Strange Food Research Articles

Hereford: Prigionieri italiani non cooperatori in Texas

Hereford: Prigionieri italiani non cooperatori in Texas

CONCEPT OF AJIRNA IN AYURVEDA & ITS ROLE IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF GRAHNI ROGA -A REVIEW

Ayurveda is an old traditional medical science that focuses on disease treatment and prevention. Ayu (long life), Bala (strength), and Varna (complexion) are all influenced by Agni's state. Because Agni is located in the Jathara(Stomach and Intestine), which digests and metabolises food and aids in body growth. All ailments are caused by inadequate, excessive, or irregular food digestion, which is referred to as Mandagni, Tikshnagni, or Vishamagni, respectively. When Agni is not functioning properly, food is not digested properly, and the undigested food ferments, acting as poison in the body. It’s called Ama. Ama Utpatti leads to Grahani Dosha. Ajirna refers to dyspepsia caused by disrupted Agni functions (indigestion). The most prominent source of Ama formation is Ajirna, which favours genesis illnesses. Agnimandya is an important component of the disease Grahani Dosha's Samprapti. Agni might be disrupted by an unpredictable lifestyle and a strange food. The first step in management is to eliminate the etiological cause. Unreliable seasonal regimen adherence, mental disturbance, and stress may all play a role in the progression of the Ajirna syndrome.

A Little Hurts a Lot: Exploring the Impact of Microaggressions in Pediatric Medical Education.

> You have such a difficult name. > You speak English so well! > Do you really eat bats? When Faiza, an adolescent patient, is told by her doctor that her name is difficult to pronounce, she hears, “You are different, and you don’t belong.” When a patient tells Christopher, a resident, that he speaks English really well, he wonders what assumptions they have made regarding his ability to be a good physician. When Kimberly, a medical student of Chinese heritage, is asked by her patient if she eats “strange foods” during the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, she feels the sting of heightened xenophobia. Although possibly seeming benign, these incidents are the definition of microaggressions, like “death by a thousand cuts.” Microaggressions, as suggested by the prefix, are not overt or grandiose displays of discrimination.1 They are inherently nuanced discriminatory remarks or behaviors stemming from unconscious bias, often unintentional on the part of the aggressor. Although we focus on racist microaggressions in this article, many groups may experience them, including differently abled individuals, sexual and gender minorities, and religious minorities.2 The subtle … Address correspondence to Shazeen Suleman, MSc, MD, MPH, FRCPC, Women and Children’s Health, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond St, 15 Cardinal Carter - Room 014, Toronto, ON, Canada M5B 1W8. E-mail: shazeen.suleman{at}unityhealth.to

Étkezési szokások a középkorban

There are relatively few written records of medieval eating habits available today. However, archaeological evidence, the examination of plant remains, and of the people’s teeth who lived that time, further stable isotope analysis can help to reconstruct the diet of that era. Most of the ingredients used in the Middle Ages are also available today, but cooking methods were less sophisticated. Back then, only a few methods were known for storing or long-time preserving of food, thus hygienic problems were often emerging. Strict religious rules affected all areas of life, thus eating habits too. Fasting days were commanded week by weeks as red meat was banned to consume or any food of animal origin. There was a big difference in the diets of poorer and richer people. For the poor, even essential food was often not available, or only in very poor quality, and people were often plagued by famine in this era. In contrast, the rich had an ample supply of food and acquired special ingredients imported from other countries. The nobility often arranged lavish feasts while serving strange foods from our contemporary point of view only to dazzle the guests. They also consumed a significant amount of wine, while poorer peasants preferred rather a drinking beer. This may be traced back to the poor quality of drinking water thus alcoholic beverages were considered safer from a hygienic point of view. Adequate nutrient supply depended also significantly on social status but in an overall frame, it can be said that the majority of inhabitants suffered from some form of nutrient deficiency, including the rich too due to unilateral unbalanced diets.

What is the future of foreign food experiences?

