Straits Of Malacca Research Articles

Very high frequency radiation emitted by negative narrow bipolar events occurred over malacca strait

In this paper, Very-High Frequency (VHF) radiation pulses associated with 11 negative Narrow Bipolar Events (NBEs) produced by a tropical storm over Malacca Strait are examined. The lightning data were recorded from a measurement station (ST) which consisted of a fast antenna (FA) and three VHF sensors (two 5 m perpendicular baselines interferometer). The average rise time (RT), average zero-crossing time (ZCT), average pulse duration (PD), and range of peak currents of the negative NBEs were 1.4 ± 0.4 μs, 2.7 ± 1.0 μs, 12.0 ± 6.9 μs, and −10 to −64 kA, respectively. The key finding is that all VHF radiation pulses have been found to precede the negative NBEs with an average lead time of 0.7 ± 0.3 μs. An interferometer map for one negative NBE (labelled as NBE10) detected at 35.7 km from ST has shown a characteristic of mixed propagation direction of fast streamers. The first VHF radiation source was detected at 12.4 ± 0.4 km above sea level. The total length and estimated velocity of the main propagation of the VHF radiation sources were 2.2 ± 0.7 km and between 1.4 × 108 and 2.8 × 108 ms−1, respectively. Moreover, based on the Himawari satellite image, the maximum extent of the cloud top height was estimated to be around 20.9 km over sea level (over Malacca Strait). All the VHF radiation sources associated with NBE10 were suggested to be detected above the main negative charge region (6 km altitude that corresponds to −10 °C). Thus, it could be suggested that NBE10 was initiated most likely in the environment of the ice crystals alone, based on the first altitude of the VHF radiation source and maximum extent of cloud top height.

Reproductive biology of goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) landed at TPI Pantai Labu Deli Serdang, North Sumatra

Goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) is a small pelagic fish found in Pantai Labu, Malacca Strait. Goldstripe sardinella has an important economic value and is in great demand by the local community because it has an affordable price so that it becomes the main target catch of fishermen. Increased fishing effort and demand are feared to have decreased population. This study aimed to determine the reproductive biology of Goldstripe sardinella (S. gibbosa) landed at the TPI Pantai Labu Deli Serdang, North Sumatra Province. This research was conducted from September to November 2022. The method used was a random purposive sampling method with an interval of one month. The number of fish samples was 209 fish with a total length of 134-208 mm and a total weight of 25.01-99.89 g. The sex ratio between males and females is 0.82:1 indicating the ratio is balanced. The GSI values were concurrent from GML I-GML IV with an overall GSI value of 2.39%, fecundity ranged from 1548-30858 grains with a partial spawning pattern.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) in Malaysia and its surrounding waters inferred by mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome b genes

Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) is a widely distributed epipelagic tuna, considered among the most economically significant species in the subtropical and tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region. However, the lack of comprehensive information on the stock structure, management, and conservation of E. affinis populations in Malaysia raises concerns of potential overfishing and depletion of this marine fish. To ensure effective and successful species management, it is imperative to conduct a molecular- based assessment of the stock structure. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of E. affinis in Malaysia and its surrounding waters were investigated using mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes. A total of 390 (COI) and 414 (Cyt b) individuals of E. affinis were sampled from 20 distinct locations situated within five geographic regions: the Straits of Malacca, South China Sea, Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and the Arabian Sea. The results revealed that the genetic divergence among 20 populations of E. affinis varied from low to high. The average haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) for COI were calculated to be 0.5131 and 0.0043, respectively. On the other hand, the average haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) for Cyt b were found to be 0.7450 and 0.0162, respectively. The analysis of haplotype distribution revealed that a total of 20 distinct haplotypes were identified for both the COI and Cyt b genes across 20 populations of E. affinis. The analysis of the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree and the Minimum Spanning Network (MSN) revealed the formation of three distinct clades among thesamples. AMOVA analysisshowed a significant genetic structure among the 20 populations of E. affinis, as indicated by the COI: FST = 0.5364 (P < 0.05) and Cyt b: FST = 0.9521 (P < 0.05). The neutrality test and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that the E. affinis specimens underwent a period of population expansion. This study marks a significant milestone as the first comprehensive documentation of genetic diversity and population structure of E. affinis across various locations in Malaysia, with an additional pioneering investigation conducted in the waters of Yemen.

DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) IN KAMPAR RIVER ESTUARY, PELALAWAN REGENCY, RIAU PROVINCE

The Kampar River Estuary is the main river in Riau province, which empties into the Malacca Strait and has a unique potential for research. The characteristics of the Kampar River Estuary are concurrent and have high tidal elevations, resulting in the occurrence of a Tidal Bore, which is referred to as Bono. The impact of sedimentation is generally quite detrimental, namely the siltation in several places, such as the waters of the Kampar River Estuary, which are dense areas of human activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between hydrodynamic patterns, suspended solids' distribution pattern, and the concentration value of suspended solids distribution in the Kampar River estuary. This research method is surveyed and discussed descriptively. Current patterns affect the distribution of sediments in the Kampar River estuary. The TSS distribution pattern tends to follow the same direction as the movement of tidal currents where, during high tide, it tends to lead to the southwest of the Kampar River estuary, while during low tide tends to lead to the northeast and northwest, it this is because, in the Kampar River estuary, there is an island that makes the mouth of the Kampar River estuary V-shaped. Between hydrodynamic patterns and TSS distribution patterns, there is a moderate negative relationship (r = 0.50), which means that there is a significant influence between hydro patterns and TSS distribution patterns in the waters of the Kampar River estuary, between hydrodynamic patterns and TSS distribution patterns in the waters of the Kampar River estuary. The lowest value of TSS concentration in the waters of the Kampar River Estuary at high tide to low tide is Station 7, with a range of 102 mg/L, and the highest value at Stations 3, 4, and 9. At station 3, there are values ranging from 1756 mg/L; at station 4, there are values ranging from 2823 mg/L; and at station 9, there are values ranging from 1269 mg/L; the high concentration of TSS results in low brightness in the study area.

The Strait of Malacca: a Crossroad of Climate Change and Vulnerabilities

The Strait of Malacca, an indispensable artery facilitating global trade, confronts an existential peril exacerbated by climate change. This research comprehensively analyses the intricate interplay between ecological and socioeconomic factors, with a primary focus on India’s vulnerabilities and adaptive strategies. The study scrutinizes the escalating sea levels, intensification of storms, and coastal erosion, elucidating their multifaceted impacts on ecosystems, communities, and economies. The Malacca Straits are one of the world’s most vulnerable areas because of their high potential for political conflict and ecological disaster. The areas bordering the Straits are of high bio-diversity and ecologically fragile. The imperative to foster resilience is underscored, necessitating the exploration of adaptive strategies to empower communities, preserve ecosystems, and foster sustainable development amidst climatic challenges. This research transcends conventional threat assessments, offering a holistic roadmap for India and stakeholders to navigate the complexities of climate change and ensure the enduring prosperity of the Strait of Malacca. It also delves specifically into the vulnerabilities faced by countries bordering the Strait, with a particular focus on India’s dependence on the waterway for trade, food security, and energy needs. The need of the hour is to analyse these vulnerabilities, and to pave the way for the development of robust adaptation strategies that ensure the long-term sustainability and resilience of the Strait of Malacca in the face of a changing climate.

Understanding Traditional Malay Communities In Riau Using The Levi-Strauss Framework Of Structuralism

Riau is one of the provinces in the middle of the island of Sumatra. Geographically, Riau's land stretches from the slopes of Bukit Barisan to the coast of the Strait of Malacca. Many traditional Malay settlements are found along the Kampar River, Rokan River, Kampar River, and Indragiri River. Malays are very dominant in Riau Province, but there are also various other ethnic tribes such as Chinese, Banjar, and others. This study will examine the typology of Malay settlements in Riau Province. Typology is the study of types, that is, the attempt to conduct a review of types based on certain criteria. In this case, the framework of Levi-Strauss structuralism is the basis for a review of typology. Levi-Strauss believes that structuralism based on structural studies developed in culture, such as myths, beliefs, language, and symbols can be used as a reference for understanding a society including in the study of traditional settlements. This study uses literature research methods. The stages of the literature review are determining research topics, collecting information and data through various materials and scientific papers, discussion, and writing. Learn from various information about Malay settlements in Riau Province such as the Koto Sentajo settlement, Akit Tribe settlement, Kampung Dalam settlement, Siak Hulu settlement, and Rokan Hulu Defense Village settlement. Culture played an important role in the formation of these traditional Malay settlements. Each Malay settlement formed its distinctive features based on the cultural structure that was developed and adopted. Different cultural elements such as Malay dialects, social strata structures, customary institutions, rituals, inheritance, and kinship systems affect different typologies of traditional Malay settlements.

