Strain History Research Articles

A Priori Analysis of a Symmetric Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method for a Dynamic Linear Viscoelasticity Model

Abstract The stress-strain constitutive law for viscoelastic materials such as soft tissues, metals at high temperature, and polymers can be written as a Volterra integral equation of the second kind with a fading memory kernel. This integral relationship yields current stress for a given strain history and can be used in the momentum balance law to derive a mathematical model for the resulting deformation. We consider such a dynamic linear viscoelastic model problem resulting from using a Dirichlet–Prony series of decaying exponentials to provide the fading memory in the Volterra kernel. We introduce two types of internal variable to replace the Volterra integral with a system of auxiliary ordinary differential equations and then use a spatially discontinuous symmetric interior penalty Galerkin (SIPG) finite element method and – in time – a Crank–Nicolson method to formulate the fully discrete problems: one for each type of internal variable. We present a priori stability and error analyses without using Grönwall’s inequality and with the result that the constants in our estimates grow linearly with time rather than exponentially. In this sense, the schemes are therefore suited to simulating long time viscoelastic response, and this (to our knowledge) is the first time that such high quality estimates have been presented for SIPG finite element approximation of dynamic viscoelasticity problems. We also carry out a number of numerical experiments using the FEniCS environment (https://fenicsproject.org), describe a simulation using “real” material data, and explain how the codes can be obtained and all of the results reproduced.

Experimental characterization on cyclic stability behavior of a high-damping viscoelastic damper

This study explores the mechanical behavior of a viscoelastic damper (VED) under monotonic and cyclic loading, focusing on the cyclic stability of VEDs’ mechanical properties. The studied VED consists of 2 layers of elastomer compound sandwiched between 3 steel plates. The elastomer compound used in this study is designed to provide high damping capacity with relatively low stiffness. Nine damper specimens are manufactured, and each specimen is subjected to monotonic or cyclic loading to investigate the effects of strain amplitude, loading frequency, strain history, and high-cycle fatigue loading on the mechanical properties of VED. Hysteretic responses for each loading condition are obtained, and the variations of maximum force, storage shear modulus, loss shear modulus, dissipated energy, loss factor, and equivalent viscous damping ratio with different test parameters are examined. The experimental results show that VED can achieve a maximum shear strain amplitude of 543% under monotonic loading, and has low frequency dependency under cyclic dynamic loading. The VED has superior energy dissipation capacity with a maximum viscous damping ratio of up to 30%. The preloading strain history has a significant effect on the cyclic stability behavior of the VED. Furthermore, the high-cycle fatigue performance is sensitive to both loading strain amplitude and loading frequency.

Using surround DIC to extract true stress–strain curve from uniaxial tension experiments

The exact stress–strain curve can be directly identified from uniaxial tension experiments up to the point of onset of diffuse necking. To gain insight into the post-necking hardening response of metals, other experimental methods such as the bulge, compression or torsion experiments are typically employed. Here, we introduce the idea of using surround DIC to obtain accurate specimen shape measurements of tensile specimens with rectangular gage section. Based on the results from a series of detailed three-dimensional finite element simulations of ASTM E8 type of uniaxial tension experiments on a wide spectrum of steel and aluminum behaviors, it is proposed to combine the history of the axial strain on the surface at the specimen center with the average axial stress to extract the stress–strain curve for strains of up to axial true strain of 1. The estimation uncertainty of this stress–strain curve estimation procedure is of the same order as that of the associated experimental uncertainties. This result is validated through an additional computational study for more than 100 distinct hardening behaviors. Furthermore, a surround DIC system composed of four stereo DIC systems is built and used to determine the stress–strain curve for a 1.5 mm thick DP780 steel. In addition, bulge experiments are performed on the same material revealing a good agreement of the post-necking hardening behavior determined through uniaxial and bulge testing.

