and of Latin America in the United States, the CIAA worked closely with U.S. organizations and businesses to achieve these ends. One frequently cited success story of this period was sending Walt Disney to South America and its resulting films. This paper places the role of the CIAA and Walt Disney Studios within the broader strategic context of the Good Neighbor Policy. In addition, this paper attempts to glean lessons from the CIAA-Disney partnership that epitomize best practices and potential pitfalls in U.S.-Latin American Cultural Diplomacy.

Assessing the maturity and performance of the IT function in acute-care hospitals: a configurational view

ABSTRACT This study aims to characterises the maturity of IT management in hospitals, to identify the IT management configurations needed to achieve greater performance and to characterise the organisational and strategic IT contexts in which these configurations evolve. Drawing on survey data from 72 Canadian acute-care hospitals with the CIO as the main respondent, we used a configurational approach to assess the maturity of their IT functions. We classified participating hospitals in two distinct groups, each related to different levels of performance. Hospitals in the first group are characterised by a rather “immature” IT management model and presented low levels of IT performance. Hospitals in the second group showed more maturity in their IT management model and high levels of IT performance. Importantly, both the strategic influence of the CIO and the centrality of IT to the hospital’s strategic goals were found to be significantly greater in the mature group.

Strategic Status of Technology Management and Enterprises for the Technology Adoption Lifecycle

The aim of the study is to present a conceptualizing study in order to express the strategic nature of this situation in the technology adoption life cycle and that it may be possible to manage technology in the context of industry 4.0. Social science has also been included in the study created by the department of management and organization and strategic management. The rapid change of technology leads to a change in the understanding of fashion and a change in the perception of the benefits of the user or consumer on the product. From the point of view of enterprises, it is important to consider this situation at a more thoughtful stage in terms of strategicity. The introduction of technology management in order to use the effects and benefits of industry 4.0 in the technology adoption life cycle in the best and strategic context reveals the originality of the study; management science and its importance due to its potential to be a guiding guide to the business world. As a result, it is thought that the business world can be successful with the decisions they will make using the technology adoption life cycle before the supply of new products.

Chapter I: The Strategic Context

Chapter I: The Strategic Context

The Ecological Observing System of the Adriatic Sea (ECOAdS): structure and perspectives within the main European biodiversity and environmental strategies

This Policy Brief succinctly presents the Ecological Observing System of the Adriatic Sea (ECOAdS), aimed at integrating the ecological and oceanographic dimensions within the conservation strategy of the Natura 2000 network, and to propose a way to go for its future development and maintenance. After a definition of marine ecological observatories, we describe the current structure of ECOAdS, its key components and potential relevance in relation to the main European strategies for biodiversity and marine observation for the next decade. Finally, we suggest some actions that could be undertaken for the future development of ECOAdS, targeting possible perspectives in different regional, macro-regional, national and European strategic contexts. This Policy Brief is one of the outcomes of the Interreg Italy-Croatia Project ECOSS (ECological Observing System in the Adriatic Sea: oceanographic observations for biodiversity; https://www.italy-croatia.eu/web/ecoss), which had the main purpose to design and carry out the first steps for the establishment of ECOAdS.

The perils of ecologically unequal exchange: Contesting rare-earth mining in Greenland

Rare-earth elements (REE) are essential to produce many ‘green’ technologies such as wind turbines and electric cars, yet the mining and processing of these minerals are highly polluting and environmentally damaging. Ever since China monopolized the REE industry in the 2000s, there has been a scramble for securing new deposits around the world. Greenland possesses an abundance of REE deposits, most of which remain undeveloped, yet the largely Indigenous Inuit population is split over whether REE mining is the right development path for the country. This article mobilizes a historical narrative approach, analyzing documents, interviews, government reports as well as academic and news articles, to understand the recent controversies around REE mining in Greenland within the strategic context of the nascent global green economy. We use ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) theory to understand how Greenland, as a peripheral, less-developed country, is seemingly destined to fulfill a role of provider of raw materials for more industrialized countries that now urgently need to decarbonize their economies. Yet, this development path is contested by the Greenlandic Inuit who seek self-determination and the continuation of their traditional and sustainable ways of living that are highly dependent on nature-based industries such as fishing and hunting. We contribute to EUE theory by highlighting the agency peripheral countries have in defending their self-determined, place-based development paths.

