Straight Wire Research Articles

Search for Novel Therapies for Essential Tremor Based on Positive Modulation of α6-Containing GABAA Receptors.

Prior work using GABAA receptor subunit knockouts and the harmaline model has indicated that low-dose alcohol, gaboxadol, and ganaxolone suppress tremor via α6βδ GABAA receptors. This suggests that drugs specifically enhancing the action of α6βδ or α6βγ2 GABAA receptors, both predominantly expressed on cerebellar granule cells, would be effective against tremor. We thus examined three drugs described by in vitro studies as selective α6βδ (ketamine) or α6βγ2 (Compound 6, flumazenil) receptor modulators. In the first step of evaluation, the maximal dose was sought at which 6/6 mice pass straight wire testing, a sensitive test for psychomotor impairment. Only non-impairing doses were used to evaluate for anti-tremor efficacy in the harmaline model, which was assessed in wildtype and α6 subunit knockout littermates. Ketamine, in maximally tolerated doses of 2.0 and 3.5 mg/kg had minimal effect on harmaline tremor in both genotypes. Compound 6, at well-tolerated doses of 1-10 mg/kg, effectively suppressed tremor in both genotypes. Flumazenil suppressed tremor in wildtype mice at doses (0.015-0.05 mg/kg) far lower than those causing straight wire impairment, and did not suppress tremor in α6 knockout mice. Modulators of α6βδ and α6βγ2 GABAA receptors warrant attention for novel therapies as they are anticipated to be effective and well-tolerated. Ketamine likely failed to attain α6βδ-active levels. Compound 6 is an attractive candidate, but further study is needed to clarify its mechanism of action. The flumazenil results provide proof of principle that targeting α6βγ2 receptors represents a worthy strategy for developing essential tremor therapies. We tested for harmaline tremor suppression drugs previously described as in vitro α6βδ or α6βγ2 GABAA receptor-selective modulators. Well-tolerated flumazenil doses suppressed tremor in α6-wildtype but not α6-knockout mice. Compound 6 and ketamine failed to display this profile, likely from off-target effects. Selective α6 modulators hold promise as tremor therapy.

Comparative Assessment of Rate of Enmasse Retraction between Low Friction Self-Ligating Appliance and Conventional Straight Wire Appliance with Low Level Laser Therapy – A Clinical Study

Comparative Assessment of Rate of Enmasse Retraction between Low Friction Self-Ligating Appliance and Conventional Straight Wire Appliance with Low Level Laser Therapy – A Clinical Study

Peribiliary cysts masquerading as choledocholithiasis.

Video 1The major papilla was cannulated with a sphincterotome over a straight wire. The polypoid saccular structures were identified by cholangioscopy.

Comparative Experimental Study on Effect of Copper Wire Helical Wound Steel Tube with 2.5” Full Length Insert on Performance of Double Pipe Steel Tube Heat Exchanger

Abstract: A comparative experimental study was conducted to explore the hydrothermal behavior of a double tube heat exchanger with copper wire helical wound steel tubes and plane steel tubes with and without twisted tap inserts of pitch length 2.5 inches. In comparison to helical tubes, corrugated tubes, and many other more compact tube type heat exchangers, straight tube heat exchangers offer advantages since the construction of the heat exchanger tubes is easier. In the current work, the fluid-to-fluid heat exchange is considered, with a flow rate ranging from 15 to 75 liters/hour. Constant wall temperature or constant heat flux ideas are used in the majority of investigations on heat transfer coefficients. The efficiency, overall heat transfer coefficient, and impact of hot water flow rate with constant cold water flow rate for straight steel tube and copper wire helical wrapped steel tube heat exchangers in parallel flow and counter flow configurations were investigated and compared. Utilizing a 2.5" full length clockwise twisted tape insert, both layouts were created. The measurements were carried out in a constant state. When the hot water flow rate is increased while maintaining the cold water flow rate constant, the efficiency of the heat exchanger drops for both the straight steel and the copper wire helical wound steel tube. Compared to a plane steel tube heat exchanger, the copper wire helical wound steel tube heat exchanger has a better efficiency. The test findings demonstrate that inserting inserts causes pressure drop. With 2.5" clockwise twisted tape inserts wrapped in helical copper wire, steel tube was able to transmit heat more quickly than other arrangements.

Chirality-controlled spin scattering through quantum interference.

Chirality-induced spin selectivity has been reported in many experiments, but a generally accepted theoretical explanation has not yet been proposed. Here, we introduce a simple model system of a straight cylindrical free-electron wire containing a helical string of atomic scattering centers with spin-orbit interaction. The advantage of this simple model is that it allows deriving analytical expressions for the spin scattering rates, such that the origin of the effect can be easily followed. We find that spin-selective scattering can be viewed as resulting from the constructive interference of partial waves scattered by the spin-orbit terms. We demonstrate that forward scattering rates are independent of spin, while back scattering is spin dependent over wide windows of energy. Although the model does not represent the full details of electron transmission through chiral molecules, it clearly reveals a mechanism that could operate in chiral systems.

