Strain Theory Research Articles

The relationship between victimization and vaping results from monitoring the future

Previous studies found a positive relationship between prior violent victimization experience and substance use among adolescents based on general strain theory. However, there is limited knowledge on the link between violent victimization and vaping, which is a relatively new method of substance use. Therefore, the current study applies general strain theory to examine the relationship between violent victimization and vaping. Three types of vaping, nicotine, marijuana, and flavor only, are examined in correlation with violent victimization, utilizing data from the 2019 cohort of the Monitoring the Future study (MTF). The findings suggest that students with violent victimization experience are more likely to engage in vaping. Also, students with stronger negative emotions, weaker social bonds, and more unstructured time with peers are more likely to vape. The current study provides empirical evidence on using general strain theory to explain vaping behavior among students. Applicable policies are also discussed.

Generalized Thermoelastic Infinite Annular Cylinder under the Hyperbolic Two-Temperature Fractional-Order Strain Theory

This work introduces a new thermoelastic model of an isotropic and homogeneous annular cylinder. The cylinder’s bounding inner surface is shocked thermally, and the bounding outer surface has no temperature increment and volumetric strain. The governing equations in the context of the hyperbolic two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity with fractional-order strain theory have been derived. The numerical solutions of the conductive temperature, dynamic temperature, displacement, strain, and stress are illustrated in figures that use various values of fractional-order and two-temperature parameters to stand on their effects on the thermal and mechanical waves. The fractional-order parameter has significant impacts on the displacement, strain, and stress distributions. However, it does not affect dynamic or conductive temperatures. The hyperbolic two-temperature model is a successful model for making thermal and mechanical waves propagate at limited speeds.

Machine learning prediction of petty corruption intention among law enforcement officers

Law enforcement agencies face a widespread problem of corruption, which jeopardizes their credibility and institutional integrity. Thus, the primary goal of this study is to develop a machine learning prediction model for petty corruption intentions as an early warning system for law enforcement officials who fail to perform their duties and obligations with integrity. Using a questionnaire survey of two hundred twenty-five participants, from senior officers to rank and file police officers, this study presents the fundamental knowledge on the design and implementation of machine learning model based on six selected algorithms; generalized linear model, fast last margin, decision tree, random forest, gradient boosted trees, and support vector machine. In addition to demographic factors, the efficacy of each machine learning algorithm on petty corruption was evaluated using general strain theory (GST) attributes: financial stress, work stress, leadership pressure, and peer pressure. The findings indicated that peer pressure has given the highest weight of contributions to most of the machine learning algorithms. The most outperformed machine learning in terms of the classification accuracy is gradient boosted trees with accuracy above 90%. This paper presents useful knowledge to enhance the realization of implementing intelligent corruption detection tools.

Strain Theory Analysis on Wild Racing Cases in Indonesia: Legal and Criminological Aspect of Crime

This analysis aims to examine the influence of strain criminology theory in cases of wild racing. This theory explains that the pressure or tension experienced by individuals due to an imbalance between desired social goals and available resources can encourage criminal behavior. In the case of street racing, strain theory can explain how individuals who face certain economic, social, or emotional pressures are drawn to engage in street racing. Through secondary data analysis, including case studies and relevant literature, the results of this study will provide further understanding of the role of strain criminology theory in the phenomenon of wild racing and its implications for prevention efforts.

Do Adolescents Engage in Delinquency to Cope with Depressive Symptoms? Revisiting the Longitudinal Link Between Delinquency and Depressive Symptoms While Considering Moderation by Ethnicity, Adolescent Phase, and Gender