Behavior of axially loaded high-strength steel circular hollow section tubes under low velocity lateral impact

High-strength steel has been widely used in large-span and high-rise structure engineering in recent years because it can improve the mechanical performance of building structures and reduce their self-weight. In this study, a lateral impact test using a drop hammer was conducted on 22 high-strength steel circular hollow section (CHS) tubes with axial preloading. The test parameters included the impact energy, tube diameter–thickness ratio, axial compression ratio, and shape of the hammerhead. The failure modes and entire impact process, including the impact force, displacement, strain, and axial force histories of the specimens, were obtained. A finite element (FE) model of the high-strength steel CHS tube preloaded by axial force (including compression and tension) under lateral impact was established using the nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS/LS-DYNA. After verifying the accuracy of the FE model by comparison with the test results, a parameter analysis was conducted to reveal the influence of the impact energy, diameter–thickness ratio, axial compression ratio, axial force direction, and shape of the hammerhead on the dynamic response of the high-strength steel tube under lateral impact based on the test and FE results of the failure mode, impact force, displacement and energy histories, and residual stress.

Grain boundary networks and shape preferred orientation – A fresh angle on pattern quantification with GBPaQ

A quantitative understanding of grain shape preferred orientation (SPO) and grain boundary networks as fundamental characteristics of rocks and other crystalline solids is of major interest in geology and material science. Grain boundary networks contain useful information on the deformation history of polycrystalline aggregates, and their diagenetic and metamorphic histories. SPO can have a major impact on material characteristics such as permeability, acoustic velocity and mechanical strength, and on reaction surfaces. The objective of this study is to present a semi-automated toolbox of MATLAB™ scripts, named Grain Boundary Pattern Quantification (GBPaQ), that incorporate different methods for grain boundary pattern quantification for their application to, for example, seismic wave attenuation estimation. GBPaQ uses grain boundary statistics and calculates radial scan line intercepts. In this paper, GBPaQ is tested on two example grain boundary patterns, a granular texture and a foam texture with equant grains, which have been digitally stretched (deformed) to analyse their SPO evolution. The results show that a combination of grain ellipse, grain boundary segment orientation, and grain boundary segment intercept density rose diagrams provide a complete, detailed quantification of grain boundary pattern anisotropy. Grain boundary segment intercept (GBSI) analysis using GBPaQ yields a new grain boundary network parameter – the minimum intensity of grain boundary intercepts (Imin) – which follows a power law relationship with the average axial ratio of grain-fitted ellipses (r) during SPO development. We propose that Imin can be used for the quantitative analysis of SPO strength as a useful tool to assess the deformation history of polycrystalline aggregates. Further studies involving a broader range of different patterns and strain histories are necessary to fully investigate the potential of Imin versus r diagrams.

The history of global strain and geodynamics on Mars

The tectonic record of Mars is dominated by compressional wrinkle ridges on volcanic surfaces, and these structures have been widely used as a record of tectonic and geodynamic evolution. This study analyzes the density of compressional tectonic structures and inferred strain as functions of time, using the lengths and heights of compressional ridges together with geologic estimates of surface age. Our analyses confirm an apparent peak in compressional strain in the late Noachian and early Hesperian, and comparatively lower values before and after. The lower tectonic strain in the early and middle Noachian relative to the early Hesperian reflects the incompleteness of the ancient compressional tectonic record of strain, as older surfaces should accumulate more strain than younger surfaces. This strain deficit necessitates other means of accommodating contractional strain in the ancient crust, including distributed strain and small-scale faulting. The abrupt decrease in the accumulated tectonic strain and strain rate after the early Hesperian reflects a rapid episode of global contraction followed by much lower rates, in conflict with models of steady-state mantle evolution. The decreasing strain rate may be explained by a changing mantle rheology due to volcanic outgassing. Alternatively, the strain history may be explained by the dominance of mantle plumes in the late Noachian and early Hesperian associated with the formation of Tharsis and the early Hesperian volcanic provinces, which could have led to a pulse of rapid contraction caused by disequilibrium cooling and volcanic outpourings. The tectonic record of strain on Mars – including the incomplete ancient record and evidence for strong departures from steady-state models – may have implications for the interpretation of the tectonic record and thermal evolution of other bodies as well.

