Strategic Agreement Research Articles

POST-SOVIET ASIAN POLICY: RUSSIAN DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY IN CHINA AND INDIA (1991–1999)

This article is an attempt to revisit the Asian policy of the Russian Federation in the Post-Cold War era. More specifically, the aim of this article is to determine the origins of Moscow’s current strategic alliances with China and India in a historical trajectory from 1991 to 1999. To this end, the article focused on Russian diplomatic activities, state visits, cooperation strategies and signed agreements within this timeframe. Then, in the context of these diplomatic efforts, the article discussed how the priorities of each government could affect these initiatives with a focus on their national concerns, geopolitical imperatives and global strategies. Following these discussions, the article concluded that a revival of global status was at the heart of Russia’s Asian diplomacy. Moreover, it was concluded that while foreign relations with China and India had emerged from two different historical processes, the common interests and imperatives that were mutually perceived by these states were crucial in reaching strategic agreements and shaping post-Soviet alliances.

From alliance to ‘soft conquest’: the anatomy of the Turkish-Azerbaijani military alliance before and after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

ABSTRACT Military cooperation has been one of the milestones in Turkish-Azerbaijani relations since the early 1990s. A qualitatively new phase began in 2010 after the signing of the strategic agreement which not only fixed the ʹcasus foederisʹ clause but also significantly increased the scope and volume of cooperation. Military cooperation underwent a qualitative change and Turkeyʹs participation in the modernization of the Azerbaijani army gained key importance. The goal of this article is to identify the qualitative changes and transformations in military cooperation and examine their direct and indirect impact on the process of transformation of the identity of Azerbaijani society.

Dynamics In India-Russia Strategic Partnership

Congeniality, confidence, and mutual understanding with common interests in the international system are very vibrant in the bilateral relations between India and Russia. However, both states have faced a low level of experience in their relations after the disintegration of the Soviet Union. New steps have been taken to deepen strategic and defense cooperation with the signing of a strategic agreement on October 3, 2000, in New Delhi. They collaborate to create plans for dealing with insurgencies, strengthening technology links, expanding diplomatic relations, mitigating climate catastrophes, and forging a multipolar world. In light of the dynamics of their foreign policies changing due to geopolitical and geoeconomic competition in the new global order, this article examines the strategic partnership between India and Russia. It also analyzes the importance of India-Russia relations in addressing post-pandemic challenges and problems.

Formulating a Way Forward Strategy for Malaysia Cross Border Inland Port Using SWOT and TOWS Analysis

Malaysia holds the position of being Thailand's primary trading partner within the ASEAN region and ranks as the fourth largest trading partner overall. The bilateral trade between these two nations in 2020 amounted to nearly RM80 billion. The seaport in Malaysia has emerged as a preferred hub for exporters from Thailand. Nevertheless, the current cross-border inland port, known as the Padang Besar Inland Port (PBCT), exhibits constraints in its operational capacity. The rapid expansion of the economy in southern Thailand, along with the increasing need for cross-border freight transportation to the nearby Penang seaport in Malaysia, makes the future building of more inland ports across the border an inevitable development. Despite its significance, there is a paucity of detailed studies on inland ports along the Malaysia-Southern Thailand border. Further investigation is necessary to address the recent challenges pertaining to external threats and internal limits faced by cross-border inland ports. This study seeks to explore the present issues faced by the Malaysian cross border inland port and to analyze potential solutions for future development via the application of SWOT and TOWS analysis. The methodology employed in this study encompasses interviews conducted with important stakeholders, on-site observations, and desktop research. A SWOT analysis is conducted on the current cross-border inland port, followed by a proposition of employing a TOWS analysis for future cross-border inland ports. The highlighted findings pertain to major outcomes derived from interviews, on-site observation, and secondary data analysis. The establishment of successful inland ports requires the availability of strong supporting infrastructures and information systems, according to key findings. The development of adequate infrastructure, including well-connected road networks and direct rail links, should be a top priority for the government through NCIA. To reduce competition in the future, it is essential to forge strategic agreements with Southern Thai government and logistical companies. Significant opportunities are presented by the emergence of new markets, namely in the area of halal products and halal logistics. The government should also conduct a thorough assessment of the taxation of transit cargo. Overall, it is intended that the research would provide up-to-date perspectives on the Malaysian cross-border inland port as well as the strategic directions for the relevant authorities and inland port operators.