The co-occurrence between delinquency and depression in adolescence is well-documented. However, Psychology (Failure model and Acting out Model) and Criminology (Strain Theory) theories are divided on the potential longitudinal link between these two behaviors and empirical studies show mixed findings. The present 3-wave longitudinal study tested these opposing theories, using cross-lagged panel modeling on an ethnically and socio-economically diverse sample (T1: N=602; Mage= 13.50 (SD = 1.23); 46.4% female). Furthermore, we investigated whether moderation by ethnicity (non-Western ethnic minority versus Western ethnic majority [i.e., ethnically Dutch]) or adolescent phase by gender (early adolescent girls versus mid-late adolescent girls versus early adolescent boys versus mid-late adolescent boys) were present. For the total sample, results showed that higher levels of delinquency predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms, consistent with Strain theory that suggests that adolescents may resort to delinquency to cope with depression. As for significant moderation links: (1) higher levels of delinquency predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms (Strain theory), especially in mid-late adolescent girls, (2) higher levels of delinquency predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms (Failure model) for early adolescent girls, and (3) higher levels of depressive symptoms predicted higher levels of delinquency (Acting out model and Strain theory) for mid-late adolescent boys. Although no ethnicity moderation effects were found, consistent with strain theories, ethnic minority adolescents reported significantly more depressive symptoms (T1 and T3) but not higher delinquency levels than ethnic majority adolescents. Thus, the mixed findings found in previous studies for the link between delinquency and depression could be because gender-by-adolescent-phase moderation effects were overlooked. Implications for the Acting out model, Failure model, and Strain theories are discussed.

Analytical Investigation on the Shear Propagation Mechanism of Multi-Cracks in Brittle Tight Rocks under Compressive and Shear Loading Conditions

There is abundant shale oil in the ocean and on land. Due to the tight lithology of the reservoir, volume fracturing technology is needed to improve the oil and gas productivity. It is very important to study the expansion law of multiple natural fractures in rock masses and its influencing factors in the process of volume fracturing for the formation of fracture networks. Based on the theory of online elastic fracture mechanics, the calculation method of the stress intensity factor at the end of any I–II composite fracture is established by using effective shear stress and considering the influence of T-stress. The calculation model of the stress intensity factor of any fracture on the main fracture wall or the horizontal section of the main fracture wall is established according to the concrete stress conditions in the process of hydraulic fracturing. Based on the principle of stress superposition, the combined interference stress calculation model of fracture ends is established for the case of multiple penetrating cracks in infinite-plane rock masses. Based on the theory of shear failure and plane strain, a model of the initiation direction and condition of natural cracks on the horizontal section of the main fracture wall and both sides of the main fracture in brittle rock is established when there are many coaxial natural cracks under the action of remote site stress and water pressure on the fracture surface. According to the simulation results, on the main fracture wall, when σH > σv > σh or σH > σh > σv, when the crack angle (CA) is within a certain range and multiple natural cracks (MNC) exist, the required pressure for shear failure decreases. When the fracture angle exceeds a certain size, the required pressure increases. When there are MNC in the horizontal or perpendicular sections of the rock mass on both sides of the main fracture, the required net pressure for shear failure decreases within a certain CA range. When the CA exceeds a certain range, it increases or remains basically unchanged. On the whole, the presence of MNC reduces the net pressure for shear failure, which is conducive to the formation of fracture networks.

Analytic solutions for static bending and free vibration analysis of FG nanobeams in thermal environment

Beam, plate, and shell structures manufactured from functionally graded materials (FGMs) are becoming increasingly prevalent in practice. The manufacture of these structures is not free from flaws, one of which is that the thickness distribution of the material does not change continuously. This is the first study to apply two distinct analytical solutions to examine the static and free vibration responses of imperfect FG nanobeams in terms of material distribution and temperature influence. The calculation formulas are based on the novel shear strain theory, which, despite being simple, accounts for both bending and shear strain, rendering the calculation procedure highly convenient. Either of the two precise solutions is computed using direct integrals and can be computed for various boundary conditions, which is not possible with Navier’s solutions. The results of the verification indicate that the approaches given in the article guarantee the needed precision. This study also analyzes the effect of several geometrical, material, nonlocal, and imperfection characteristics on the static bending and free oscillation response of imperfect FG nanobeams.

Dynamic analysis of the large strain deformation of flexible pipes conveying two-phase fluids. Part II: nonlinear vibration analysis

This work presents the nonlinear analysis of the dynamics of large strain deformation of subsea flowlines and jumpers conveying two-phase fluid. Precisely, flexible pipes operating in the stated condition undergo large strain deformations. Thus, the known nonlinear deterministic model of the system is solved using method of discretized perturbation. Precisely, this study obtained the nonlinear natural frequency of simply supported flexible pipes modelled using the large strain deformation theory. Results show that both hardening and softening nonlinear behaviors are indicated for pipe undergoing large strain deformation compared with deformations modelled with small strain theory. Thus, operational insights and parameters for sustainable management of large strain deformed subsea flow lines and jumpers conveying two phase flow are made available.

