Strata Of Society Research Articles

Mitigating Psychological Impacts of Quarantine During Pandemics: A Mini Review

The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), originating in Wuhan, China in December 2019, quickly escalated into a global health crisis, infecting individuals across all strata of society. Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, this unprecedented emergency prompted governments worldwide to implement strict lockdowns and quarantine measures. The sudden onset of these procedures has had significant psychological effects on individuals and communities. This paper reviews the psychological impacts of prolonged quarantine and discusses adaptive stress-coping strategies to mitigate these effects. Our goal is to highlight effective approaches to manage mental health amidst such crises, aiming to provide guidance for future public health emergencies.

Minimally invasive approach associated with lower resource utilization after aortic and mitral valve surgery

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) on resource utilization, cost, and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing left-heart valve operations. MethodsData were retrospectively reviewed for patients undergoing single-valve surgery (eg, aortic valve replacement, mitral valve replacement, or mitral valve repair) at a single center from 2018 to 2021, stratified by surgical approach: MICS vs full sternotomy (FS). Baseline characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared. Primary outcome was high resource utilization, defined as direct procedure cost higher than the third quartile or either postoperative LOS ≥7 days or 30-day readmission. Secondary outcomes were direct cost, length of stay, 30-day readmission, in-hospital and 30-day mortality, and major morbidity. Multiple regression analysis was conducted, controlling for baseline characteristics, operative approach, valve operation, and lead surgeon to assess high resource utilization. ResultsMICS was correlated with a significantly lower rate of high resource utilization (MICS, 31.25% [n = 115] vs FS 61.29% [n = 76]; P < .001). Median postoperative length of stay (MICS, 4 days [range, 3-6 days] vs FS, 6 days [range, 4 to 9 days]; P < .001) and direct cost (MICS, $22,900 [$19,500–$28,600] vs FS, $31,900 [$25,900–$50,000]; P < .001) were lower in the MICS group. FS patients were more likely to experience postoperative atrial fibrillation (P = .040) and renal failure (P = .027). Other outcomes did not differ between groups. Controlling for stratified Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality, cardiac valve operation, and lead surgeon, FS demonstrated increased likelihood of high resource utilization (P < .001). ConclusionsMICS for left-heart valve pathology demonstrated improved postoperative outcomes and resource utilization.

Stratifikasi Sosial Dalam Pendidikan di Probolinggo Pada Era Kolonial Belanda

This study aims to explore social stratification in education during the Dutch colonial era in Probolinggo. Previous studies have shown that various educational policies implemented by the Dutch in Probolinggo were intended to prepare administrative and manual labor workers who would play an important role in building the economy. However, these policies have actually resulted in unfair social stratification in society. Although native education offered opportunities to obtain an education, these schools were established with a specific purpose: to meet the needs of manual labor workers for the benefit of Dutch capital. Native education mostly provided basic skills needed to work in specific sectors. This study was conducted using a historical approach consisting of heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography stages. The results confirm that Dutch colonial education policies in Probolinggo not only produced manual labor workers but also strengthened the position of the Dutch East Indies government.Keywords: Social Stratification, Education, Probolinggo, Dutch Colonial.

Kompleksowość procesu prawotwórczego

Kompleksowość procesu prawotwórczego

A process-sociology analysis of religious practices and Japanese martial arts

This paper uses primary and secondary sources to provide a process-sociological analysis of the relationship between religious practices and Japanese martial arts. It problematises the taken for granted role of Zen Buddhism as the sole influence on the development of Japanese martial arts. Such essential connection is inaccurate and anachronistic. Religious and martial practices developed as part of processes of sociogenesis (state formation) and psychogenesis (habitus) during three different key stages: (1) Medieval Japan (1185-1600): during this stage, warriors (bushi) progressively became the predominant rulers across the country, enforcing law by sheer force. Warriors seasoned in combat used esoteric practices (spells, magic rituals) as part of their psychological arsenal for warfare, as practical means of action. The cult of the Buddhist deity Marishiten held special interest for the bushi originating martial traditions (ryu). (2) Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1848): the pacification of the country by the central military court implied a more detached approach to martial arts by samurai. Within this milieu, the samurai acted as a retainer/bureaucrat whose main mission was to keep order in a stratified society and to serve his lord, something that Zen practices helped to incorporate in the samurai ethos. (3) Early Showa period (1926-1945): this stage featured a progressive militarisation of people and the instigation of a strong involvement towards the Japanese nation, considered as the main (symbolic) survival unit. Budo (martial arts) was connected to shinto (functioning as a ‘state religion’) and embodied the imperial bushido message. Zen provided a legitimation of violence for citizen-soldiers with a personality structure that presented self-doubts on killing someone and fear of being killed.