The nuances of the organizational preparation the electrification of the Kharkiv plant of the Russian Locomotive-building and Mechanical Society (1895–1896)

The transition to an electromechanical drive of equipment has become a new milestone in industrialization, which has led to significant: an increase in labor productivy and a decrease in the energy intensity of production processes. But on the Ukrainian lands of the Russian Empire, this innovation was not introduced until the mid-1890s, and only since that time the process of electrification of production at Ukrainian enterprises has been developed, however, with a simultaneous retain the steam-mechanical drive of equipment also. The Kharkiv plant of the Joint-Stock Company Russian Locomotive-building and Mechanical Society became the first enterprise not only in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, but throughout the country, which used solely an electromechanical drive for all equipment. Taking into account this priority, the organizational preparation for the process of electrification of this enterprise also became the first experience in the country of introducing such an innovation, comparable, perhaps, only with the experience of switching from a mechanical to a steam-mechanical drive, which, however, was not studied in the Russian Empire. Simultaneously, the level of technical literacy of a part of the management of the Joint-Stock Company Russian Locomotive-building and Mechanical Society was not high enough to give a technical and economic assessment of the relevant innovations. Therefore, the organizational preparation for the electrification of the Kharkov plant of this Society was carried out without any clear methodological approaches, which in the discussion regarding the electrification scheme of the enterprise led to the replacement of the issue of choosing the best option from the most effective ones to the question of choosing the best one from the cheap ones. As a result, the Society's experts developed terms of reference for a compromise version of the electrification project, the essence of which was to install relatively new electrical equipment in terms of technical level, but operated according to an already outdated scheme, which made this electrification option neither efficient nor cheap, but politically acceptable for the entire leadership of Society. Eventually, it was possible to achieve the expected benefits from the electrification of the plant not from the implantation of the chosen scheme for its implementation, but by concluding strategic agreements with Siemens & Halske, according to which the Company's Management Board ensured it won the competition for the electrification of Society's enterprise at an affordable price, and Siemens & Halske, in turn, subsequently supplied the Company with its products at significant discounts.

Research on Application and International Policy of Renewable Energy in Buildings

It has been proposed in China that the country should reach a “carbon peak” by 2030 and be “carbon neutral” by 2060. In the context of energy conservation and emission reduction, the country’s energy structure needs to be transformed to improve the technology level and more widespread consumption of renewable energy. The global renewable energy utilization situation is first analyzed in this study from the perspective of renewable energy and the buildings using it, highlighting the importance of the application of renewable energy in buildings. Secondly, from the perspective of solar energy utilization technology, ground source heat pump technology, and systems for managing energy use in buildings, the progressiveness of renewable energy applications in buildings is analyzed. The application of these technologies in buildings is demonstrated from various angles. Thirdly, the development prospect of buildings using renewable energy is discussed from the perspective of the promotion of renewable energy-powered buildings and green construction. The development prospects of buildings using renewable energy are discussed from the economic benefits of green finance, the promotion and social support of renewable energy, and the environmental benefits of green buildings. Finally, based on studies in the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, and China, the international energy policy and development direction, as well as the evaluation criteria of green buildings, are discussed, along with an assessment system for green buildings that is complementary to the strategic agreement.

Israeli-Iranian Rivalry from the Perspective of Sino-Israeli and Indian-Israeli Relations

The article takes a look at how Israeli-Iranian rivalry affected the development of Sino-Israeli and Indian-Israeli relations. China characterizes its relations with Iran as strategic cooperation while India maintains a high level of cooperation with the Islamic Republic. What is more, Iran is one of major trade partners of China and India in the region. The author analyses the efforts Tel-Aviv took to try to influence China’s and India’s approach towards Teheran and make it more favorable for its interests. In the case of China, Israel was interested in stopping flow of Chinese weapons to Iran as well as putting an end to China’s support to Iran’s nuclear program. As for India, Israel in the 2000s was concerned that some of its military technologies supplied to India might be leaked to Iran. Given this, Israel tried to dissuade China’s and India’s from advancing ties with Teheran. The analysis showed that Israel’s efforts turned out to be fruitless. China signed new strategic agreement with Iran in 2021 and cooperates with Iran on the military and intelligence levels. Likewise, India didn’t change its stance towards Iran due to of Israel’s efforts. Nevertheless, China’s trade relations with Iran decreased as a result of Beijing deepening ties with Arab states, namely Gulf states. This led to decline in China’s oil imports from Iran. The same process can be witnessed in Indian-Iranian relations, where imports from Iran sharply decreased as a result of Trump Administration’s anti-Iranian policy.