How General is General Strain Theory? An Inquiry of Workplace Deviance in Iran

Occupational deviance is one of the most rampant and alarming phenomena in the workplace. It can have negative effects on the individual employee, the organization, the profession, and the larger society. Therefore, it is important to better understand the etiology of such behavior in the hopes of providing solutions to reduce it. One such theory that may provide a conceptual framework to help understand workplace deviance is Agnew's general strain theory. As such, the main goal of this research was to examine the predictive utility of general strain theory in explaining workplace deviance. Using a sample of 336 private bankers in Iran, the findings suggest that the important theoretical concepts of workplace strain, subjective strain, negative emotion, and deviant motivation all predicted workplace misconduct. Consistent with the theory, additional results demonstrated important mediated relationships, such that strain was indirectly related to workplace deviance through negative emotions and deviant motivation. Specific results, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed.

Numerical verification of energy release rate and J-Integral in large strain formulation

The fracture criterion is a critical topic in fracture mechanics. However, the equality of J-Integral (J) and energy release rate (G) has not been numerically verified under large strain theory. This paper aims to numerically justify the condition for equality in brittle and small-scale plastic fracture. The computation of the J in this study was performed using the commercial finite element program LS-DYNA and postprocessor LS-PrePost. The G was measured by node release method in LS-DYNA. Our result numerically verified the equality of G = J in elasticity, but not in plasticity. This is also supported by the analytical derivation. The critical energy release values in this work are considered in a reasonable range compared with experiment data. Note: The entire paper, with the exception of equations, was rephrased using ChatGPT. This was achieved by requesting ChatGPT to rewrite the original manuscript written by humans, paragraph by paragraph.

Applying GST to Understand and Contextualize Bullying: A Conjunctive Analysis of Case Configurations.

Drawing from Agnew's general strain theory, this study examines whether certain risk factors have a consistent effect across different situational contexts that characterize bullying perpetration. A conjunctive analysis of case configurations was conducted to examine and identify situational factors that increase adolescents' risks for bullying perpetration using data from the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey. Results from a sample of 166,176 U.S. adolescents show that (1) incidents of traditional bullying perpetration cluster significantly among dominant situational profiles; (2) students most likely to be bullies experience victimization, but students least likely to bully their peers rarely experience bullying victimization; and (3) being a victim of traditional bullying can increase the chances of traditional bullying perpetration in some situational contexts, but can have almost no influence on perpetration in other contexts. Current findings are discussed considering existing bullying scholarship and recommendations for policy and future areas of research are presented.

Lateral impact performance of wire ropes

Wire ropes are often used in flexible barriers or road engineering to resist lateral impact because of their good reliability, high economy, and construction convenience. However, their application under lateral impact lacks a systematic design approach. In this paper, to ensure the safe use of the structure, the lateral impact test of single wire ropes and wire rope nets is carried out, and the strain, displacement, and acceleration response are analyzed. In addition, the tensile mechanical properties of wire rope strands are determined through static tensile mechanical properties tests, which provide reasonable parameters for the constitutive model used in numerical simulations. Furthermore, considering the influence of wire rope pre-tension ratio, span ratio, and mass ratio, empirical formulas for longitudinal peak tensile force and lateral peak displacement are given. The results show that the wire rope mainly occurs local abrasion at the impact point, fracture, and end connection failure. It is worth noting that when the dimensionless lateral peak displacement (ωm) reaches 0.089, the wire rope breaks. Moreover, according to Lagrange Green’s strain theory, a theoretical calculation formula for the mid-span lateral limit displacement of wire rope under pre-tension is derived and compared with the simulated values of test members. Consequently, according to the damage degree of wire ropes, the damage limit value is determined. Finally, considering the tensile capacity of wire ropes and their displacement responses, a limit state function is proposed to evaluate the damage of existing components or to design new components.

Investigating Trauma Symptomology as a Mediator of the Relationships Between Childhood Maltreatment and Sexual and Non-Sexual Delinquency.