An observational comic novel of manners. Review of the Russian edition of the book Footing It Along the Tōkaidō by Jippensha Ikku

The article offers a critical review of the Russian edition of the comic novel Footing it Along the Tōkaidō by an outstanding writer of the Tokugawa era (1603–1868) Jippenshya Ikku. Recently published by Saint Petersburg’s Hyperion, the novel was masterfully translated from Japanese by Anastassya Y. Borkina who thoroughly studied this complex observational comedy of manners or humerous book (kokkeibon) and provided the necessary analytical apparatus, including commentaries and a preface. The narrative develops around the adventures of two characters, Yajirobei and Kitahachi, who embark on a journey along the so-called Tōkaidō road, the most important of the routes of Japan, connecting Edo and Kyoto. They meet various personages from a variety of cities and regions as well as from different strata of society, getting themselves into farcical situations and every time finding their way out of comic conundrums. The road itself works as a central axis of the story, propelling the characters forward and offering diverse settings for their escapades. The novel with illustrations by the writer was especially popular in nineteenth century Japan, yet the adventures of Yajirobei and Kitahachi remain well-known up until today, providing inspiration for a trove of literary parodies, manga novels, anime books, and video games.

Empowering women for household economic growth in Latin America: A Systematic Review

The proposed article describes the role played by women in the different strata of society and, above all, the benefits obtained from their participation in the labor market. The objective was to describe how the empowerment of Latin American women has contributed to the economic growth of families during 2011-2021. In terms of methodology, different methodological and theoretical positions from various researchers about women's empowerment were taken to achieve an integration that allows expressing the need to show the importance of women in economic growth to ensure that the research is valuable, transparent, complete, and accurate for the users. Detailed techniques were used within the Prisma 2020 model; 23 sources of information obtained from Scopus, Redalyc, Science Direct, Elibro, Scielo, and Google Scholar were detected, for which inclusion criteria were applied, selecting 11 information bases, as well as exclusion criteria, eliminating 12 articles that were not related and did not show coherence with the research question, were not within the space-time, did not belong to the Latin American continent or agree with the subject of the study. The analytical-synthetic method was used to the extent that it allowed analyzing empowerment with each of its own characteristics and those proposed by the different researchers to synthesize and describe how Latin American women have been empowering themselves and contributing to the economic growth of families during the last 10 years. It was concluded that Latin American women have been empowering themselves significantly, thereby contributing to the economic growth of their families, where their performance has become vitally important thanks to their actions that have strengthened their leadership and skills within their communities, promoting their active participation in conservation and sustainable development, and demonstrating that greater participation of women in economic activity contributes to increasing the Gross Domestic Product, raising growth and compensating for the fall of the working population.

The Manuscript Tradition of The Third Redaction of the Russian Chronograph. Continuing A. N. Popov’s Research

This article aims to draw scholars’ attention to the study of The Old Russian Chronograph of the Third Redaction, a work of Russian culture that provides a profound idea of the spiritual world of the people of the seventeenth century. An archaeographic sketch provides a key to the study of the manuscript tradition initiated by A. N. Popov 150 years ago. The author examines 47 major codices (not counting excerpts) attributed to each of the three editions of the Chronograph, which was created in the 1640s and became extremely popular with scribes later. The author reveals 25 of the 31 manuscripts used by Popov. Another 22 archival codices were added to them. For many of them, the author managed to establish the time frames of emergence and identify their creators and owners. The archaeographic data show the growing interest in the work from 1645 to the turn of the eighteenth century among all strata of society. Diocesan bishops and important monasteries (Chudov, Novospassky Siyskiy, Makaryev Zheltovodsky), boyars, many stolniks, priests, merchants, and townspeople tried to acquire The Chronograph. They rewrote and enlarged it showing enviable creativity in all parts of the country, from Moscow to Bryansk, Beloozero, and Kholmogor. The article provides a description of the sources that have now become available for study.