KDP-PUK Strategic Agreement and Its Consequences for the Governing System in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

After years of fighting, disagreements and geographical division, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) signed a Strategic Agreement in 2006, leading to the unification of their different administrations. While the KDP-PUK Strategic Agreement prevented the two ruling parties from engaging in another violent conflict, and established a mechanism for unifying their two different administrations, it also appears to have been ineffective in facilitating the institutionalisation process and institutional stability. This study examines how the KDP-PUK Strategic Agreement shaped the governing system in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) for a decade and identifies the reasons for the poor performance of political institutions. It demonstrates that the governing structure reflected partisan interests following the Strategic Agreement, making it difficult to establish stable and functional political institutions.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Pelaku Umkm Melalui Pelatihan Penyusunan Proposal Usaha Dan Analisis Laporan Keuangan Di Kabupaten Kampar

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play an important role in Indonesia. MSMEs have shown their tenacity and resilience in the economic crisis and along with the Covid-19 pandemic, it is hoped that MSMEs will survive again. Especially among MSME actors in Kampar Riau Regency with fields that are engaged in culinary, agriculture, fisheries, and handicrafts. This group was chosen because of the high number of MSMEs in Kampar Regency (45,446 MSMEs) and the abundant natural resources (HR) potential in the area. The aim behind this activity is to equip MSMEs with the autonomous capacity to plan strategic deals and dissect financial reports so that they can be used as a reference to turn them into a company so that they can turn into individual financial strengths and make major commitments to national finance. This activity is carried out through direct contact with a limited number of MSMEs. This strategy was taken in view of the outbreak of the corona virus pandemic. The stages of this activity begin with clarification of the obstacles that are often faced by MSMEs, followed by clarification of the importance of strategic agreements, the efforts taken in preparing strategic plans, and the importance of auditing budget reports. These results have expanded the capacity and information of MSMEs, especially in Kampar Regency in terms of strategic agreement planning and monetary reports, even in limited circumstances due to the Coronavirus pandemic.

Differentiated Visions: How Ontario Universities See and Represent Their Futures

This paper is concerned with long term strategic planning in higher education and focuses on Ontario’s strategic mandate agreement (SMA) sector planning framework. In 2012, the province initiated its new SMA planning process by requiring all higher education institutions to propose their own strategies for their academic visions, missions, and objectives. The proposals submitted by Ontario’s universities furnish the empirical content of this paper: a historically unique, comprehensive and comparable set of documents capturing institutions’ self-understanding and plans for their respective futures. Using concepts from organizational theory, content analysis of universities’ SMA proposals reveals divergent strategies, both in terms of institutional administrative responsiveness to the SMA process as well as the academic (i.e., education and scholarship) content of the submissions. In addition, two further sub-themes are analysed: proposals for experiential learning and so-called town-gown connections. Both themes also reveal very different visions amongst institutions. In general, the proposals appear to be independent of institution type and community size/location. Setting the stage for future research, the paper concludes with policy discussion of: (i) the possibilities for institutional diversity in the context of policy discourses on institutional differentiation; (ii) implications for system planning given the structure and process of Ontario’s ongoing SMA framework.

China-Iran strategic cooperation agreement in the changing international system

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the international political and economic system has changed dramatically. The Western powers are in decline, while the non-western Asian and Eurasian powers are rising. The three-century-long Western dominated international system is giving way to a mixed system with Global North and Global South playing predominant roles simultaneously. In face of the changing international system, China and Iran are promoting strategic docking, and their relations have been updated from the comprehensive strategic partnership in 2016 to the 25-Year Strategic Cooperation Agreement in 2021. This development demonstrates the resilience of China’s strategic partnerships in the Middle East, and is conducive to building a more balanced international system and fostering South-South cooperation. The updated Sino-Iranian relations is defensive, and it does not target any third party, nor does it change China’s non-alignment policy in the Middle East. It is conducive to promoting regional reconciliation between Iran and Saudi-led Arab countries.

