Straits Of Malacca Research Articles

Provenance of Aerosol Black Carbon over Northeast Indian Ocean and South China Sea and Implications for Oceanic Black Carbon Cycling.

Aerosol black carbon (BC) is a short-lived climate pollutant. The poorly constrained provenance of tropical marine aerosol BC hinders the mechanistic understanding of extreme climate events and oceanic carbon cycling. Here, we collected PM2.5 samples during research cruise NORC2016-10 through South China Sea (SCS) and Northeast Indian Ocean (NEIO) and measured the dual-carbon isotope compositions (δ13C-Δ14C) of BC using hydrogen pyrolysis technique. Aerosol BC exhibits six different δ13C-Δ14C isotopic spaces (i.e., isotope provinces). Liquid fossil fuel combustion, from shipping emissions and adjacent land, is the predominant source of BC over isotope provinces "SCS close to Chinese Mainland" (53.5%), "Malacca Strait" (53.4%), and "Open NEIO" (40.7%). C3 biomass burning is the major contributor to BC over isotope provinces "NEIO close to Southeast Asia" (55.8%), "Open NEIO" (41.3%), and "Open SCS" (40.0%). Coal combustion and C4 biomass burning show higher contributions to BC over "Sunda Strait" and "Open SCS" than the others. Overall, NEIO near the Bay of Bengal, Malacca Strait, and north SCS are three hot spots of fossil fuel-derived BC; the first two areas are also hot spots of biomass-derived BC. The comparable δ13C-Δ14C between BC in aerosol and dissolved BC in surface seawater may suggest atmospheric BC deposition as a potential source of oceanic dissolved BC.

Exploring spatial patterns and environmental risk factors for global maritime accidents: A 20-year analysis

The global shipping industry faces increasingly complex safety challenges due to the rapid growth of international maritime trade. This study develops a novel framework that combines spatial density analysis and machine learning (i.e., extreme gradient boosting model) to investigate the evolutionary patterns of global maritime accidents during 2001–2020 from both spatial and temporal dimensions, and then identifies key environmental risk factors affecting maritime safety. The results show that the number of global maritime accidents exhibits fluctuations between 2001 and 2019, with a significant decrease observed in 2020. Furthermore, the distribution of global maritime accidents shows significant spatial variation over different time periods. Denmark's sea areas have high accident rates between 2001 and 2005, while concentrated accidents are observed in the seas around the United Kingdom, Denmark, and China between 2006 and 2010. From 2011 to 2015, Europe's accident-prone areas increase, but fewer accidents are reported along China's east coast. The Strait of Malacca is also an accident-prone area from 2016 to 2020. In addition, wave height, sea surface temperature, wind speed, water depth, and precipitation are identified as key environmental risk factors affecting maritime safety. These findings can inform strategies and mitigation plans to improve navigational safety in the global shipping industry.

Law Enforcement in Plastic Waste Management in Aceh Waters: Transboundary Marine Pollution Concern

The threat of climate change, which is categorized as an environmental issue, is no longer a problem for one or two countries but has become a worldwide issue affecting nearly all nations. Plastic bags are one of the leading drivers of climate change since, from production through disposal and management, plastic garbage emits a lot of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Aceh is a province bordered by the Malacca Strait and the Indian Ocean, both of which are international seas and border other nations. These two bodies of water are the entry and exit points for plastic debris from Aceh’s mainland and elsewhere. This is empirical legal research, a combination of library research on several related legal documents and interviewing some informants and respondents. It found that there is no specific regulation in Aceh as a province that is concerned about Marine debris as it’s not included as a priority for the government of Aceh. It has a significant impact on the ineffectiveness of plastic waste law enforcement in Aceh.