Идеи воспитания одарённых детей в отечественной педагогической науке в XVII–XIX веке

The article shows the process of origin and development of ideas related to the education and upbringing of gifted children in the 17th – 19th centuries in Russia. Religious and secular books of this period allow us to see the process of changing attitudes towards the interpretation of the factors that determine the emergence of talented people. Recognizing a certain influence of the ideas of enlightenment in Western Europe, it is necessary to note the original approach to the study of the phenomena of children’s giftedness in Russian pedagogical thought. The aim of the work was to study the process of the emergence of scientific interest in the problem of children’s giftedness in the history of Russian pedagogical thought, to study the genesis of ideas related to the essence and features of the development of giftedness in childhood, the forms and methods of teaching and educating gifted children in Russian pedagogical thought in the period from the 17th to XIX century. From the analysis and generalization of the pedagogical experience historically accumulated by many generations of different peoples in Russia, there is a consistent transition from the 17th century to the scientific interpretation of children’s giftedness. In the 19th century, the idea of the need for a state approach to ensuring the effective education and upbringing of gifted children, regardless of their origin, class affiliation and financial situation, to the support and development of talents in educational institutions, was born and received its recognition. These ideas are further developed in subsequent periods of the development of domestic pedagogy - in the 20th and 21st centuries. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature of this historical period, the author highlights ideas that are important for the development of children’s giftedness, namely: the idea of the need for teachers to timely identify children with special inclinations and study the features of their development; the idea of the importance of purposeful and integrated development of both mental and other gifts of children in close connection with their spiritual and moral education; the idea of state support and provision of full-fledged education for gifted children from different strata of society; the idea of the need to support and protect gifted children from the influence of an asocial environment.

EKSISTENSI PAKAIAN DI SEMENANJUNG ARAB DALAM SEJARAH ISLAM

This article examines the existence of clothing according to Islamic history. The aim is to be able to understand the beginning of the existence of the development of clothing based on Islamic history which in the current context is referred to as the syar'i clothing model. These clothes were also associated with the social strata of society that existed at that time. This article is a literature review, using historical methods, namely: heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study indicate that clothing is an object used to cover the human body. Meanwhile, seen from its function, clothing functions as a cover for genitals, jewelry, protection and self-identity. In its development, the clothing of Muslims is still influenced by the Jahiliyah era, that is, in clothing it still shows some of their nakedness or the curves of their bodies. So that when Islam came, they rebuked him and gave advice to dress well. In its development, each region of the Arabian Peninsula has different clothing, as well as how to use it. So that people in the Arabian Peninsula who move from one region to another will be affected by the way the local people dress where they live. The types of clothing at that time included: Al-Marth, Ad-Dir, Qamish, Al-Khimar, Al-Izar and ar-Rida`. On the one hand the Arab nation is a pluralistic society consisting of various layers, namely: kings, soldiers, nobles, commoners, and so on. Therefore, the way they dress is a characteristic of the social strata in society. This can be seen from the clothes they wear which shows a prestige battle between them. Those who dress well and beautifully show that their social strata is high. On the other hand, those who dress badly show low social status. Thus the clothes have come out of their true function, as Islamic teachings are to cover the genitals, not to cover the genitals.

The Model of Socio-Economic Stratification of Society Based on An Agent Approach, Taking Into Account Rank Exchange