Role of intellectual property as key element of innovation activities: legal grounds

Keywords: intellectual property, intellectual property rights, innovation activities,innovation activity companies (entities), open innovations concept, open innovationplatforms
 The article determinates that, on the background of a digitaleconomics actively development, the open innovations become a key source of digitalbreakthrough. The author states that within such a concept, the entities carryinginnovation activity, keep focus on monetizing both the internal research results aswell as the external ideas. Such approach, enhanced with external partners involvementinto the innovations process, helps the innovative technologies to move remarkablyfaster through the lifecycle. It is also emphasized that the approach enabling externalaccess to the companies’ innovations, need a concept to be set up, with focus onintellectual property rights protection. The author draws attention that the key roleof legal instruments for intellectual property protection, is to minimize the risk forthose companies which contribute to the innovations market development. It is clarifiedthat within such a concept, the innovation activity companies provide their partnersthe right to use the intellectual assets, which may be either already in use bysuch companies or idle to use. Thus, the companies providing legal protection of theintellectual property, have more favourite conditions to come into a strategic partnership.The author highlights that the innovations-industry companies make profitfrom getting access to science-research and related production outputs which areowned by their partners, as well as from further development of their own productsresulting from the intellectual property under the strategic agreement. The articlealso proposes creation of digital platforms which will facilitate the effective partnershipof the business, state organizations and innovation teams within the developmentprocess of innovation products.

PPG, Oriental Silicas Corporation enter into strategic agreement

Angular velocity stabilization problem for underactuated rigid satellites with only two independent control inputs is investigated, and a novel stabilization control strategy based on energy shaping is presented in this paper. Firstly, a desired closed-loop system with a specific structure is constructed for the control objective. The matching condition and controller structure are determined by equating the underactuated satellite system with the desired system. Moreover, a feasible sufficient condition satisfying the matching condition is derived. By solving the sufficient condition according to three different structures of the satellite inertia tensor matrix, three nonlinear smooth stabilization control laws are obtained, and global asymptotic stability of the related closed-loop system is rigorously proved. Simulation results show effectiveness of the proposed control method.

GEO-STRATEGIC CONSEQUENCE OF CHABAHAR AND GWADAR SEA PORTS AND THE INTERESTS OF EXTERNAL PLAYER

In this study, we are trying to examine the Geostrategic and economic potentials of Gwadar and Chabahar deep Sea ports recently two constructed ports while Gwadar situated in Balochistan Province of Pakistan and Chabahar located in Sistan and Balochistan area of Iran has been recognized as coagulated strategic agreements between China and Pakistan and between India and Iran. These sea port politics are forming an unbalance of powers in the region after the United States of America is expanding its military role in the region and attended more strategic partnership with India. Both ports could change the dynamics of regional politics, oceanic trades and transshipment, therefore, in this developing scenario both Gwadar and Chabahar Iranian port have taken a central stage in the current phase of international politics and have taken a unique geo- strategic and geo-political significance. Gwadar deep sea port is weighted as a strategic base from where; China can monitor US movement in the Persian Gulf, Indians naval actions in the Arabian sea and US-Indo maritime cooperation in the IOR (Indian Ocean Region). India, in response of this strategic move developing Chahbahar port with Iranian assistances and partnership of Afghanistan, desire to Central Asian countries coupled with to reduce the influence of Chinas future long -run geo-economic and strategic interest in the entire region. The new economic, strategic and development move have created a new power structure which places the indigenous people better off after the new wave of globalization in this region. The development of Chabahar and more specifically Gwadar port could go nowhere, if the property rights of local masses and their socio economic security are not protected. One solution is to provide free and fair access of local masses to the new developments with equal distribution of resources and other opportunities to the locals at their doorsteps

Strategic Agreement Focuses on SIC Power Devices

Strategic Agreement Focuses on SIC Power Devices

Competing OEMs’ responses to a developer's services installation and strategic update of platform quality

Platform-hardware business models (e.g., integrating a software technology platform into a hardware device such as a smartphone) have been widely applied in various industries. This study investigates the response of competing original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) when the developer strategically updates the platform quality. Consumers have two-dimensional valuations of the product: one valuation for the device provided by the OEM and another valuation for the platform provided by the developer. The developer offers two types of agreements: acceptance and rejection of preinstallation of core services that profit the developer. OEMs can preinstall the core services and pay nothing to use the platform, or they can pay a wholesale price for the platform and reject the installation of the core services. We propose a game-theoretic model to examine the strategic agreement choices of dominant and weak OEMs when the developer strategically offers an updated platform quality to enhance a weak OEM's competitiveness. We find that the developer benefits from the OEMs’ acceptance only when the exogenous wholesale price for the dominant OEM is low and the cost difference is moderate. Also, when the research and development (R&D) efficiency is high, an increase in the cost difference induces a conversion from acceptance to rejection for the dominant OEM, and an opposite outcome for the weak OEM. One OEM's installation acceptance may enhance or weaken the advantage of the other OEM's acceptance for the consumer surplus, depending on the value of the R&D efficiency. Several extensions are examined to complement the basic model, and implications behind each strategic choice are revealed.