Sustainable stingray stock (Dasyatis sp.) in Malacca Strait, Serdang Bedagai Regency

Sustainable stingray stock catches and increasing the potential that these fish populations may become overfished this may have a negative impact on the size of fish stocks. In order to estimate stock models and prospective resources of stingrays in the seas of the Malacca Strait, the descriptive technique was utilized to collect secondary data. The necessary to conduct stock dynamics research that examines the exploitation rate of stingrays. Based on the Schaefer model, obtained the value of sustainable potential (MSY) for Stingray resources (Dasyatis sp.) at Tanjung Beringin fishing port of 37,24625 tons/year and the optimum effort value of 148,6119 trips/ years. The percentage of stingray resource utilization rate which landed in Tanjung Beringin TPI during the last 5 years has an average value of 0,925% and an effort level of 1,234%. TAC is 29,797 tons/year, shows that fishing can still be increased to get more optimal results. The value of the allowable catch must be below the MSY value which is 80%. The average allowable catch of stingray (Dasyatis sp.) is 80% of the MSY. This means that fishermen’s catches can still be optimized, but must not exceed MSY limit.

Concept design of military and civilian interoperability based on sensing technology to support defense systems in the Malacca Strait region

The Malacca Strait region is of strategic importance in terms of global maritime security between Asia and the Middle East, and between Europe and North America, making it a frequent area of cross-border criminal activity, illegal trade and, most importantly, ship piracy. However, piracy in the Straits of Malacca has increased significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen security activities against piracy in the sea area through military-civilian joint operations using sensor technology. This study aims to develop a military-civilian interoperability concept based on sensor technology to support defense systems in the Straits of Malacca region. The research methodology used is a literature review of military and civilian interoperability with concurrent embedded applications in relation to LISI and OIM interoperability standards. Generation of wave and wind climate maps from 2013 to 2022 using Ina-Waves modeling of wave information and Ina-Flows of current, salinity, and sea temperature information at each depth. Literature study on HAPS sensor technology. The results showed that interoperability between TNI AL and Bakamla RI and between TNI AL and TNI AU is still at ad-hoc level, and interoperability between Bakamla RI and TNI AU is still at isolated level. This situation can be overcome by developing interoperability concepts that may be applied when planning a HAPS deployment. Sensor technology can be used to map area features to narrow down the monitored area. In addition, HAPS (High Altitude Platform System) can be used to perform real-time maritime surveillance, and in the future, strengthen the defense of the maritime sector, whose main mission is surveillance and object detection.

Strategy for Neutralizing Sustainable Oil Spills on Coastal and Small Islands in Riau Archipelago Province

Indonesia is one of the largest oil producing countries in the world. Indonesia is recorded to have produced 279.07 million barrels of oil in 2021. Indonesia's geographical location is in a strategic area which is located between the Middle East countries as oil producers and developed countries that consume oil. The Malacca Strait, which is adjacent to the Riau Islands Province as a ship transportation area, even 27% of oil spread throughout the world passes through it. In addition to economic benefits, this sea area is also at risk of oil spills which result in pollution of sea waters. The research method used in this research is literature review. The research focuses on the interior of the coast and small islands in the Riau Archipelago. The research aims to provide a collaborative strategy through sustainable oil spill management policies on coasts and small islands in the Riau Archipelago Province. The results of the research show that strategies that can be applied are socialization regarding the importance of protecting marine waters from pollution and patrolling areas that are prone to being dumps of oil. The vastness of the waters in the Riau Islands requires patrols to coordinate with BAKAMLA, Navy, Aired Police, Customs and Excise and the community. The team for handling oil in the sea of Riau Islands Province that has been formed needs to increase environmental knowledge and deepen understanding related to technology through continuous training. Operational techniques for handling oil spills must be made regular so that it is easier to concentrate and coordinate the handling of oil spills.

Exploring the Pirate Attack Process Risk along the Maritime Silk Road via Dynamic Bayesian Network Analysis

The Maritime Silk Road (MSR) is an important channel for maritime trade between China and other countries in the world. Maritime piracy has brought huge security risks to ships’ navigation and has seriously threatened the lives and property of crew members. To reduce the likelihood of attacks from pirates, it is necessary to study the risk to a ship exposed to attacks from pirates on the MSR. Firstly, risk factors were established from three risk component categories (hazard, mitigation capacity, and vulnerability and exposure) and the risk index system of piracy and armed robbery events was founded. Secondly, the dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) method was introduced to establish a pirate attack risk assessment model ad to conduct a quantitative analysis of the process risk of a ship being attacked by pirates. Finally, combined with the scene data of the MSR, the process risk of a ship being attacked by pirates was modeled and applied as an example. The results showed that the overall risk of a ship being attacked by pirates is the lowest in July and the highest in March. In the whole route, when the ship was in the Gulf of Guinea, the Gulf of Aden–Arabian Sea, and the Strait of Malacca, the risk of pirate attack was the highest. This dynamic network model can effectively analyze the level of risk of pirate attacks on ships, providing a reference for the safety decision-making of ships on ocean routes.