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the possibility of adequate mathematical modeling of property inequality in a stratified society based on an agent approach, taking into account the unequal (rank) exchange between agents with different socio-economic status. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks:1. To develop minimum criteria for the adequacy of mathematical models of socio-economic inequality.2. To substantiate the advantages of mathematical models based on an agent approach using rank exchange.3. To present the author’s version of the mathematical model of the goods’ movement in society based on an agent approach, taking into account rank exchange.4. To check the author’s mathematical model for compliance with the minimum qualitative criteria of adequacy and to create a quantitatively coinciding with the real distribution of the country’s population of the Russian Federation by income.5. Determine the limitations of the developed mathematical model by the authors.Materials and methods. The paper used statistical data from Rosstat, the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, the World Bank, the US Bureau of the Census, the Edelman Trust Barometer, as well as data published by domestic and foreign researchers of inequality. These data were compared with the results of inequality calculations obtained using the mathematical model of the goods’ movement in society based on an agent approach, taking into account rank (nonequivalent) exchange.Results. The minimum criteria that any adequate model of stratification of society must meet are defined: 1. reveals a lognormal distribution of the population by income with a heavy tail; 2. reflects in long-term historical retrospect the trend of inequality growth; 3. demonstrates a short-term reduction of inequality during periods of socio-economic crises.The proposed model meets these requirements, it demonstrates not only qualitative, but also quantitative adequacy – reproduces by calculation the curve of the actual distribution of Russian society by income.Common concepts of inequality, in particular, the theory of superstars or skill-based technological change do not allow achieving such a result. The limitations of the created mathematical model are shown:– the impossibility of creating an adequate Lorentz curve with insufficient computing power;– inability to describe changes in cross-country inequality, since countries are not subjects of rank exchange, although interstate agreements certainly have an impact on the exchange between economic subjects of social interaction;– inability to describe situations of absolute poverty, i.e. long-term decline in income, although in the real economy such situations are sometimes observed;– the endless growth of inequality over time, whereas in reality economic processes of inequality growth are always opposed by social processes of counteraction to this growth.Conclusion. The mechanism of spontaneous emergence and growth of income (property) inequality as an inevitable consequence of market relations is demonstrated.The agent-based approach, taking into account the rank exchange, can allow identifying critical moments in time, after which extraordinary economic and socio-political consequences will have an irreversible character, and can also help in studying the influence of individual behavior of economic agents of different levels on the evolution of the entire economic, and as a consequence, socio-political system.The results obtained will be useful for strategic planning, when developing target indexes for the socio-economic development of regions and the country as a whole, and improving the methodology for calculating key performance indexes for civil servants

Fashion and the buzzword in scientific coverage (based on the material of Russian and Chinese)

The article is devoted to the study of fashion and buzzwords in scientific coverage, the task of which is to identify the concept of "fashion" in various scientific fields and the characteristics of the buzzword in the discourses of the Russian and Chinese languages. The article describes the manifestation of the fashion category in philosophical discourse. A comprehensive analysis of the philosophers' points of view on fashion allows us to identify the load of meanings of the concept of "fashion" in clothing, its connection with the concepts of "prestige" and "taste" and characters (total, changeable). Separating the semiotics and semiology of fashion, R. Barth proves the inseparability of fashion and language. Semantic and cognitive analysis of the concept of a fashionable word in two languages shows common characteristics: relevance, mass character, prestige, transience, news, expressiveness. The study allows us to conclude that the concept of "language fashion" and "fashion word" is closely related to the category of fashion in culture and in civilization. In the philosophical discourse, the most important characteristics of the fashion category were highlighted: its inseparable connection with the category of taste, the social nature of fashion, its inclusiveness and changeability. In semiotics, fashion was defined as a sign system put at the service of the economy and social stratification of society. Language fashion is a powerful means of manipulating and influencing human consciousness. The buzzword is a significant dynamic linguistic phenomenon, it simultaneously creates a problem of lexicography and performs powerful functions. The author considers the concept of "fashionable word" in the everyday life of Russian linguistics in comparison with Chinese, which determines the novelty of the study.