Maltreatment is a risk factor for both sexual and non-sexual delinquency. Little is known about how specific forms of maltreatment relate to the distinct offending outcomes. Though trauma symptoms have been associated with maltreatment and delinquency, the intervening role of trauma symptoms in pathways from maltreatment to offending is not well understood. The goal of the current study was to test social learning and general strain theory explanations for sexual and non-sexual delinquency in adolescence, exploring trauma symptoms as a mediator between the four major types of maltreatment and offending outcomes. Data were collected via surveys of 136 incarcerated youth at seven residential treatment and community corrections facilities in a Midwestern state. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to establish a measurement model, and structural equation modeling was employed to test direct and indirect pathways from maltreatment to offending. Individual forms of maltreatment had differential relationships with offending outcomes, with neglect having a significant association with non-sexual delinquency, and sexual abuse having a significant direct relationship with sexual delinquency. Trauma symptomology did not mediate these relationships. Future research should explore developmentally appropriate proxies for measuring childhood trauma. Practice and policy should consider the role of maltreatment victimization history in the inception of delinquency behaviors, prioritizing therapeutic alternatives to detention and incarceration.

The Contextual Generality of Crime: Workplace and Street Crime

Objectives: We examine whether individuals engage in crime across a variety of different settings (contextual generality). Specifically, we assess whether individuals who engage in workplace crime will engage in street crime and whether certain individuals have a greater tendency to engage in workplace crime relative to street crime. We are guided by trait-based theories, learning theories, and strain theories to guide our expectations related to the contextual generality of criminal behavior. Methods: We analyze data from the National Youth Survey and conduct multinomial logistic regressions, item response theory, and ordinary least squares regressions. We supplement this with the Youth Development Survey and the Pathways to Desistance Study. Results: There is a small overlap between workplace crime and street crime. Participation in each context is related to context-specific perceived coworker/peer disapproval and deviant workplace definitions. There is a tendency for some respondents to specialize in workplace crime relative to street crime. Conclusions: Contextual generality in criminal behavior is a fruitful avenue to study theoretical debates between theories of population heterogeneity and theories that allow for specific types of offending. More studies are needed to extend this line of inquiry.

Gendered Relationships Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Negative Emotional States, and Violent Delinquency.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been linked to a host of negative health and behavioral outcomes, including crime, delinquency, and violence. Recent work on ACEs suggests that the impact of ACEs differs by gender, but research is unclear on the mechanisms of this relationship and how they impact violent delinquency. To explore whether and how the impact of ACEs on violent delinquency varies by gender, this study draws on Broidy and Agnew's gendered expansion of general strain theory (GST), which proposes that a key explanation for the gendered impact of strain on crime lies in gender differences in the negative emotional states that mediate the relationship. Using longitudinal data on a sample of 979 at-risk youth (558 girls and 421 boys) from the Longitudinal Studies on Child Abuse and Neglect, this study examines the impact of ACEs (sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, supervisory neglect, parent mental illness, parent intimate partner violence, parent substance use, parent criminality, and family trauma) on violent delinquency by gender with consideration of the three negative emotional states hypothesized by GST-anger, depression, and anxiety. Results indicate that ACEs increase the odds of violent delinquency for both boys and girls, but that this relationship is significantly stronger for boys. Mediation models suggest that anger mediates the link between ACEs and violent delinquency for girls. Implications for research and policy centering on ACEs are discussed.

Community Violence and Code of the Streets: A Person-Centered Examination of General Strain Theory

ABSTRACT Anderson’s code of the streets (COS) model outlines one response to community violence exposure (CVE) in which individuals regard violence as an effective means to maintain respect and reduce victimization. Previous research suggests CVE, negative emotionality, and low social support may relate to the acceptability of violence. In a sample of 694 emerging adult undergraduate students (18–25 years, Mage = 20.72, SD = 1.85; 81.0% female; 57.1% White), the current study utilized latent profile analysis to derive profiles from CVE (i.e., direct, witnessing, hearing about), anger, and social support (friend, family). The relationships between these profiles and COS endorsement were then examined. A 4 class model emerged as the best fit: High CVE (5.0%), Low Support (16.7%), Moderate CVE and High Support (23.9%) and Low CVE (54.4%). Profiles significantly differed in relation to COS, with High CVE participants reporting the highest COS endorsement. The Low Support and the Moderate CVE and High Support participants reported moderate COS beliefs. The Low CVE participants endorsed the lowest levels of COS. Results showcase the importance of intervention efforts to bolster social support and reduce problematic anger, and prevention efforts aimed at decreasing CVE, which may reduce positive violence norms.