Wave climate characteristics and effects of tropical cyclones on high wave occurrences in Indonesian waters: Strengthening sea transportation safety management

Tropical cyclones can cause bad weather and high waves that can endanger maritime activities, especially in the waters of Indonesia, which is a maritime country. Understanding ocean wave climate characteristics and the effect of Tropical Cyclones (TCs) on high wave occurrences is important, particularly to ensure the safety of fisheries activities in Indonesian seas. We aim to do so by focusing on Indonesia's 11 Fisheries Management Areas (IFMAs) using descriptive and inferential statistics. Wind and wave data were taken from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), namely ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) within the range of 42 years (1979–2020), whereas the TC data were from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS). We found that significant wave heights (SWHs) in the inner seas are strongly related to monsoonal wind fields. The maximum SWH occurred in northern Indonesian seas during December–February (DJF), while occurring in southern and inner seas between June–August (JJA). The highest extreme SWH and probability of exceedance (PE) for SWH >2 m were found in IFMAs facing the open ocean, such as Malacca Strait, Western Sumatra waters, Southern Java waters, Natuna Sea, Sulawesi Sea, and Northern Papua waters. We found that TCs activity in adjacent Indonesian waters could increase anomalous SWH occurrences. Positive SWH anomalies ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 m and varied depending on TC location and season. TC that forms in the following areas increase the PE for SWH >2 m: (1) Bay of Bengal: Western Sumatra waters (March–May, MAM) around 20%; (2) Western Pacific Ocean: Northern Papua waters (DJF) around 5%; (3) Northeastern Indian Ocean: Western Sumatra waters (DJF) about 3%; and (4) Western and Northern Australian waters: Southern Java waters (DJF) about 20%. The results of this study can serve as an early assessment for investigating wave climate characteristics and identifying the areas in Indonesian waters that are most susceptible to the impact of TCs, particularly in IFMAs. These findings hold significant value for managers and policy authorities, such as the Ministry of Transportation and the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia. They can utilize this information to develop measures aimed at reducing vulnerabilities among marine resource users, specifically fishers, and improving fishing vessel safety. Additionally, these findings can be utilized to enhance advance warnings and forecasts, enabling marine managers to implement strategies that minimize the impact of extreme events and increase resilience in the face of ocean and coastal disasters.

Strategic Position of Riau Islands Province: A Study of Modus Operandi of Drugs Smuggling in Indonesia

The rampant case of drug smuggling in Riau Islands Province and the lack of study on its modus operandi created a gap in the current research on the topic. The objective of this study is to discover the modus operandi used, the kinds of drugs being smuggled, and the reason Riau Islands was chosen as a strategic location for the smuggling route. The data was gathered through a structured interview with the local agencies directly involved in the supervision and security against drug smuggling in Riau Islands Province. The research methodology uses interactive analysis and thematic analysis methods. The results show that the modus operandi used can be categorized as the usage of camouflage techniques such as deceptive packaging and hidden compartment; Smuggling on a person using body packing and body strapping; and conducting transactions on the high seas using large ship, speed boat, and luxury yacht while employing a ship-to-ship system, and a fishing boat. The three main drugs smuggled is Methamphetamine, Ecstasy, and Marijuana with several other in a smaller quantity. Lastly, Riau Islands Province is bordered by several countries, a major transportation route such as the Malacca Strait and the island of Sumatera. Due to the plethora of drugs smuggled and the modus operandi displayed, it is necessary for law enforcement to increase the supervision and ways to identify and counter the smuggler’s action and to secure the territory.