Compression-After-Impact analysis of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy hybrid composite laminate with different ply orientation sequences

This article is a continuation study of the LVI and CAI response of the plain carbon fiber composite laminates and explores the experimental & numerical study of the post-impact damage propagation in carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy hybrid laminate under compression. LVI (Low-Velocity Impact) tests are first carried out at three different energy levels, and the same specimens are put under a displacement-controlled compression test. The damage initiation and propagation in both impact tests and compression tests are studied using X-ray computed tomography. The results matched well with the results obtained from the finite element model, simulated using ABAQUS/explicit. The effect of the changing impact energy and the influence of the stacking orientation on post-impact damage propagation is studied. The strain maps during the compression tests are studied through Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique based on which the stress–strain histories are plotted by using well-calibrated strain values. Upon completing the study, it is observed that the CAI (Compression-After-Impact) strength depends on the factors like properties of the constituent material, ply orientations and stacking sequence of the laminate. It is observed that even when the damage is barely visible on the surface of the specimen, compressive strength has been reduced drastically. The observed mode of damage propagation in CAI testing is buckling of the sub-laminates in the vicinity of the damage zone formed by the impact event. The size of the impact damage zone depends on the impact energy, which actually governs the CAI strength.

A Method for Evaluating Brain Deformation Under Sagittal Blunt Impacts Using a Half-Skull Human-Scale Surrogate.

Physical head models consisting of a half, sagittal plane skull, brain, and neck were constructed and subjected to crown and frontal impacts at two impact speeds. All tests were recorded with a high-speed camera at 1000 frames per second. Motion of visual markers within brain surrogates were used to track deformations and calculate spatial strain histories in 6 brain regions of interest. Principal strains, strain rates and strain impulses were calculated and reported. Higher impact velocities corresponded to higher strain values across all impact scenarios. Crown impacts were characterized by high, long duration strains distributed across the parietal, frontal and hippocampal regions whereas frontal impacts were characterized by sharply rising and falling strains primarily found in the parietal, frontal, hippocampal and occipital regions. High strain rates were associated with short durations and impulses indicating fast but short-lived strains. 2.23 m/s (5 mph) crown impacts resulted in 53% of the brain with shear strains higher than 0.15 verses 32% for frontal impacts. The results reveal large differences in the spatial and temporal strain responses between crown and forehead impacts. Overall, the results suggest that for the same speed, crown impact leads to higher magnitude strain patterns than a frontal impact. The data provided by this model provides unique insight into the spatial and temporal deformation patterns that have not been provided by alternate surrogate models. The model can be used to investigate how anatomical, material and loading features and parameters can affect deformation patterns in specific regions of interest in the brain.

High-fidelity simulation model for moisture-induced deformation of CFRP structure considering anisotropic nonlinear moisture absorption-desorption characteristics

This study developed a high-fidelity simulation model for predicting moisture-induced deformation of polymer-based composite structures. First, to identify the anisotropic moisture diffusion in unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites, coupon-level tests were conducted for each principal material direction (i.e., fiber-parallel, in-plane transverse, and out-of-plane transverse directions). In addition, the moisture-induced strain in the fiber and the transverse directions of unidirectional composites was evaluated using an optical fiber sensor. Nonlinear strain against moisture content was identified in each direction. Next, the strain history in the tube element for the metering truss structure was monitored using an optical fiber sensor during the moisture absorption-desorption cycle. Finally, a prediction of the strain behavior was provided using a finite element analysis (FEA) model. The model accurately reflected the complex moisture absorption-desorption characteristics (e.g., directional dependence, nonlinearity, and irreversibility) obtained from the coupon tests. The prediction was compared with the monitoring data and agreed with the experiment.

Forward and inverse analysis of transient responses for a cantilevered rectangular plate under normal and oblique impact loadings

This study investigates the transient responses of a cantilevered rectangular aluminum plate under normal and oblique impact loadings. The transient displacement and strain histories of the aluminum plate are forward calculated as a superposition of the normal modes using first-order shear deformation plate theory and the spectral collocation method considering both in-plane and out-of-plane dominant vibrations. A laser displacement meter and strain gauges are used to measure the displacement and strain histories of the same aluminum plate when subjected to normal and oblique loadings. Subsequently, frequency-dependent damping ratios are obtained from the associated wavelet spectrograms. The measured histories correlate well with those estimated using the theoretical analysis considering the damping ratios. Additionally, the inverse problem of determining the impact force history from the transient response is investigated. First, the transfer function between the impact force and measured response is derived using a theoretical analysis developed in the time domain. Subsequently, a wavelet deconvolution method is applied to reconstruct the impact force using a discrete wavelet transform with different scale and shift components. Thus, the impact force is obtained by reconstructing the wavelet expansion coefficients using these components, thereby demonstrating the validity of the wavelet deconvolution technique utilizing the theoretical transfer function.