ABSTRACTThis article considers the impact foreign food experiences can have on an individual. Food can be transported across the globe and be a catalyst for understanding and integration, but it can also be used to emphasise the “otherness” that sets people apart from those around them. This may lead them to “gaze” on foods they are unfamiliar with distaste, or with a desire to understand and appreciate new culinary experiences. Using groups of international students who are in a “host” country, a live research project was created where they were asked to discuss their experiences of “foreign” food since arriving in New Zealand. Through a series of focus groups held as part of a research methods class, researchers sought to understand how students perceive and respond to “strange food”. Five themes were identified: universal foods; great discoveries; things they will never like; benchmarking; and home foods. Apart from the value of involving students as co-creators in a live research project, this study noted the importance of food in hospitableness and feeling “at home”, and raised the students’ awareness of what it felt like to be confronted by strange experiences. It also discovered that while foreign food experiences can break down barriers in a global village, it can also serve to highlight, emphasise and reinforce a feeling of “otherness”.

Dogs

Dogs X.C. Atkins (bio) School wasn’t over yet but I could see the finish line. There wasn’t really anything I could do to speed it up. I was just going through the motions really. Most of the time I felt like I was at the dmv. That weekend I’d gone home to see my folks. I seldom did that anymore. I didn’t do it for a lot of reasons, to be honest. One of the reasons was I hated the city my dad had chosen to retire in. I hated the house he’d chosen to retire in. Maybe these weren’t all his choices. But he did choose to get in a fight with Mom over the spaghetti. I asked him not to. He couldn’t help himself. He hated when she made the sauce too spicy. I never had the heart to tell him she did that for me. But Dad always gave me a ride back to Richmond, and it was nice because he was happy to do it. And on my end, I was happy too. Dad and I hadn’t been very close growing up. I was still growing up but I mean way back when. Growing up, work always took him out of town. He was always home for the holidays. But all that in between, that was Mom and my brothers and a sprinkle of my sister. I’ll say this though, every time Dad came back home, he came back with a stack of comic books. I got obsessed with them. I stole money to buy more, and if I couldn’t find money, I found quirky ways to steal them from the store. I didn’t feel good about that. I knew the guy at the comic book store. He liked me and I liked him. It wasn’t personal. I read all of them too. Spider Man. X-Men. Black Panther. Luke Cage. Captain America. Guardians of the Galaxy, pre–Star Lord. I collected the cards. I had folders. I started my own comic book drawing club. We had exactly one meeting. I was the only one to finish drawing a comic. We were passing Williamsburg. I reached up and switched the station. This was a new thing. Not very long ago that would’ve got my hand slapped. I was earning trust and I understood the gravity of that. I just had to be respectful. I was beginning to understand that was the problem [End Page 71] with a lot of the connection between the youth and their predecessors. The elders just wanted respect. They wanted consideration. They wanted to be kept in mind and to have their welfare be made a priority. So I never played anything on the radio that was too crazy. Too rock, too rap, too anything. My dad liked classic rock. He liked funk. He could even listen to Outkast. I learned compromise this way and found out it wasn’t a terrible thing by any means. I wondered why my parents weren’t more familiar with it. “You ever thought about smoking weed, Dad?” “Never,” he said. Now, he didn’t say that in a hellfire and damnation kind of way. My dad barely spoke about church in the first place, even though growing up he’d been smothered in it. He just made it sound like it was something that didn’t agree with him. Like if someone offers you a strange food for the first time and you think it won’t taste good. But he didn’t whip his head around and look at me and judge me or anything like that. He just said, “Never.” We rode silently for a little while. I had Yogi in my lap. Yogi was our pet dachshund. Long-haired. Brown with some white patches and one blue eye. He would ride up with me on these trips and I’d kiss him goodbye when I got out of the car. Like every righteous dog, he loved to set his front paws up on the arm of the door and stick his head out the window. I’d let...

Strange food, strange smells: vegetarianism and sensorial citizenship in Mumbai’s redeveloped enclaves

This paper inquires into the meaning of food – specifically of food smells – for issues of urban citizenship in the context of urban renewal in Mumbai. The city’s southern neighbourhoods are currently being transformed by a process of chawl-redevelopment. Chawl-redevelopment is the primary governmental tool to open these areas up for new residential developments by demolishing old structures and constructing new high-rise enclaves for the rich, while simultaneously promising to provide in situ rehousing to the old, lower middle-class residents. A common feature of these new building complexes is that the most prestigious and luxurious new apartments are sold exclusively to vegetarians. While segregation between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the real estate market is anything but a new phenomenon in Indian cities, I argue that both popular understandings of this practice and scholarly debates about citizenship fall short of grasping its complexity by essentializing affects or effects of food-based exclusion. Using the concept of sensorial citizenship, the paper analyses the mutual relation between rights and aesthetics in order to understand issues of exclusion and belonging in the contemporary Indian metropolis.