Developing Strategic Lieutenants in the Canadian Army

This Canadian contribution to Parameters’ Strategic Lieutenant series shows how domestic context creates the conditions for professional military education reform to a greater extent than the global strategic context. The article assesses the junior officer education delivered by Canada’s military colleges and analyzes interviews with key stakeholders responsible for the formulation and implementation of reform at the military colleges.

A multilayered perspective on entrepreneurial universities: looking into the dynamics of joint university-industry labs

In this article we pay attention to the different analytical layers that compose the managerial context of university-industry relationships – a cornerstone of entrepreneurial universities. Specifically, we address the dynamics of joint university-industry laboratories, a typical example of high-quality engagement between academia and industry. Joint university-industry laboratories are understood as long term joint undertakings shared by universities and industry targeted at generating value for all parties involved through various channels. Given the different missions of universities and industry, joint laboratories inherit special challenges for management. Our exploration therefore outlines four complementary dimensions of interest in this context: the macro environment, university-level institutional challenges, strategic context and, lastly, we deal with individual-level aspects when analyzing identity issues involved in the dynamics of joint university-industry labs. A research agenda is derived from these explorations.

EFFECT OF STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP STYLE AND GREEN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON THE MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE OF KODAM JAYA

The purpose of this research is to pay attention to environmental developments and dynamic strategic contexts that affect the implementation of national defense. Especially in facing challenges in national defense. In the current Reformation Era, the Commander of the Military Region of Kodam Jaya has many tasks to prevent problems in society, especially in the current pandemic era. The Jaya Regional Military Command is able to maintain stability, establish cooperation with various parties, coordinate to maintain order by disbanding crowds that will bring danger and safety to the state, especially the people of Jakarta. The research design and method used in this research is hypothesis testing. This research is a quantitative non-experimental, using a questionnaire given to 93 respondents. This research was carried out at the Jaya Regional Military Command. Data analysis using SPSS and PLS.3.29 software with multivariate Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis method. The results of this study indicate that: The influence of Strategic Leadership Style, Green Human Resource Management on Management Performance is positive and significant. The influence of Teamwork Management on Performance Management is positive and significant. The influence of Teamwork Management mediating Strategic Leadership Style, Green Human Resource Management on Management Performance is positive and significant. It means that the higher/positive mediation of Teamwork Management on Strategic Leadership Style, Green Human Resource Management, the higher/positive Management Performance. Improvement and development of quality and leadership style must first, pay attention to friendly and cooperative resources. Theoretical implications: Teamwork Management as mediating for Strategic Leadership Style, and Green Human Resource Management is able to improve Management Performance, by increasing Teamwork Management through increasing its dimensions will be able to improve Management Performance of the Jayakarta Military Regional Command (Kodam Jaya) Central Jakarta.

The role of the board of directors in the institutional strategic process within public hospitals

Introduction. According to the normative provisions, the Board of Directors (hereinafter the BD) is an administrative and supervisory body of public hospitals, which, in addition to other exclusive (quite limited) duties, is responsible for the examination and approval of the plans of activity of the hospital. However, just as the expressions "strategic plan" or "strategy" do not appear in this task, sometimes the involvement of the BD in the examination and approval of institutional strategic documents are omitted. 
 Material and methods. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the experience of the BD members of the public hospitals in the North region, regarding the involvement in the institutional strategic process. They expressed their opinion on the perceived role in the process of elaboration and implementation of institutional strategies; the vision, mission and set of institutional values, strategic areas, the performance of which they monitor; communication with stakeholders in the strategic context; taking corrective action in a timely manner, etc. The strategies / strategic plans of the medical institutions included in the study were analyzed too.
 Results. The results of the study show that the involvement of BD members of the public hospitals in the institutional strategic process is often formal and declarative.
 Conclusions. The study emphasizes a superficial attitude of the BD members on the strategic process or the fact that they do not have the necessary competencies to examine the institutional strategies.