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Demographic History of Orange Mud Crab Scylla Olivacea from the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh and Adjacent Seas in the Northern Indian Ocean Based on Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences

In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial COI gene sequences to reveal genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of two Bangladeshi (BD) populations (SB and CK) of the orange mud crab Scylla olivacea of the Northern Bay of Bengal (BoB), and compared these two with other four populations in the Northern Indian Ocean region (Arabian Sea, Andaman Sea and Malacca strait) and South China Sea. For all of the populations, nucleotide diversities were low (0.005–0.01) while the haplotype diversities were as high as 0.70–0.96, indicating that the S. olivacea has undergone a recent population expansion after experiencing bottleneck. The pairwise population statistics (FST) revealed that no genetic variation was made between SB and CK populations of BD in BoB. However, these two BoB populations showed separate genetic structure with each of the Andaman Sea (Myanmar coast, MM) and Malacca strait (West coast of Malaysia, MS) populations. On the other hand, two BoB populations did not form separate genetic structure from the population of Arabian Sea (AS). Larval dispersal-based migration by the East and West India coastal currents probably caused this genetic homogeneity between BoB and AS populations.The MM population had separate genetic structure from all of the populations studied in the present study. The Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed four large population groups of S. olivacea within its distribution range in the Indo-west Pacific region namely, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea and South China Sea groups. Some geographical barriers (e.g. Indian peninsula, Andaman and Nicobar Islands) along with seasonally formed marine gyres in the Andaman Sea are responsible for separate genetic structure among different populations and also for establishing four population groups. Star-shaped patterns of haplotype network and neutrality test corroboratethe recent population expansion of all populations except MM and CK. Mismatch distribution analysis reveals that the demographic expansion of the species started during the late Pleistocene period approximately 125,000 to 365,000 years ago. These results will help to establish the conservation and management strategy for orange mud crab in the Northern Indian Ocean region including the Bay of Bengal.
 J. of Sci. and Tech. Res. 4(1): 101-118, 2022

An interpretable XGBoost-based approach for Arctic navigation risk assessment.

The Northern Sea Route (NSR) makes travel between Europe and Asia shorter and quicker than a southern transit via the Strait of Malacca and Suez Canal. It provides greater access to Arctic resources such as oil and gas. As global warming accelerates, melting Arctic ice caps are likely to increase traffic in the NSR and enhance its commercial viability. Due to the harsh Arctic environment imposing threats to the safety of ship navigation, it is necessary to assess Arctic navigation risk to maintain shipping safety. Currently, most studies are focused on the conventional assessment of the risk, which lacks the validation based on actual data. In this study, actual data about Arctic navigation environment and related expert judgments were used to generate a structured data set. Based on the structured data set, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and alternative methods were used to establish models for the assessment of Arctic navigation risk, which were validated using cross-validation. The results show that compared with alternative models, XGBoost models have the best performance in terms of mean absolute errors and root mean squared errors. The XGBoost models can learn and reproduce expert judgments and knowledge for the assessment of Arctic navigation risk. Feature importance (FI) and shapley additive explanations (SHAP) are used to further interpret the relationship between input data and predictions. The application of XGBoost, FI, and SHAP is aimed to improve the safety of Arctic shipping using advanced artificial intelligence techniques. The validated assessment enhances the quality and robustness of assessment.

Regional Response As Indonesia's Coordination Effort To Maritime Violence In The Malacca Strait

As a maritime nation, Indonesia considers maritime governance important in all maritime areas. This includes not only vessels sailing in Indonesian territorial waters and routes in Indonesian waters, but also Indonesian-flagged vessels sailing abroad and Indonesian crew sailing abroad. The Strait of Malacca is one of the most dangerous sea lanes in the world and a target for transnational crime. Located between the coastal states of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, to the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra and to the south of Malaysia, the Malacca Strait is 600 miles long and is a major transit corridor connecting the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. In the maritime violence ecosystem, there are types of maritime crimes consisting of maritime terrorism, maritime armed crime, and other maritime crimes. Cooperation to combat maritime violence in the Malacca Strait can take the form of cooperation between states, cooperation between NGOs, or cooperation between security sector actors, such as border guards and police, with a focus on prevention and protection. There are several coordinated patrols between Indonesia and other countries to combat maritime violence in the Malacca Strait. For example, bilateral cooperation between Malacca Strait littoral states and user states, to establishing a cooperation framework between Indonesia and the International Maritime Organization that focuses on the issue of maritime threats.