Structure and resilience changes of global liquefied natural gas shipping network during the Russia–Ukraine conflict

Research on the structure and resilience of marine networks that transport liquefied natural gas (LNG) can inform policies to secure global energy supplies. Since the 1990s, geopolitical risks have been crucial in the LNG supply chain. However, existing research inadequately addresses the impact of major geopolitical events, such as the Russia–Ukraine conflict, on LNG maritime networks. This study utilized 2021–2022 Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to create a global LNG maritime network, including ports and chokepoints, to assess changes in structure and resilience during the Russia–Ukraine conflict. We also simulated changes in network resilience under various attack scenarios. The findings indicate that the Russia–Ukraine conflict has impacted the direction and volume of LNG flows. Structural changes were observed, including changes in the weighted degree of nodes and the composition of port communities. In 2022, the network demonstrated dynamic resilience, invulnerability, and recoverability changes, with noticeable self-healing properties. However, these capabilities were lower than those in 2021. Intentional attacks on maritime chokepoints, such as the Strait of Malacca, result in a much faster decline in network resilience than random attacks. These findings suggest that the Russia–Ukraine conflict has altered the resilience and structure of LNG maritime networks. Countries heavily dependent on LNG should prioritize expanding their LNG-receiving terminals and diversifying their LNG sourcing strategies.

Preventing Catastrophic Cyber–Physical Attacks on the Global Maritime Transportation System: A Case Study of Hybrid Maritime Security in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore

This paper examines hybrid threats to maritime transportation systems and their governance responses; focusing on the congested Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS) as an illustrative case study. The methodology combines secondary sources with primary data from 42 expert interviews, a 28 respondent survey, and two maritime security roundtables. Key findings were that ships’ critical systems are increasingly interconnected, yet aging IT infrastructure and minimal cybersecurity awareness among crews heighten risks. Meanwhile, regional terrorist groups have previously targeted shipping and shown considerable skill in exploiting online tools, aligning with broader calls for jihadist violence. Furthermore, opportunistic piracy persists in the SOMS with the potential to disrupt shipping. Experts confirmed that maritime cybersecurity lags behind other critical infrastructure sectors and needs updated governance. Initial International Maritime Organization (IMO) guidelines lack specificity but revisions and updated IMO guidance are in process, while Port state implementation of maritime cybersecurity standards varies. Crucially, information sharing remains inadequate, even as recorded attacks increase. Findings underscore that although major hybrid incidents have not occurred, simulations and threat actors’ capabilities demonstrate potential for catastrophic collisions or cascading disruption in congested waterways. Mitigating factors like redundancy and crew training are deficient currently. Some alignment between SOMS states on maritime security cooperation exists, but not on cyber threats specifically. Key recommendations include an anonymous cyber attack reporting system, reinforced training and shipboard systems, and consolidated regional frameworks. Until these priorities are addressed, the analysis concludes that hybrid vulnerabilities in this vital global chokepoint remain a serious concern.

Gastropoda community structure in the mangrove forest of Ketapang Coastal Waters, Rupat District

Gastropod community structure is a concept or study that studies the arrangement or composition of species in an ecosystem. Changes influence the structure of this gastropod community in terms of environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, substrate type, and organic matter content. Rupat District is geographically located in a cluster of islands directly adjacent to the Strait of Malacca, strongly influenced by coastal environmental conditions. Rupat sub-district has one of three tropical marine ecosystems, namely mangroves. This study aims to determine the structure of gastropod communities in mangrove forests in Ketapang Beach, Rupat District waters. The study was conducted in April 2023 using the technique of random sampling with a total of three stations. There are 8 (eight) species of gastropods found, with the species Cerithidea obtusa the dominant one. The abundance of gastropods is 130,000 ind/ha. The value of the diversity index (H') is 1.24, the uniformity index (E) is 0.33, and the dominance index value (C) is 0.40. The distribution pattern (Id) is grouping. The similarity index (Ss) of gastropods between each station in Ketapang Beach is almost the same type and has similarities that are classified as high category. Test results Oneway ANOVA &lt; 0.05. The LSD (Least Significance Difference) test states that the abundance between stations I and III is significant, just as stations II and III are markedly different. The abundance between station I and station II does not differ markedly.