Revitalization of the national consciousness of youth

Historical experience shows that an integral part of the transformation of the social system is the process of changing group and individual consciousness, determined by objective and subjective factors. Knowledge and understanding of trends in the development of this process involves studying the characteristics and nature of changes in the consciousness of various social groups, identifying dominant values, motives, attitudes, understanding the origins and causes of changes in consciousness, both positive and negative, correlating them with the needs of society. In this regard, our research is aimed at identifying the need to create a holistic socio-philosophical vision of the ongoing processes, which could form a theoretical and methodological basis for making managerial decisions and purposeful regulation of all spheres of human activity. In a modern country, the social structure of society has changed significantly, one social group has been replaced by others, their social status and role have changed, as well as the ratio. The consciousness of these groups has undergone and is undergoing a transformation. In the process of reforming society, intra- and intergroup dynamics are increasing, the boundaries between different groups are blurring, the mobility of individual members of society in an intergroup environment is often expressed in an insufficiently clear group position of an individual. &nbsp;The "massivization" of all spheres of public life, including spiritual life, brings to the fore mass consciousness, the signs of which are: the displacement of rational components by irrational ones, the predominance of emotions and feelings, a decrease in confidence in the future, a decrease in social activity. In these conditions, the tasks of this study become relevant and practically necessary – to analyze the origins of the above processes, identify trends in their development and concretize the scientific categories "mass" and "mass consciousness". In modern society, the state of mass consciousness is determined not only by the deterioration of objective living conditions, but also depends on the destructive informational and psychological impact exerted on it, under which people lose an objective view of events and facts, the ability to distinguish truth from lies decreases, mental anomalies develop that negatively affect people's own lives and their social role in society. The greatest manifestation of these processes is observed in young people. The formation of this group took place in conditions when there was a sharp polarization of various strata of society, not only in terms of living standards, but also in terms of views on life, such as political and ideological orientation, attitude to the goals and meaning of one's own life. Many researchers of youth problems openly admit that there have been significant deformations of youth consciousness (Anderson et all 1996). They were expressed in the "collapse of ideals", a negative attitude to the history and traditions of society, the growth of social nihilism, the desire for "independence" from society, understood as permissiveness. Therefore, today there is an urgent need to study the consciousness of youth as a large social group, as well as taking into account intra-group differentiation, which is the purpose of this study. The scientific and practical significance of this study lies in the fact that the solution of this problem will contribute to the development of scientific foundations for the modification of youth policy in the country. The research applied the methods of reviewing the existing scientific literature on consciousness and its levels, the method of scientific analysis and synthesis of factors affecting the deformation of youth consciousness in modern realities. The results of the study show that modern youth, due to the peculiarities of their age, relatively easily accepts norms, values, patterns of the new, which allows us to hope for the positive development of this social group. The conducted research revealed that the main factor influencing the consciousness of the young society is the mass media; and despite the differences in the choice of mass media, in general, the level of trust in relation to the media is quite high. The author substantiates the need to regulate the activities of the mass media, as well as to develop a program to ensure information and psychological security for both individuals and groups within the framework of a unified youth policy, in which social philosophy should play a significant role. The condition for the implementation of such a program is the implementation of the national security doctrine, which includes the protection of the security of the individual, society and the state. Keywords:&nbsp;renaissance, national consciousness, youth, deformations, philosophy

Features and characteristics of business intelligence (BI)-systems as a tool for improving the efficiency of company activities

In the era of the information economic development of society, which is based on the digitalization of communication technologies and software for business administration algorithms, business analytics occupies an important place, a tool for obtaining high-quality, unique, and expensive information, maintaining the global competitive advantages of projects in the face of long-term force majeure risks of the viability of the economy. Since the middle of the last century, information technologies have been in constant development, gradually being introduced into all spheres and strata of society: production, accounting and analytical support, management, analysis, forecasts, risks. This paper considers the tools of digital business transformation and trends within the new knowledge paradigm based on a controlled understanding of the value properties of an information product. The successful use of business intelligence can indicate an increase in the success of the company and the country's competitiveness in the global market. Business analytics of companies is currently undergoing a stage of reengineering due to testing various programs, understanding, and analyzing the database, improving communication interaction at all levels of business processes, and making decisions in conditions of interactivity and transparency. The state of traceability and transparency of information, evolution and dynamics of conclusions and proposals over a long period of the company's activity in the sectoral and global aspect is of value. The features, characteristics, and functions of business intelligence (BI) systems as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the company's activities are analyzed. Business intelligence systems were considered as a tool for data analysis and processing, a comparative analysis of modern business intelligence systems and market trends of business intelligence systems was conducted, because of which the role of BI systems in increasing the efficiency of the company's activities was revealed. Keywords: business analytics, business data analysis, data integration, data presentation, IT sphere, company performance.