Preliminary study on Strait of Malacca Tide Wave Characteristic from AIS Data Mining

In this study, advanced data mining techniques and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data were used to examine the tidal and wave dynamics of the Strait of Malacca. This strait has been an important commercial route for centuries, connecting the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean. It is located between Sumatra Island's east coast and Peninsular Malaysia's west coast, with the Strait of Singapore at its southeast end. The study's initial findings indicate a strong correlation between the distance of ships' coordinates and the timing of the tide, which is mainly influenced by the harmonic motion of the sun and the moon. Through AIS data mining and analysis, this study demonstrates the potential for predicting sea heights during tidal events. These results could be further explored in future research. Overall, this study offers valuable insights into the intricate tidal and wave dynamics of the world's longest strait and highlights the promise of AIS data mining for advancing our knowledge of oceanic phenomena. The research outcomes could potentially facilitate the development of more precise and effective methods for forecasting sea heights and predicting other marine processes.

The use of historical evidence of the Tamiang kingdom on the east coast of Aceh as a source for learning local history for high school students

The Tamiang Islamic Kingdom is one of the oldest kingdoms on the east coast of Aceh, bordering Haru Bay and Kampai Island of Pangkalan Susu. Its north serves as the front line of defense in the Malacca Strait, part of the sovereignty of the Samudra Pasai Islamic Kingdom, in the 12th century AD. In 1350, the country of Tamiang faced the challenge of the expansion of Majapahit commandeered by Patih Gaja Mada, who wanted to unite all regions in the archipelago following the "Palapa Oath" during the authority of King Hayam Wuruk Mahapatih Ratu Tribhu-wanatunggadewi. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method, then collected data through literature study, document analysis, and utilizing historical evidence of the Tamiang kingdom on the east coast of Aceh. The results showed that the students' poor skills in reading and analyzing historical sources were due to the lack of usage of historical evidence as a source of local history learning. Therefore, this research also contributes to the adoption of historical evidence of the Tamiang kingdom on the east coast of Aceh as a historical learning source for high school students to improve the Use of Primary Source Evidence skills.

Physical Properties of Seawater in Malacca Strait (Southeast Asia) during Monsoon Seasons

Physical Properties of Seawater in Malacca Strait (Southeast Asia) during Monsoon Seasons

Abundance and Distribution of Macro- and Mesoplastic Debris on Selected Beaches in the Northern Strait of Malacca

Plastics account for 60–80% of marine debris worldwide, and, in 2021, Malaysia was the 28th largest plastic polluter in the world. In light of this finding, the Malaysian government has launched the Roadmap Towards Zero Single-Use Plastics 2018–2030 and the Plastics Sustainability Roadmap 2021–2030 to reduce plastic pollution and implement a circular economy for Malaysia. A comprehensive database of the status of plastic pollution in Malaysia is needed to achieve this target. This study aims to record the presence of macro- (>2.5 cm) and mesoplastic (0.5–2.5 cm) debris at selected beaches in the northern Strait of Malacca. All study sites are publicly accessible beaches (Pulau Songsong, Teluk Aling, and Pulau Gazumbo) except Pulau Lembu, which is in a Marine Protected Area (MPA). The debris was collected from predetermined transects on the beach and categorised according to its form and economic market segments in Malaysia. Most of the macro- (53–75% of total mass) and mesoplastics (52–80% of the total number) were accumulated in the backshore area. Public beaches such as Pulau Gazumbo and Pulau Songsong recorded the highest abundance of macroplastics, with 7.32 g/m2 and 9.77 g/m2, respectively. Teluk Aling recorded the lowest abundance of macroplastics (3.58 g/m2) but the highest in mesoplastics (0.55 items/m2). Most of the macroplastics found were packaging plastics such as plastic bottles, containers, and polystyrene foam debris. Although Pulau Lembu is an MPA, the amount of macroplastics found was considerably high (7.17 g/m2). Based on the beach cleanliness index, Pulau Gazumbo (−3.99) was the dirtiest site, followed by Pulau Lembu (−2.92) and Pulau Songsong (−2.85), while Teluk Aling (−1.63) was the cleanest site, which can explain the amount of macroplastic debris found. However, all the study sites’ cleanliness may not be ideal, as the indexes were less than zero due to the low availability of waste bins and insufficient frequency of beach cleaning. This may not be able to curb the effects of high anthropogenic activities conducted in addition to uncontrollable natural factors.