Marine trading sector in Singapore

The marine trading sector in Singapore is a cornerstone of the nation's economy, strategically positioned at the crossroads of major global shipping routes. This report thoroughly explores the worldwide importance of Singapore's maritime trade, highlighting its pivotal role in facilitating the movement of goods and commodities. Singapore's impact on global maritime trade remains significant, propelled by its exceptional port facilities, streamlined logistics infrastructure, and advantageous geographic location. Moreover, the report emphasizes the crucial role played by the Strait of Malacca, acting as a vital maritime passage where a considerable portion of global trade passes through. Understanding the intricacies of Singapore's marine sector and recognizing the strategic importance of the Strait of Malacca is imperative for comprehending the nation's impact on global trade dynamics. This underscores Singapore's continuous involvement as a key player in the complex web of international commerce

Political and trade of the Malacca sultanate and the ming dynasty XV-XVI century

This research was conducted due to the significance of the Malacca Strait's role as a trading center, connecting the Ming Dynasty in China with various regions, which led to economic growth and cultural interaction in Malacca. The main focus of the research lies on the political and trade interdependence between the Sultanate of Malacca and the Ming Dynasty during the 15th-16th centuries. The author employs the historical methods of heuristics, source criticism, data interpretation and historiography to conduct an in-depth analysis of historical records and artifacts, with the aim of holistically investigating the political and trade interrelationships between the Ming Dynasty and the Malacca Sultanate. The research reveals that diplomatic visits and mutually beneficial trade strengthened the relationship between Malacca and China. Facing threats from Siam and Majapahit, Malacca sought refuge from the Ming Dynasty, and began a close relationship. Notably, the visit of Chinese envoy Yin C'ing in 1403 paved the way for the arrival of Admiral Cheng Ho in 1409, which strengthened diplomatic relations. This relationship not only protected Malacca, but also facilitated its thriving trade. Malacca became a trading hub, offering China access to spices, while the Ming Dynasty provided military protection. The interdependence between Malacca and China in the 15th century underscores that their relationship not only fostered political security, but also increased trade and cultural exchange in the region.

Preliminary Evaluation of Traffic Resilience against Potential Earthquake in Penang Island

When an earthquake occurs in a neighboring country close to Malaysia, such as Indonesia, the tremor can be felt by Malaysians, especially states located along the Straits of Malacca. The epicenter of an active earthquake in the Indian Ocean near northwestern Sumatra, Indonesia triggered a tsunami in December 2004 that hit Penang Island and killed dozens of people and caused minor property damage especially the transportation system. A Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS), Open Street Maps (OSM), Online Questionnaire Survey, and Literature Review were used to evaluate the preliminary traffic resilience in Penang Island. The presence of fault lines and traffic networks from the secondary data were identified and integrated using GGIS and OSM. The contour results showed that the red zone (most affected) and yellow zone (less affected) were mostly located in the northeast district and the upper half in the southwest district while only a small part was covered with the green zone (not affected) in the southwest district of Penang Island. The factors influencing humans in responding during an earthquake were panic and fear from the point of view of history and general knowledge, as well as announcements and evacuations by the government as the highest votes by online questionnaire survey. Preliminary, the traffic networks with higher probability being affected in the events of earthquake are identified so that further study for the traffic resilience can be carried out.

Application of ERT, IP and VLF-EM Methods to Investigate Landslide-Prone Structures at Archaeological Sites in Lamreh, Aceh Besar, Indonesia

Since the 21st century, Lamreh, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia played an important role during the maritime silk route at the gate of the Malacca strait. This article investigates the subsurface structure of landslide-prone areas in cultural heritage based on 2D resistivity, chargeability and current density models of ERT, IP and VLF-EM methods, respectively. Field data measurements were carried out on 2 crossing profiles along the cliff suspected of experiencing landslides. The length of each profile is 220 with 4 m distance between stations. The 2D models reveal that the subsurface geological structure of Lamreh is composed of a mixed layer of clastic sediment and volcanic material at the top, followed by a layer of calcareous sandstone, and volcanic breccia at the bottom. The 3 layers are most easily distinguished in the resistivity model. The topmost layer is permeable but dry, i.e., characterized by a more resistive layer in the models. While the second layer is characterized by an intermediate conductivity and the bottom layer is highly conductive. The conductivity in these 2 layers is influenced by the degree of water content within the rocks. The chargeability models derived from IP data can distinguish between the dry layer on the surface and the saturated layer below. Meanwhile, the current density models obtained from VLF-EM data have proven the presence of fractures and faults along the profiles due to weathering as also seen in the resistivity models. HIGHLIGHTS Investigation of subsurface structure in landslide-prone area of Lamreh, Aceh Besar Regency, Indonesia, a cultural heritage site with historical significance in the maritime silk route. Utilization of 2D resistivity, chargeability and current density models (ERT, IP and VLF-EM) to analyze the subsurface structure. Field data measurements conducted on 2 crossing profiles along the suspected landslide cliff, with a profile length of 220 and 4 m station distance. Subsurface geological structure of Lamreh identified as a mixed layer of clastic sediment and volcanic material at the top, followed by calcareous sandstone and volcanic breccia at the bottom. Resistivity models most effectively distinguish the 3 layers, highlighting permeable but dry top layer, intermediate conductivity in the second layer, and high conductivity in the bottom layer influenced by water content. Chargeability and current density models confirm surface dryness and presence of fractures and faults due to weathering GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Leverage rule-based Bayesian network on assessing straits/canals resilience performance on a risk coupling analysis perspective