Secretive food concocting in binge eating: test of a famine hypothesis.

Food concocting, or making strange food mixtures, is well documented in the famine and experimental semistarvation literature and appears anecdotally in rare descriptions of eating disorder (ED) patients but has never been scientifically investigated. Here we do so in the context of binge-eating using a "famine hypothesis of concocting." A sample of 552 adults varying in binge eating and dieting traits completed a Concocting Survey created for this study. Exploratory ED groups were created to obtain predictions as to the nature of concocting in clinical populations. Binge eating predicted the 24.6% of participants who reported having ever concocted but dietary restraint, independently, even after controlling for binge eating, predicted its frequency and salience. Craving was the main motive. Emotions while concocting mirrored classic high-arousal symptoms associated with drug use; while eating the concoctions were associated with intensely negative/self-deprecating emotions. Concocting prevalence and salience was greater in the anorexia > bulimia > BED > no ED groups, consistent with their respectively incrementing dieting scores. Concocting distinguishes binge eating from other overeating and, consistent with the famine hypothesis, is accounted for by dietary restraint. Unlike its adaptive function in famine, concocting could worsen binge-eating disorders by increasing negative effect, shame, and secrecy. Its assessment in these disorders may prove therapeutically valuable.

Sea (review)

Reviewed by: Sea Kate Quealy-Gainer Kling, Heidi R. Sea. Putnam, 2010. [ 336p]. ISBN 978-0-399-25163-4 $17.99 Reviewed from galleys Ad Gr. 7-10. Three years after her mother's plane disappeared over the Indian Ocean, fifteen-year-old California girl Sienna Jones remains terrified of what she once loved the most: the sea. Drowning in his own grief, her psychiatrist father decides the best cure for their broken hearts is to help those in even worse situations, and he secures a place for himself and his daughter to spend two weeks running an orphanage for victims of the recent Indonesian tsunami. Initially outraged, Sienna grudgingly consents and white-knuckles her way through the transoceanic flight, only to be confronted with some serious culture shock as she deals with foreign customs, strange food, and dirty bathrooms. She finds a friend, however, in Deni, an orphan boy who not only relates to her loss with a wisdom beyond his years but also happens to be super hot. Their relationship is perfect romance fare: he's a bit of a bad boy with a broken heart, she's the virginal good girl, and this liaison is entirely forbidden, by both his culture and her father. Their ability to find beauty and hope in each other, despite the physical and emotional damage they've both sustained, only adds to the sentimental appeal—although readers may find their instant attraction somewhat unbelievable in light of their vastly different backgrounds. The author makes a concerted effort to realistically portray Indonesian culture and the devastation of the tsunami, but unfortunately Sienna's limited perspective makes much of it seem like mere exoticism, an element that is not helped by the book's conclusion, which conveniently allows Sienna to return to her former privileged life in the guise of letting Deni get on with his own existence. Culturally sensitive it is not, but Deni and Sienna's summer fling makes a decent beach read, and romance fans may find themselves swept away by their brief but steamy affair. [End Page 488] Copyright © 2010 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Uniform Indians: Personal Reflections on the Eastern Band Cherokee Boarding School Experience