Review of Resources from the Perspective of Wave, Tidal, and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

The conversion of Ocean Renewable Energy (ORE) sources to electricity could meet increasing energy demand and diversify the energy supply in Malaysia. Possessing a long coastline overlooking the South China Sea (SCS) and the Malacca strait has encouraged the Malaysian government to promote ORE and assess available resources to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels. However, most of the previous attempts to assess the potential of Malaysian ORE resources have focused primarily on theoretical resource assessment, which in practice may not reflect the viability and suitability of the resource. Other technical and practical issues must be accounted for as well. This paper presents a brief description of ORE conversion technologies and reviews the existing studies on regional ORE resources in Malaysia with an emphasis dedicated to wave energy, tidal energy, and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). It also highlights the essential technical and practical constraints limiting or excluding the utilization of ORE sources. While some ORE resources, particularly the OTEC, appear to be theoretically promising for exploitation in Malaysia, this review has shown a lack of precise resource mapping linked to socio-economic and environmental constraints.

Spatio-temporal characteristics of global maritime ship casualties

Maritime transportation safety of ships is important for international trade. Analyzing the spatio-temporal characteristics of global maritime ship casualties is the basis for maritime ship traffic planning, risk assessment and prevention. Based on the global maritime ship casualty data from 2000 to 2019, the number of the ship casualties were count by detailed event type, year, and month. Kernel density estimation of four periods were carried out. Sea areas around the English Channel, and the Aegean Sea were the hotspots from 2000 to 2019. The Korea Strait, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Alaska, Malacca Strait, and sea areas near Shanghai were also the hotspots in some of the four periods from 2000 to 2019.

First Record and Distribution Extension of Two Emperor Fishes, Lethrinus semicinctus and Lethrinus olivaceus to the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia

This study reports the occurrence of two species of Lethrinus (family Lethrinidae) on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The specimens were caught by commercial bottom trawlers operating in the southern part of the South China Sea and landed at several fish landing ports. Lethrinus semicinctusValenciennes, 1830 and Lethrinus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1830, previously known from Borneo, with the latter also occurring in the Straits of Malacca on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, are now documented as new records of geographic range in the northeastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia. These records add to published Malaysian literature with photographic records, locality details, collection numbers and preserved specimens. Diagnostic characters for both species are given, as well as detailed morphometric and meristic data.

PENCEGAHAN PENYALAHGUNAAN NARKOTIKA: KOLABORASI PEMERINTAH ACEH UTARA BERSAMA BNN KOTA LHOKSEUMAWE

This research examines the circulation of narcotics in Aceh, which is increasingly very worrying. Narcotics in Aceh are now a real threat that must be considered by all components of society. The location of Aceh Province, which is in the Malacca Strait, makes Aceh a strategic area. So this is a serious threat to Aceh Province, especially related to smuggling and illicit narcotics. This study aims to find out how collaborative governance is used in carrying out the implementation of Aceh Qanun Number 8 of 2018 concerning the facilitation of the prevention of narcotics abuse in North Aceh. In this study, we used qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach to gain a comprehensive understanding. The results of the research show that the dynamics of collaboration in preventing narcotics abuse in the North Aceh district are not good enough because there is no collaboration, so the socialization function that should be carried out together is not working and there is no joint discussion between parties to start a collaboration plan, so the goals of cooperation mandated in the qanun are not achieved. The process of promoting collaboration was null because there was no collaboration, so several parties urged the North Aceh district government to immediately take steps to realize this collaboration.