A Beam Finite Element Model Considering the Slip, Shear Lag, and Time-Dependent Effects of Steel–Concrete Composite Box Beams

A beam finite element model considering the slip, shear lag, and time-dependent effects of steel–concrete composite box beams have been proposed in this study. The element is employed to a one-dimensional analytical method that is solved involving an expression of spatial and time-dependent variables. A step-by-step method that does not involve storing the stress and strain histories, which is more accurate than the single-step algebraic method, is employed to solve the time variables. A recursive method was elaborated to determine spatial and time-dependent variables through the above method. The validity of the proposed method in instantaneous analysis is attested by the numerical data of the elaborate finite element model established in a commercial software, ANSYS, and that of the time-dependent analysis is verified by the existing test results on the long-term performance of composite beams. The proposed beam finite element model is applied to predict the time-related behavior of simply supported composite beams after validation. The results show that concrete shrinkage and creep significantly influence the structural responses of the composite box beams. From the initial load on the 28th day to that in the 3rd year, the vertical deflection at the cross-section of the mid-span increased by 47.01%. The interface slip at the end increased by −10.99%. The warping intensity function of the concrete slab and the steel beam at the end caused by shear lag increased by 111.64% and 7.01%, respectively. The maximum compressive stress on the concrete slab and the maximum tensile stress at the steel bottom flange increased by −6.75% and 4.56%, respectively.

An experimental baseline for ice-till strain indicators

Subglacial till can deform when overriding ice exerts shear traction at the ice–till interface. This deformation leaves a strain signature in the till, aligning grains in the direction of ice flow and producing a range of diagnostic microstructures. Constraining the conditions that produce these kinematic indicators is key to interpreting the myriad of features found in basal till deposits. Here, we used a cryogenic ring shear device with transparent sample chamber walls to slip a ring of temperate ice over a till bed from which we examined the strain signature in the till. We used cameras mounted to the side of the ring shear and bead strings inserted in the till to estimate the strain distribution within the till layer. Following the completion of the experiment, we extracted and analyzed anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) samples and created thin sections of the till bed for microstructure analysis. We then compared the AMS and microstructures with the observed strain history to examine the relationship between kinematic indicators and strain in a setting where shear traction is supplied by ice. We found that AMS fabrics show a high degree of clustering in regions of high strain near the ice–till interface. In the uppermost zone of till, k1 eigenvector azimuths are generally aligned with ice flow, and S1 eigenvalues are high. However, S1 eigenvalues and the alignment of the k1 eigenvector with ice flow decrease nonlinearly with distance from the ice–till interface. There is a high occurrence of microshears in the zone of increased deformation.

Mechanisms of mass transfer to small spheres sinking in turbulence

Using laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, we examine the transfer of soluble material from small, spherical particles sinking in homogeneous turbulence at large Péclet number. A theoretical analysis predicts two distinct mechanisms of convective mass transfer: strain due to turbulence and slip due to gravitational settling. Their relative strength is parametrised by the sinking ratio, ${Sr} = w_0 \tau _\eta /a$ , where $w_0$ is the quiescent settling velocity, $a$ is the particle radius and $\tau _\eta$ is the Kolmogorov time scale. This analysis predicts that the topology of the concentration wake changes from a symmetric topology at ${Sr} \ll 1$ to an asymmetric topology at ${Sr} \gg 1$ as the dominant mechanism of mass transfer changes. Particle tracking flow visualisations of small spheres releasing dye in turbulence confirm the existence of this change in mechanism at ${Sr} = O(1)$ . We complement these experiments with numerical simulations of the mass transfer from sinking particles. The transfer rate predicted by the simulation is found to be in good agreement with literature data for mass transfer to turbulent suspensions of solid particles and is consistent with asymptotic expressions for mass transfer in uniform flow when ${Sr} \gg 1$ . A decomposition of the convective fluxes confirms the transition in the transfer mechanism. At ${Sr} = O(1)$ , both mechanisms provide comparable contributions to the transfer rate. Cross-correlation analysis reveals that particle-scale knowledge of both the recent strain and velocity history is required to predict the instantaneous transfer rate. Turbulence-induced particle rotation has a modest suppression effect upon convective transfer by sinking.