Assessment of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) climate scenarios and its impacts on the Greater Accra region

The effects of climate change (CC) have intensified in Ghana, especially in the Greater Accra region over the last two decades. CC assessment under the new IPCC scenarios and consistent local station data is limited. Consequently, CC assessment is becoming difficult in data-scarce regions in Ghana. This study utilizes six different Regional Climate Models under the 6th IPCC Report's Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs) of the CMIP6, which were bias-corrected with CMhyd over Greater Accra using ground station and PUGMF reanalysis data. The study reveals a reduction and potential shift in the intensity of precipitation in the region under the SSPs. Maximum temperature is expected to increase by 0.81–1.45 °C, 0.84–1.54 °C, 0.96–1.70 °C and 0.98–1.73 °C, while minimum temperature would likely increase by 1.33–2.02 °C, 1.49–2.22 °C, 1.71–4.75 °C and 1.75–4.83 °C under SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5, SSP3–7.0, and SSP5–8.5 scenarios, respectively. Thus, temperature will likely increase, especially at night in the near future. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation have impacts on all strata of society, from agricultural production to power generation and beyond. These findings can help inform Ghanaian policymaking on Sustainable Development Goals 11 and 13 as well as nationally determined contributions within the Paris Agreement.

Researching high-skilled migrants between social stratification and methodological nationalism

Methodological nationalism as a critique of container-based and nation-state-focused theory and empirical research is currently strongly anchored within migration studies, where it was initially developed. While this has led to extensive literature and critical engagement with methodological nationalism, and ways to circumvent the national trap in many (sub-)disciplines, it has not much penetrated theories of social stratification. This conceptual paper will address this gap by discussing the social positioning of high-skilled migrants in contemporary stratified societies. This exemplary discussion will bring together a critical perspective of methodological nationalism on class and milieu theory. It will also confront the critique of methodological nationalism with the question of the origin of social power and dominance, which are the foundation of stratification theories. This article will specifically draw on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of social space and its derivative. Emphasis will also be given to Michael Vester's development of social milieu to highlight blind spots according to the critique of methodological nationalism. This paper shows that these theories have not grasped high-skilled migration thoroughly. It also outlines that migrant theories and their critique of methodological nationalism inadequately address the source of symbolic hierarchy and the formation of social stratification. Thus, both theoretical strands would benefit from a deeper conversation with each other.

Налоговые механизмы сглаживания неравенства в доходах населения

The relevance of the work is due to the need to smooth out the existing income inequality in Russian society, which can be achieved through a revision of approaches to taxation of personal income. The subject of the study is the personal income tax (personal income tax) as a tool to reduce the level of social stratification and reduce income inequality. The purpose of the work is to determine the vector of personal income tax reform in terms of reducing the level of social stratification in modern Russian society and smoothing income inequality as one of the key areas of the implementation of the socio—economic development program of the state. The article assesses the effectiveness of the functioning of the current flat scale of taxation of income of the population. The proposal to introduce a progressive scale of personal income tax rates as a more effective tool for reducing the level of social stratification in society is substantiated. Proposals are formulated to establish the size of personal income tax rates depending on the income of taxpayers and the exclusion of certain types of investment tax deductions provided for the taxation of individuals. As a result of the research, the necessity of transition to a progressive scale of taxation is justified, which is considered as one of the effective tools that allow smoothing out inequality in income of the population and thereby achieving the goals laid down in national projects and programs of socio-economic development of the state.

Borrowing-Neologisms as a Result of Intercultural Communication

This work is dedicated to the study of borrowings in the English language. The most important process in modern English vocabulary is the appearance of neologisms in connection with the appearance of a new one in the speech collective. New lexical units play a significant role in the development and improvement of the language. The natural process of lexical composition development, changes in its quality occur through continuous enrichment of the dictionary.The study showed that changes in the vocabulary of modern English. They reflect all aspects of the life of modern society, that the language in different periods was subject to different intensity of the impact of social development. Changes are taking place in the field of science and technology, art and education, the political life of society, in the field of social relations of various strata of society, in the field of relations between individual races, between different age groups of society. The new borrowed vocabulary reflects the peculiarities of social and linguistic contacts, economic and trade relations between peoples who are native speakers of the contacting languages.