ABSTRACT The maritime transportation system is comprised of several crucial nodes, including straits and canals, which are becoming increasingly susceptible to external emergencies and disturbances. The intricate interactive relationships and non-linear influences among the risk factors pose significant challenges in assessing the resilience performance of these straits and canals. To address these challenges, a four-stage resilience assessment framework was developed to analyze the resilience performance of the straits and canals under uncertain risk coupling scenarios. The framework leverages the advantages of fuzzy logic and Bayesian network, enabling the construction of conditional probability tables and reducing expert judgement inconsistencies. The findings indicate that the Strait of Malacca exhibits higher resilience performance under multi-dimensional risk coupling scenarios. This framework has significant potential in providing valuable insights for risk and resilience management and can be extended to similar industries.

Analysis of sea currents, sea temperature, and sea salinity variations in the malacca strait during january and july 2022 using vertical sections

This study analyzes the sea currents, temperature, and salinity in the Malacca Strait during the northeast (NE) and southwest (SW) monsoons of 2022, represented by monthly average data from the Copernicus Marine Service (CMEMS) data portal for January and July, respectively. Vertical sections are created to visualize the layer structure and variations of sea parameters within the water column. The findings reveal differences in sea currents, temperature, and salinity between the NE and SW monsoons. July (SW monsoon) records consistently warmer temperatures than January (NE monsoon), both at the sea surface and seabed. Surface salinity is higher in July than in January, while seabed salinity is greater in January than in July. In January, the salinity-influenced mixed layer depth (MLD) appears to be thicker than the temperature-influenced MLD. There are no significant differences in the thickness of the temperature- and salinity-influenced MLDs during July. These variations in sea currents, temperature, and salinity at different depths provide a comprehensive understanding of the marine environmental structure and dynamics of the Malacca Strait.

Heavy metal concentrations in Threadfin fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) from Dumai Waters: Size dependence and safe human consumption analysis

The coastal waters of Dumai, which are directly facing Rupat Island and the Strait of Malacca, are influenced by various coastal activities that are likely to provide inputs for pollutants such as heavy metals that can eventually accumulate in biota, including fish. This condition not only threatens the balance of the ecosystem and the life of aquatic biota, but can also affect the health of people who consume fish from these waters. This study aims to analyze the concentration of heavy metals in threadfin fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) collected from Dumai coastal waters and to determine the safe limit of weekly consumption by the community without harmful effects to health. Threadfin fish were taken with a variation in size between 19 to 34 cm, then they were analyzed for heavy metal concentrations (Pb and Cu) in the flesh by referring to the SNI 6989-84:2019 procedure. The results showed that fish with larger sizes accumulated more Pb and Cu metals (2.220 and 0.028 μg/g) compared to medium-sized fish (1.207 and 0.026 μg/g) and small-sized fish (0.811 and 0.015 μg/g). The metal concentration differed significantly (p&lt;0.05) between the three sizes. The longer the size of the fish, the concentration of Pb and Cu will increase. Likewise with the fish weight, the heavier the fish, the concentration of Pb and Cu will also increase. The PTWI value that has been determined by WHO will be achieved if adults with a body weight of 60 kg consume Threadfin fish as much as 1,061 kg/week and 9,130.43 kg/week, while children with a body weight of 15 kg consume the fish as much as 0.265 kg/week and 2,282.6 kg/week, for Pb and Cu.