Strain, depression, and deviant behavior among left-behind and non-left-behind adolescents in China

China’s massive rural to urban migration has created a vast number of left-behind children (LBC) whose parents moved to cities for work. Drawing upon data from LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC) in three Chinese cities, this study tests the applicability of general strain theory in explaining deviant behavior among adolescents. The analysis results show that LBC status is directly related to lower involvement in deviant behavior, whereas it is also directly linked to academic difficulty and depression, leading to more deviant acts. Compared with NLBC, LBC have an overall lower risk of deviance. Male and middle school students and students experiencing parental abuse and family poverty are more inclined to express greater depression, subsequently promoting higher participation in deviance.

Investigation of thermoelastic compliances considering finite strain

Topology optimization of thermoelastic structures is of significance in many engineering applications such as for additive manufacturing, metamaterials, and soft robotics. To ensure that a structure performs adequately over a wide range of thermoelastic loading conditions and thermal expansion, incorporating the finite strain theory in the design strategy is critical. In this study, we investigate the two energy-based objective functions, namely the end compliance and strain energy under thermomechanical conditions. The numerical examples considered indicate that the optimized layout is highly dependent on the selected objective function; such differences among the layouts can be attributed to the manner in which the structure accommodates the changing temperature. The end compliance is minimized by leveraging the direction of the thermal load to offset the mechanical load, while the minimization of the strain energy contributes to the strength of the structure by limiting the thermal contribution to the overall stress within the structure. Furthermore, we show the effects of different strain assumptions on the optimality of layouts. Thus, this study reveals the significance of adopting each thermoelastic compliance and highlights the importance of accounting for structural nonlinearity when considering the thermal effect.

ACEs and Angst: Adverse Childhood Experiences, General Strain Theory, and Adolescent Male Suicidal and Violent Behaviors

This study tests General Strain Theory (GST) as an explanation for associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and risk of violent and suicidal behaviors. Data comprise a census of archival information about the lives of 2,195 delinquent boys who resided at a U.S. treatment facility between 1975 and 2019. Logistic regression tests the effects of 12 combined ACEs, anger, low self-control, depression, race/ethnicity, and poverty on violent and suicidal behaviors. Interactive associations predicted by GST are examined by Zmediation and χ2 analyses. Nearly 93% of residents experienced at least one ACE, and 87% had ≥4. ACEs increase risk of violent and suicidal behaviors net of controls. They interact with low self-control and anger to increase risk of violence, and anger and depression mediate risk of suicidal behaviors. Rehabilitative programming for troubled boys should begin with thorough assessment of these experiences, and both outcomes require equal consideration in the ACEs research.

Impact of negative emotions on financial behavior: An assessment through general strain theory

Research background: The research has two objectives and employs a serial mediation approach. First, using the general strain theory, it examines the mediating role of negative feelings and impact of economic adversity on people's risk tolerance and prudent financial behavior. The second is determining the various categories' variations according to age. Purpose of the article: The study's main objective is to evaluate financial behaviour of people with lower and medium incomes after the second wave of COVID-19 in India, and to contribute to the body of knowledge on general strain theory. Methods: The study examined the proposed framework and tested the serial mediation model based on the general strain theory used as a survey method for data collection, targeting lower and middle-income individuals in India's most populated state. The study applied PLS-SEM to test the framed hypotheses. Furthermore, the Kruskal Wallis test was applied to identify the difference in the various groups classified based on age. Findings & value added: The results reveal that economic hardship significantly influences improved financial behavior. Risk aversion attitude, loneliness, and depression mediate the relationship between economic hardship and financial behavior. Moreover, the study found quite a few significant differences between the different age groups. The present study will add to the existing literature on financial behavior under the scope of general strain theory and probably be among the few that test general strain theory with financial variables impact on lower and middle-income group individuals from a developing nation in post-COVID-19 period.