Viral strain-dependent impact of plant developmental stages on the nestedness and modularity of plant-virus interaction matrices.

This study examines the specificity of adaptation of lineages of turnip mosaic virus that were experimentally evolved from naïve and preadapted strains to Arabidopsis thaliana plants at various plant developmental stages. We conducted a cross-infection experiment involving three plant developmental stages and assessed the progression of disease and symptoms. We found a significative interaction between the host developmental stage where the virus evolved and the host developmental stage in which the virus was tested. The analysis of the resulting interaction matrices revealed significant nestedness for viruses evolved from the naïve strain, but not for those originating from the preadapted one. Furthermore, there was an absence of modularity across all matrices. Our findings suggest that the past adaptation history of the ancestral strain influences its future evolution, and each plant developmental stage imposes unique selective constraints. The study highlights the complexity of host-parasite interactions and the potential influence of the host's developmental stage on viral adaptation.

Influence of displacement rate in the tensile testing of dry yarns for composite materials used in masonry strengthening

One of the most recent strengthening techniques of masonry structures involves fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) grids as internal reinforcement of mortar plasters to produce what is normally referred to as Composite Reinforced Mortar (CRM) systems. The behaviour of such systems relies on the performance of the FRP grids which in turn depends on the properties of their constituents (fibres and resin).By comparing results of tensile tests at different displacement rates on glass fibre yarns, the effects of the strain history on the strengths exhibited by such products is here investigated. Further tensile tests were then performed on glass FRP grids made of the same previously analysed yarns in their warp direction and the influence of the displacement rates again studied.The analysis of the results of the performed experimental activity allows studying the influence of strain rates on the mechanical properties and failure behaviour of both yarns and their relative composites.

Strain-rate-dependent tensile response of an alumina ceramic: Experiments and modeling

The strain-rate-dependent tensile response of a commercial alumina ceramic (CeramTec 98% alumina) is investigated by experimental and modeling methods. The experiments at different loading rates are carried out on a standard MTS machine and a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar system with flattened Brazilian disk specimens. High-speed imaging coupled with digital image correlation (DIC) is used to measure the strain fields, and this enables us to capture the fracture process and the corresponding stress field based on theoretical considerations. In the dynamic tests, it is verified that multiple cracks appear simultaneously around the locations of maximum tensile stress and strain. Next, a matching approach based on theoretical models (i.e., the uniform and sinusoidal load models) is proposed to synchronize the stress and strain history curves in time, and the matching results show the tensile cracks are often generated prior to the peak stress as visualized in ultra-high-speed camera images. This peak stress corresponds to the failure of the sample structure, which is different from the material tensile strength as an inherent material property. In this study, we use the term “overloading” to describe the structural failure of the material. The difference between the peak stress and material tensile strength is associated with the time it takes for the crack to propagate, interact, and span the structure during the loading process, which is termed as “time-dependent structural failure”. The strain-rate-dependent tensile strength of the alumina ceramics is computed with a correction method, and the tensile strength is defined as the tensile stress when the central crack first appears in the ultra-high-speed camera images. Then, the fracture surfaces of the alumina fragments are examined by Scanning electron microscopy to explore the fracture mechanism in the failure process. Finally, a strain-rate-dependent tensile strength model is proposed to describe the tensile strength of the CeramTec 98% alumina and other alumina ceramics in the literature.

A strategy to formulate data-driven constitutive models from random multiaxial experiments

We present a test technique and an accompanying computational framework to obtain data-driven, surrogate constitutive models that capture the response of isotropic, elastic–plastic materials loaded in-plane stress by combined normal and shear stresses. The surrogate models are based on feed-forward neural networks (NNs) predicting the evolution of state variables over arbitrary increments of strain. The feasibility of the approach is assessed by conducting virtual experiments, i.e. Finite Element (FE) simulations of the response of a hollow, cylindrical, thin-walled test specimen to random histories of imposed axial displacement and rotation. In these simulations, the specimen’s material is modelled as an isotropic, rate-independent elastic–plastic solid obeying J2 plasticity with isotropic hardening. The virtual experiments allow assembling a training dataset for the surrogate models. The accuracy of two different surrogate models is evaluated by performing predictions of the response of the material to the application of random multiaxial strain histories. Both models are found to be effective and to have comparable accuracy.