Microplastics contamination in bivalves off the island in the strait of malacca and its potential health risks

The widespread presence of microplastics in the ocean is a significant threat to marine life and humans. A study was conducted to investigate the extent of microplastic contamination in the coastal waters of Langkawi and Penang, situated on the northern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Rock oysters (Saccostrea cucullata) were utilized as bioindicators due to its availability in all sampling sites to evaluate microplastics,by considering its abundance, types, polymer composition, and potential health risks related to consumption. Soft tissues were digested with 10% KOH, and the resulting microplastics were examined using a stereo microscope and microplastics polymer were identified through ATR-FTIR. Kok Beach and Penarak Beach exhibited notably higher microplastic abundance, mainly in the form of filaments with predominant black and red colours. The most common polymer types were cellulose triacetate (CTA) and polycyclohexanedimethylene terephthalate (PCT). Hazard Quotient values, indicating potential health risks from consuming S. cucullata, surpassed a critical threshold at all locations. The study's findings suggest that it serves as a fundamental reference for future research on microplastic contamination in the islands along the northern coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

Strategic Gateway: Mongolia's Perplexing Challenges

Mongolia, a vast country with a crowded capital, faces economic recessions, poverty, unemployment, corruption, and infrastructure deficiencies, exacerbated by extreme weather conditions owing to its geographical location. Despite its recent sovereignty, self-sufficiency remains elusive. Cultural, historical, territorial, and political ties to neighbours offer advantages but entail dependence on Russia and China. Adjacent to Russia, a regime with invading potential, Mongolia faces the risk of attacks, but the presence of China acts as a short-term protective measure. Although China recognizes Mongolia as an independent country, it has a habit of claiming historical lands. Mongolia exists as a sovereign state predominantly because both Russia and China consider it a buffer state. Changes in Russo-Chinese dynamics could lead to Mongolia’s absorption into China or it becoming a battleground for warfare. Despite being landlocked, Mongolia holds strategic significance in the maritime domain as an alternative trade route to China if the Malacca Strait is ever to be choked, though with minimal economic gains. Thus, Mongolia's significance as a remedy to a chokepoint is juxtaposed with its vulnerability to regional political tensions. To strengthen its foreign policy, Mongolia has sought to balance relations and establish partnerships with global powers outside its immediate neighbourhood.

Book Review ' Antropology and History in Local Wisdom’

The book titled Anthropology and History in Local Wisdom contains 15 chapters. All titles are interconnected between history and anthropology. The titles are Almanak and Pelangkah: A Guide to Javanese Nomads and the Duano Tribe; International Barter Trade and Socioeconomic Change: A Case Study of Orang Asli Kuala in Pontian, Johor; The Stability and Persistence of Malays in Western Australia Effects of Cognitive and Psychological Influences; Local Wisdom in Traditional Beauty and its Transformation; The Dynamism and Vitality of the Proto-Malay Orang Asli Language in Malaysia; Shipping Technology and the Legacy of Malay Navigation in the Malacca Straits in the 18th and 19th Centuries; "Antu" in the Traditional Culture of the Iban Community. Other titles are Knowing Culture: The Value of Local Knowledge in Sabah; Local Knowledge of Urban Fishermen in Gaya Island, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah; Fishing and Catching Seafood: A Local Knowledge Technique in Beserah, Pahang; Honoring Traditional Food Based on Freshwater Fish in Lenggong Valley, Perak; Assimilation of Malay Culture Against Immigrant Culture in Malaysia; Origin of Minangkabau Custom; The Meugang Tradition in the Acheh Community in the City of Medan, North Sumatra and the Epistemological Reconstruction of the Islamic Malay World View. All of these writings are the result of research by academics in various fields related to local wisdom in the region. So overall no matter what the field, almost all of them are related to local wisdom. This certainly symbolizes the contribution of the knowledge of past communities in this region that have developed in almost all fields of knowledge. There are many benefits that can be gained from reading this book.

Understanding sea wave height conditions in sumatra waters

Ocean waves play a crucial role in influencing a wide range of marine and fisheries activities. In this research study, we aim to analyze the climatological conditions of sea wave heights in Sumatran waters over a span of 83 years (1940-2022). We utilize three-dimensional Copernicus numerical model simulations to examine seasonal patterns of sea wave heights and assess the likelihood of extreme wave events. Our findings reveal that high waves, reaching heights of 4-5 meters, are predominantly observed in the western and southern zones off the coast of Sumatra, particularly in the vicinity of smaller islands. Conversely, in enclosed or semi-enclosed waters, such as the lee side of Sumatra and the Malacca Strait, sea wave heights tend to be relatively lower. Seasonally, our study indicates that extreme wave heights are more likely to occur during the west season as opposed to the east season. This research provides valuable insights into the dynamic ocean wave conditions in Sumatran waters, which can have significant implications for various sectors reliant on the ocean environment.