Administration of Strategic Agreements in Public Hospitals: Considerations to Enhance the Quality and Sustainability of Mergers and Acquisitions.

Merger processes between hospitals have high benefit potential for patients, staff and managers. This integration of health centres can improve the quality and safety in patient care. Additionally, cooperative processes enhance the sustainability of the health system, by increasing team spirit, giving innovative ideas and improving staff satisfaction. In this article, the critical factors for successful hospital mergers and acquisitions in the Public Health System were considered to develop a brief guide to help with the organisation of a merger process. Five sections were designed: Strategic administration and objectives, Staff management, New hospital complex structure, Processes and Results. This guide facilitates the communication between a variety of stakeholders, thus improving the engagement between all members of the new healthcare system. This could be particularly important for countries with large regional variance in the organisation of health care and resources.

Democracia sanitária, judicialização da política e neoliberalismo

O objetivo do presente ensaio é especular as razões pelas quais a literatura jurídica sanitária não se debruçou de maneira incisiva sobre as causas mais remotas do fenômeno da judicialização da saúde e como isso se relaciona diretamente com a crise democrática atual. Afirma-se que o conceito de democracia sustentado pela doutrina jurídica sanitária é uma derivação do conceito idealizado de democracia do liberalismo, porquanto ingenuamente subestima a degeneração da democracia em lobby e ignora os estudos empíricos da ciência política contemporânea que apontam o desinteresse e a passionalidade dos cidadãos com relação aos assuntos públicos. Além disso, ao exaltar um suposto exercício democrático via demandas judiciais de saúde, a doutrina jurídica sanitária dá pouca atenção a explicações alternativas sobre a origem da judicialização da política, tal como a oferecida por Ran Hirschl, o qual sustenta que a crescente judicialização (juristrocracia) nasce de um acordo estratégico entre as elites econômica, política e jurídica para a preservação hegemônica de seus interesses e para o avanço de uma agenda econômica neoliberal. Sustenta-se a hipótese de que a omissão da doutrina jurídica sanitária para com explicações mais profundas acerca da judicialização da política está relacionada exatamente com esta preservação de interesses da elite jurídica. Por tal razão, para se avançar no aperfeiçoamento da democracia, há que se refletir acerca das causas estruturais da judicialização, e assim promover reformas institucionais que mitiguem tanto a influência do poder econômico na política quanto os mecanismos de produção de ativismo judicial.

Performance implications of marketing agreement, cooperation, and control in franchising

ABSTRACT The affinity between franchisees and their franchisor represents a captive marketing channel relationship, requiring a mutually well-managed partnership for long-term success and sustained performance. The authors argue that franchisee social satisfaction and financial performance can be enhanced through greater strategic marketing agreement and operational marketing cooperation with their franchisor. Primary data were collected through a survey study of U.S. franchisees. Results from structural equation modeling indicate that both strategic agreement and operational cooperation positively affect franchisee satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction directly enhances as well as mediates benefits to performance. Franchisor marketing decision control is identified and tested as a boundary condition.

Chinese and Indian FDI in Hungary and the role of Eastern Opening policy

The aim of this paper is to assess the main features of Chinese and Indian investments in Hungary and the role of the Hungarian Government’s Eastern Opening policy in the attraction of investments from these two Asian giants. This paper covers the sectoral distribution, modes of market entry, and motivations of Chinese and Indian foreign direct investments. The automotive sector is the most attractive sector for investors from both countries. ICT manufacturing (electronics) and services, and the renewable energy sector are also very attractive for Chinese companies. The same is true for IT/BPO services and the chemical sector in the case of Indian companies. Chinese and Indian companies enter the Hungarian economy mainly through green-field investments or acquisitions. Market-seeking and strategic asset-seeking motives are dominant in the case of investors from both countries. This paper also puts a special emphasis on studying the impacts of Hungary’s Eastern Opening policy (launched in 2012) on Chinese and Indian investments. The findings show that the Eastern Opening policy has had a significant impact on the investment decision (location choice) of new Chinese and Indian investors and further expansion of investments by Chinese and Indian companies located in Hungary due to four factors, namely high-ranking political meetings, strategic cooperation agreements, cash grants from the Hungarian Government and supportive services of HIPA.