Viral shedding patterns of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections by periods of variant predominance and vaccination status in Gyeonggi Province, Korea.

We compared the viral cycle threshold (Ct) values of infected patients to better understand viral kinetics by vaccination status during different periods of variant predominance in Gyeonggi Province, Korea. We obtained case-specific data from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surveillance system, Gyeonggi in-depth epidemiological report system, and Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service from January 2020 to January 2022. We defined periods of variant predominance and explored Ct values by analyzing viral sequencing test results. Using a generalized additive model, we performed a nonlinear regression analysis to determine viral kinetics over time. Cases in the Delta variant's period of predominance had higher viral shedding patterns than cases in other periods. The temporal change of viral shedding did not vary by vaccination status in the Omicron-predominant period, but viral shedding decreased in patients who had completed their third vaccination in the Delta-predominant period. During the Delta-predominant and Omicron-predominant periods, the time from symptom onset to peak viral shedding based on the E gene was approximately 2.4 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2 to 2.5) and 2.1 days (95% CI, 2.0 to 2.1), respectively. In one-time tests conducted to diagnose COVID-19 in a large population, although no adjustment for individual characteristics was conducted, it was confirmed that viral shedding differed by the predominant strain and vaccination history. These results show the value of utilizing hundreds of thousands of test data produced at COVID-19 screening test centers.

Hysteresis behavior of EQ56 high strength steel: Experimental tests and FE simulation

The probability of offshore platforms suffering to extreme cyclic loads, such as storm surges and typhoons, increases highly at deep sea. It is essential to achieve the hysteresis behavior of steel material for evaluating the dynamic response of offshore platform under cyclic load. A total of 18 coupons are fabricated from the EQ56 high strength steel (HSS) plate to investigate the monotonic and cyclic behaviors. Loading protocols include monotonic tension, constant amplitude and changing amplitude strain-controlled cyclic loadings. It is revealed that the visco-plastic behavior of EQ56 HSS is insignificant under the monotonic tension at room temperature. The EQ56 HSS presents obvious Bauschinger effect, non-masing rule, stress hardening/softening behavior and strain history memory effect under strain-controlled cyclic loading. The prior loading history at low strain-amplitude levels has little effect on the saturation stress of EQ56 HSS while stress hardening can be reactivated to a new saturation level when the applied strain-amplitude is increased. The monotonic and the cyclic hysteresis curves of EQ56 HSS were compared, and hysteretic skeleton curves are fitted using the Ramberg-Osgood model. The essential parameters of the Chaboche combined hardening model are calibrated to describe the cyclic behavior of EQ56 HSS. The comparison between FE simulation and test results demonstrates that this model cannot characterize effectively the hysteretic behavior of EQ56 HSS because the strain history memory effect and coupled behavior of cyclic stress softening and hardening are ignored in its constitutive equation.

Structural performance of perforated steel plate-CFST arch feet in concrete girder-steel arch composite bridges

This paper investigates the mechanical behavior of perforated steel plate-concrete-filled steel tubular (P-CFST) arch feet in concrete girder-steel arch composite bridges. A total of thirteen arch feet specimens, varying testing parameters of the length, thickness and arrangement of perforated steel plates, and the wall thickness of steel tubular, were prepared and tested. Failure modes, load-slip curves, strain history, and ductility of the P-CFST arch feet were presented and discussed. Experimental results indicate that introducing perforated steel plates to traditional CFST arch feet prevented the early-age cracking of the concrete abutment, and the P-CFST with triple-line-shaped perforated plates gave the largest resistance among all specimens. Compared to the P-CFST using a 4 mm-thick perforated steel plate, the cracking resistance of the P-CFST with a perforated plate thickness of 5 mm and 6 mm were increased by 26.9% and 69.4%, respectively, while the improvements for the ultimate resistance of the structure was not obvious. It also magnifies that the cracking resistance of the P-CFST using a 5 mm- and 6 mm-thick steel tubular was increased by 24.3% and 32.9%, respectively, compared to those with a 4 mm-thick steel tubular. Moreover, an analytical model considering the end-bearing effect of the combined tubular-to-plate steel member, the supporting effect of the SRC core column, and the shear effect between the SRC core column and surrounding concrete to predict the capacity of the P-CFST arch feet was proposed. The capability of the developed model was verified by experimental results.