Uniform Indians: Personal Reflections on the Eastern Band Cherokee Boarding School Experience Sarah Margaret Sneed (bio) My sister and I grew up away from our people, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, but our bedtime stories were most often about my mother’s days as a student at the Cherokee Boarding School. The stories were retold often and furnished us a bond to our tribe that was sustained during the time our family lived out west. Our mom, born Mary Smith, told about how one day around 1920, while picking blackberries, she and her sister, Rosie, were scooped up by John Crowe, a tribal lawman and truant officer, placed into the back of a wagon with other children and taken to the Cherokee Boarding School. Her widowed mother, Lucy Ann, had not given consent, nor was she notified, that her daughters had been taken to school. Mom never mentioned her oldest sister, Annie, when she told this story. Indeed, Annie may well have been away working as a servant in a white family’s home, as part of the boarding school program known as “Outing,” in which students were placed for employment. Mom said that, once at school, she had been immediately abandoned by Rosie, who, having started school two years earlier, had fallen in easily with her classmates. One of the first meals Mom was served at school was macaroni. She had never seen the likes of this strange food, but having had some experience with intestinal parasites, thought she was being asked to eat a plate of worms. Her rejection of the food was met with a knuckle rapping by a fierce, yonega-ageya dormitory matron. Mom was five years old and couldn’t understand why Lucy Ann didn’t come to take her and Rosie home, away from this terrifying environment. An account that caused me great distress was of how Mom had been told only after the fact that her mother had come to the school to see if her daughters were there. Mom would not see her mother until later that year at a Christmas program to which families were invited. Having been raised on stories of Mom’s attendance at the Cherokee Boarding School and later at Chilocco Indian Agricultural School in [End Page 49] Kansas, I was especially honored to be selected to document the boarding school experiences of our people under a project Principal Chief Michell Hicks initiated through the Kituwah Preservation Education Program of the Eastern Band. Aside from the obvious negative impacts boarding school education effected, Chief Hicks has observed that forced removal in youth from families and from the Qualla Boundary may well have fostered values deeply held among Eastern Band elders, including the closeness they feel toward others of their generation and their devotion to the Eastern Band’s lands. In 2005, Chief Hicks initiated the publication of an Elders’ Yearbook, an album of photographs of and quotations from Eastern Band senior citizens, regarding memories from their youth, including a section regarding life at boarding school. This effort was subsequently expanded to include the development of a permanent compilation of materials regarding the Eastern Band boarding school experience. Photographs and videotaped interviews compiled through this project were mounted, and received very positive acclaim at the 2008 Tribal Fair in Cherokee. Interviews conducted with elders eighty years of age and older reflected the official strategies of Indian boarding school education of the day. Some shared experiences of harsh treatment by dorm matrons and teachers and most acknowledged that their experiences when first placed at the Cherokee Boarding School were frightening and confusing. But the interviews deviated in one dominant respect from the literature regarding boarding school experiences elsewhere. Eastern Band members in this age group expressed, and in a number of cases insisted that it be emphasized, that their bad experiences at the Cherokee Boarding School were balanced by positive outcomes, good things had come to them as a result of their education at the Cherokee Boarding School. Those elders seem to have genuinely taken an educational regime designed to break their tribal identities and reformed the school environment as their own. Their spirit in so doing is all...

Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism

International tourists can be classified according to the degree of novelty and familiarity sought. This study investigated the hypothesis that tourists seeking familiarity would perceive higher levels of risk associated with international tourism than those seeking novelty. A random sample of US-born young adults was surveyed. Seven risk factors were identified: health, political instability, terrorism, strange food, cultural barriers, a nation’s political and religious dogma, and crime. Three-way ANOVAs revealed that women perceived a greater degree of risk regarding health and food. More experienced tourists downplayed the threat of terrorism. However, tourist role was the most significant variable, with familiarity seekers being the most risk adverse.

Nutrition: the new world disorder.

Scale up 'we are what we eat' and nutrition is revealed as an aspect of world governance. The quality and nature of food systems has always tended to determine not only the health and welfare but also the fate of nations. The independence of nations depends on their development of their own human and natural resources, including food systems, which, if resilient, are indigenous, traditional, or evolved over time to climate, terrain and culture. Rapid adoption of untested or foreign food systems is hazardous not only to health, but also to security and sovereignty. Immediate gain may cause permanent loss. Dietary guidelines that recommend strange foods are liable to disrupt previous established food cultures. Since the 1960s the 'green revolution' has increased crop yield, and has also accelerated the exodus of hundreds of millions of farmers and their families from the land into lives of misery in mega-cities. This is a root cause of increased global inequity, instability and violence. 'Free trade' of food, in which value is determined by price, is imposed by dominant governments in alliance with industry when they believe they can thereby control the markets. The World Trade Organization and other agencies coordinate the work of transnational corporations that are the modern equivalents of the East India companies. Scientists should consider the wider dimensions of their work, nutrition scientists not least, because of the key place of food systems in all societies.