A Strategic Research Framework for Defeating Diabetes in India: A 21st-Century Agenda.

Indian people are at high risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) even at younger ages and lower body weights. Already 74 million people in India have the disease, and the proportion of those with T2DM is increasing across all strata of society. Unique aspects, related to lower insulin secretion or function, and higher hepatic fat deposition, accompanied by the rise in overweight (related to lifestyle changes) may all be responsible for this unrelenting epidemic of T2DM. Yet, research to understand the causes, pathophysiology, phenotypes, prevention, treatment, and healthcare delivery of T2DM in India seriously lags behind. There are major opportunities for scientific discovery and technological innovation, which if tapped can generate solutions for T2DM relevant to the country's context and make leading contributions to global science. We analyze the situation of T2DM in India, and present a four-pillar (etiology, precision medicine, implementation research, and health policy) strategic research framework to tackle the challenge. We offer key research questions for each pillar, and identify infrastructure needs. India offers a fertile environment for shifting the paradigm from imprecise late-stage diabetes treatment toward early-stage precision prevention and care. Investing in and leveraging academic and technological infrastructures, across the disciplines of science, engineering, and medicine, can accelerate progress toward a diabetes-free nation.

ПОТЕРИ ТРУДОСПОСОБНОГО НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ КАК ИНДИКАТОРЫ СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ НАПРЯЖЕННОСТИ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ПАНДЕМИИ

Significance. Analyzing the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, it seems reasonable to characterize it as a time of social tension: first, due to a complete unexpectedness (it could not have been predicted and, accordingly, prepared for), second, due to universality (the pandemic has affected all countries and all strata of society), third, due to economic consequences. Social tension as such could not but lead to additional deaths among working population, in addition to those directly caused by COVID-19. WHO has suggested to consider deaths from external causes (from suicide, alcohol and drug) as indicators of social tension. That is why manifestations of social tension in working ages are currently of a special interest as a likely predictor of medical and social shifts in the formation of possible crises in future. The purpose of the study is to assess manifestations of social tension among working population in Russia on the basis of deaths from external causes. Material and methods. The assessment of deaths due to social stress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic is based on Rosstat data on deaths from suicide, alcohol, drug use and their consequences among working population (15-59 years) in Russia, Moscow and St. Petersburg since 2011. The indicators were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 16. Results. The cumulative mortality rate due to all 3 indicators of social tension – suicide, alcohol and drug and their consequences – increased by 8.2% in men and 8.4% in women in the first year of the pandemic; in 2020-2021, deaths in men did not change, adding up to 112 per 100,000, while in women it decreased by 2.2%. Such dynamics resulted in an 8.2% increase in the male indicator and a 6% increase in the female indicator in 2019-2021. Changes in the internal structure of the aggregate indicators of social tension are as follows: comparing the indicators of 2019, the pre-crisis year, and 2021, one can see a decrease in the contribution of both suicide and alcohol-related mortality (from 37.7% to 32.3% and from 54.2% to 51.1% in males and from 26.5% to 25% and from 69.5% to 65.9% in females, respectively) against the background of a multiple increase in the total mortality associated with drug use (from 8.1% to 16.6% and from 4% to 9.1%, respectively). Conclusion. The social tension associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia was of a short-term nature, and failed to increase suicide-related mortality in Russia. Mortality caused by alcohol, a traditional risk factor in Russia, showed negative dynamics only in the first year of the pandemic, followed by the return to sustainable positive trends developed in the 2000s. The only pronounced medical and social consequence of the social tension caused by the pandemic is the increased drug-related mortality. Drug addiction and its consequences turned out to be the only cause of death associated with the increase in mortality during both the first and in the second year of the pandemic. Drug-related mortality has a pronounced regional specific, identified by the comparison of entities of the Russian Federation close in socio-economic, demographic, and cultural contexts: Moscow and St. Petersburg. Recommendation. There is a current need to set up a system for comprehensive registration of deaths due to suicide, as well as deaths caused by the main risk factors – alcohol and drug use, based on both mortality from external causes and mortality from the entire spectrum of somatic disorders.