Strange Foods

Strange Foods

One Man's Meat Is Another Man's Poison: Imagery of Wholesomeness in the Discourse of Meatpacking from 1900–1910

Anybody who thinks about The Jungle today believes that Sinclair wrote his book to expose the foul conditions of the meatpacking industry. In fact, he wrote it to awaken the nation to the exploitation of immigrant workers in Chicago's Packingtown and to advocate the workers' conversion to Socialism. But the early 20th-century American public, obsessed with cleanliness and wholesomeness, did not care about the immigrants' welfare. They cared that foreigners, likely carriers of diseases, were threatening the cleanliness of their meat supply. How Sinclair's call to Socialism led to a public outcry to clean up the meatpacking houses is a stunning example of the power of imagery to resonate with the public and, ultimately, to effect change. Images of disease and wholesomeness were used to manipulate readers' interpretations of the alleged abuses of the meatpacking industry. Journalists framed their articles by selecting certain issues and images that supported their particular view of reality (Entman 53) and reinforced the public's concern with cleanliness and fear of foreigners. The imagery of wholesomeness, which pervaded all discussions of meatpacking, suggested physical, mental and moral health, and the mingling of these forms of health was common in popular discourse of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The discourse of wholesomeness was tied to social concerns regarding dirt, disease and immigrants. It was a commonly held belief in the United States that moral weakness or poor self-- control, not poverty, were responsible for the high incidence of disease and death among the urban masses. Much of this urban population, particularly in the Chicago stockyards, comprised waves of Irish, German, and Slavic immigrants seeking a better life. Americans claimed that it was not the size but the character of the immigrant pool that made them uncomfortable, and they were repulsed by the newcomers' personal habits including lack of hygiene and consumption of strange foods.' Americans considered these immigrants the great unwashed who were incapable of improving their environment due to ignorance and lack of discipline. The body of media discourse examined for this paper consists of news and opinion articles from consumer magazines and newspapers during 1905-1907.2 These are the years when Sinclair exposed his findings of the meatpacking industry as well as the years immediately before and after passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act. Additionally, these media vehicles carried advertising targeted to consumers most likely to purchase meat products. Advertisers, particularly Armour and Swift, positioned their products as wholesome food; meat was described as pure, high quality, and doctor-recommended. The magazines and newspapers reflect a broad spectrum of views on the meatpacking controversy. The muckraking journals rallied behind Sinclair, painting a grim picture of filthy factories and exploited workers, while the more conservative business papers supported the capitalists' enormous profits and productivity. Century Magazine's founder and editor, Dr. Hosiah Gilbert Holland, known as a popular and effective preacher of social and domestic issues (Mott 459-- 60), wrote editorials that covered morals and manners, politics, religion, and current affairs. In 1902, the magazine ran a series of articles on the major corporations of the day: the Beef Trust, United States Steel Corporation, Standard Oil Company, and the American Sugar Refining Company. The magazine was considered an effective force in political and social reform during its 60 years of publication. Cosmopolitan magazine ran a series in which distinguished men and women described their attitudes toward life, and the October 1906, issue carried Upton Sinclair's story, What Life Means to Me. Leslie's Weekly, the tired business man's weekly, provided entertainment and self-improvement. From June through November of 1906, the paper ran seven news articles or editorials in support of the meatpackers; one article decrying the cruelty to cattle; and one criticizing the meatpackers' use of preservatives. …

Entomopathogenic nematodes: natural enemies of root-feeding caterpillars on bush lupine.

A new species of soil-dwelling entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis hepialus killed up to 100% (mean=72%) of root-boring caterpillars of a ghost moth Hepialus californicus in coastal shrub lands. When unchecked, ghost moth caterpillars killed bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus. Here we describe this strange food chain. Although unappreciated by ecologists, entomopathogenic nematodes are widespread and probably one of the most important groups of natural enemies for underground insects. The free-living infective juvenile (IJ) of entomopathogenic nematodes searches for host insects in the soil. A single IJ can kill a host, although several often invade together. After entering the host through a spiracle or other orifice, the IJ regurgitates its symbiotic bacterium, Photorhabdus luminescens, which kills the host within 48 h. The bacteria digest the cadaver and provide food for the exponentially growing nematode population inside. The bacteria produce antibiotics and other noxious substances that protect the host cadaver from other microbes in the soil. When the cadaver is exhausted of resources, IJs break the host integument and can disperse. As many as 420,000 IJs can be produced within a large ghost moth caterpillar. Surface soil of the lupine rhizosphere is the primary habitat of IJs of H. hepialus. Attracted to waste gases emitted by insects, the 0.5-mm-long IJs can move 6 cm/day through moist soil. Prevalences of H. hepialus ranged from as high as 78% of rhizospheres in some lupine stands to almost zero in others, but it was absent from no stand at our study site. Field intensities ranged from 0.003 IJs/cm3 of soil to 7.5 IJs/cm3, and correlated roughly with prevalences among sites. Few ghost moth caterpillars (mean=6.7) succeeded in entering lupine roots where prevalence of H. hepialus was highest, and this stand had lowest mortality (0.02) of mature bush lupine. In the three stands with lowest prevalence (mean = 2%) of this nematode, many caterpillars (mean = 38.5) entered roots, and lupine mortality was high (range = 0.41-1.0). Old aerial photographs indicate that the stands with highest recent nematode prevalence have had little or no mass die-off of lupine over the past 40 years. The photos depict repeated die-offs of lupine during the past four decades in stands with lowest recent prevalence of the nematode. This pattern leads us to entertain the hypothesis that the nematode affects vegetation dynamics indirectly through a trophic cascade. Dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes is little understood. We found that air drying of soil extirpates H. hepialus and speculate that this nematode is dispersed during the wet season in moist soil bits on the exterior of fossorial insects and mammals. H. hepialus colonized some previously unoccupied lupine rhizospheres during the wet winter-spring season and, obversely, became extinct from some rhizosperes as soil dried in summer. Root-feeding insects have only recently been recognized as a force in communities, and the regulation of these important herbivores is still largely an ecological terra incognita. All evidence indicates that entomopathogenic nematodes are found throughout terrestril ecosystems, and we propose that trophic chains similar to those described in this report should not be uncommon.

Effects of a high fiber bread diet on weight loss in college-age males

Individuals embarking on a weight reducing program often experience fatigue, headaches, and feelings of hunger. The first symptoms accompany the ketotic state and can be overcome by increasing the carbohydrate intake. This can be achieved by ingesting bread. The addition of cellulose to the bread appears to provide added satiety and to diminish hunger reactions. While bread does not cause weight loss it does assist one who tries to lose weight and permits the dieter to exercise freedom in selecting foods. The feeling of fullness created by eating bread and intensified with bread containing cellulose helps a dieter control food intake. At the same time, only by restricting high calorie food intake can there be any substantial weight loss. A bread diet can readily be used by members of families as it requires no exotic or strange food inclusions and it assists the dieter in the transition from the weight loss program to a weight maintenance pattern once the desired weight has been achieved. Overweight college-age men who followed this program lost an average of 8.77 kg in 8 weeks while eating reduced calorie high fiber bread whereas those consuming ordinary enriched white bread lost 6.26 kg in the same period. All the subjects were fed a nutritious variety of foods in addition to either 12 slices of reduced calorie high fiber bread which provided 25.5 g crude fiber per day or 12 slices of enriched white bread which contained 1.02 g crude fiber per day. The precise role of bread consumed can only be surmised. Bread itself is not high in calories. It can be reasoned that it curbs hunger pangs enabling the dieter to resist foods that otherwise would cause excessive caloric intake.

Soy products in national and international programs: Field and emergency programs

An extremely important problem in large scale feeding programs such as described here is actually getting the needy recipients to eat the new or strange food. Precooking and sweetening of soy/cereal blends has gone a long way toward making the products more acceptable.

Social Feeding in Birds

1. Feeding and non-feeding chaffinches and sparrows are attractive to members of their own species. Non-feeding chaffinches are less attractive, and this is probably also true for sparrows. Approach responses can be elicited by another bird's feeding behaviour, and morphology and/or behaviour other than feeding. 2. Feeding and non-feeding sparrows and chaffinches are reciprocally attractive. Chaffinches are more attracted by feeding than non-feeding sparrows, but this does not obviously apply to sparrows observing chaffinches. 3. Adult and juvenile reactors will tend to feed on familiar food if they see actors of the same species feeding (Social facilitation). The tendency is stronger if the actor's and reactor's foods are close together (Local enhancement). This particularly applies to juveniles. 4. Reactor chaffinches and sparrows, both adults and juveniles, give the impression of copying the feeding habits of actors, and will eat similar, but in other circumstances unacceptable, food of aposematic appearance. Reactors will similarly feed from strange microhabitats if they observe actors doing so. 5. Juveniles were less wary and sampled the strange foods and fed from strange food receptacles very much more readily. Very young chicks were even more explorative, and were seen to peck at a very wide range of different objects. 6. Juvenile chaffinches and sparrows could thus be caused to peck at unusual objects, and from strange microhabitats, solely by social facilitative effects. This was particularly so if there was a strong directional component. 7. Sparrows, and probably chaffinches, show a type of behaviour that has been described as the transfer of a searching image. 8. Interspecific social feeding was demonstrated between actor chaffinches and reactor sparrows. The responses of the sparrows were on the whole weaker than those directed towards their own species. 9. Very young naive chicks pecked particularly at moving objects that were in juxtaposition with sharp points. 10. Very young chicks were powerfully influenced by a mechanical, pecking hen, and compared with control chicks with a non-moving hen, a. approached it more readily, b. took more pecks in its presence, c. aimed more pecks near the hen, d. had a lower food latency, and e. aimed more correct pecks at food resembling that being pecked at by the hen. 11. After socialisation, 30 hour chicks delivered more pecks than isolate control birds. 12. 7 and 21 day old socialised chicks reversed the tendencies shown in the 30 hour group, and in the presence of a mechanical pecking hen they pecked less, had larger hen approach latencies, and larger food latencies than control isolates of the same age. 13. The development of social feeding is discussed, and it is suggested that the social facilitation could have developed from the normal innate response to a moving object, (viz. an approach followed by pecking in the moving object's vicinity) which has been conditioned specifically to a pecking bird as opposed to the innate approach response to a generalised moving object. The separation of the pecking response from the approach response, which has been demonstrated in the adult chaffinches and sparrows, could also be accomplished by conditioning. Thus the phenomenon described as local enhancement is probably social facilitation with a directional component and has been derived from the initial innate approach to moving objects generally. 14. The importance of social feeding is discussed in relation to the predator/prey relationships, the impact of social feeding upon cryptic and aposematic prey, and the selection and location of a balanced diet. It is suggested that all these relationships may be profoundly affected by the highly developed social feeding that occurs in chaffinches and sparrow. Other species have not been investigated so fully but observations on crows seemed to indicate that they probably have well developed social feeding behaviour, and L. TINBERGEN reports similarly upon tits.

Pediatric Anesthesiology: Hypnosis and Halothane (Fluothane) in Otolaryngologic Procedures

Anesthesia and surgery are responsible for a great deal of psychological and physiological stress to the human organism. Hospitalization itself is usually an unhappy experience accompanied by anxiety. 1 Going to a hospital may leave emotional scars which may persist long after physical wellbeing has returned. One such incident can undermine a child's whole feeling of security. There is not only the problem of separation from parents which makes the child anxious and unhappy and the added experience of adjustment to new and strange surroundings, but there are strange faces, strange food, a strange bed, and a strange routine. The child is subjected to many indignities over which he has no control, such as being undressed and having his own clothes removed, having rectal temperatures taken, being fed like a baby, and attending to his own elimination needs without any privacy. If a child is hospitalized for an emergency procedure,

COLLEGE ∼ What Is It?

A college is leaving home And making a new home; Perhaps that first going away, Parting from long-loved persons and places ; Some bewilderment on the campus Some fun in getting acquainted with the town ; Awe of the seniors and juniors, Fear of the sophomores ; Registration, and a maze of details ; Swallowing strange food And longing for mother's home made pies ; Learning the college songs, And gradually, imperceptibly, Taking on the devotion and pride In being a full-fledged college man.