Explorations of knitted shape memory alloy actuation behavior under high loads via finite element analyses and experimental studies

The properties of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires have long been leveraged across a variety of industries. While the response of such SMA forms implemented as straight axial actuators is well understood, curved and complex configurations such as knits have received far less attention. Considering 2D configurations, it is well known that knits exhibit more in-plane compliance than weaves and meshes, the curved wires comprising the former being much more flexible than the straight wire segments in the latter. In addition, knitted structures are uniquely highly tailorable. Knitting techniques and patterns developed in the textile industry allow for variable materials and geometries in the same structure, allowing for a large range of tailored macro-structure responses. Existing efforts to model the behavior of knitted SMA structures are lacking; though finite element analysis (FEA) models have been presented for knit SMAs, these models either only consider superelastic SMA behavior, or, in those that account for actuation behavior, the applied load conditions studied are insufficient to fully leverage the thermally induced strain recoverability of SMAs. This work seeks to develop and validate a finite element model for the actuation of SMA knitted structures where individual SMA wire components are axially stressed to more than 100 MPa. A representative volume element is developed for a common knit pattern, and macro-structure responses are explored and compared with experiments. This research provides a foundation for better understanding fundamental capabilities and responses of knitted SMA structures, allowing for better design, functionality, and customizability of the applications into which they are incorporated, enabling development of unique soft actuators. A shape-set sample examined herein generated 13% extension (analogous to strain) and recovered more that 6% under a load associated with 100 MPa stress in a straight wire, and a sample knit off-the-spool generated over 20% extension and recovered 9% for the same load.

Magnetic field imaging by hBN quantum sensor nanoarray

Placing a sensor close to the target at the nano-level is a central challenge in quantum sensing. We demonstrate magnetic field imaging with a boron vacancy (VB−) defects array in hexagonal boron nitride with a few 10 nm thickness. VB− sensor spots with a size of (100 nm)2 are arranged periodically with nanoscale accuracy using a helium ion microscope and attached tightly to a gold wire. The sensor array allows us to visualize the magnetic field induced by the current in the straight micro wire with a high spatial resolution. Each sensor exhibits a practical sensitivity of 73.6 μT/Hz0.5, suitable for quantum materials research. Our technique of arranging VB− quantum sensors periodically and tightly on measurement targets will maximize their potential.

The Attenuation calculation method for the underwater low-frequency magnetic field of finite-length straight wire

Usually, when solving the magnetic field distribution of a finite-length straight wire in a conducting medium, numerical calculation is required. However, this method has some disadvantages, such as complex calculations and not being conducive to engineering implementation. To solve this problem, this paper studied the attenuation calculation method for the underwater low-frequency magnetic field of the finite-length straight wire and then obtained the analytical calculation formula of magnetic field spatial distribution. The simulation results show that, within a certain distance, the analytical method is in good agreement with the numerical calculation results. The method presented in this paper is convenient for calculation and has good engineering practicability.

Broadband 2D phase-gradient metasurface for linearly-polarized waves by suppressing Lorentz resonance of meta-atoms.

Metasurfaces have exhibited versatile capacities of controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves due to the high degree of freedom of designing artificially engineered meta-atoms. For circular polarization (CP), broadband phase gradient metasurfaces (PGMs) can be realized based on P-B geometric phase by rotating meta-atoms; while for linear polarization (LP), realization of broadband phase gradients has to resort to P-B geometric phase during polarization conversion and polarization purity has to be sacrificed for broadband properties. It is still challenging to obtain broadband PGMs for LP waves without polarization conversion. In this paper, we propose the design of 2D PGMs by combining the inherently wideband geometric phases and non-resonant phases of meta-atom, under the philosophy of suppressing Lorentz resonances that usually bring about abrupt phase changes. To this end, an anisotropic meta-atom is devised which can suppress abrupt Lorentz resonances in 2D for both x- and y-polarized waves. For y-polarized waves, the central straight wire is in perpendicular to electric vector Ein of incident waves, Lorentz resonance cannot be excited although the electrical length approaches or even exceeds half a wavelength. For x-polarized waves, the central straight wire is in parallel with Ein, a split gap is opened on the center of the straight wire so as to avoid Lorentz resonance. In this way, the abrupt Lorentz resonances are suppressed in 2D and the wideband geometric phase and the gradual non-resonant phase are left for broadband PGM design. As a proof of concept, a 2D PGM prototype for LP waves was designed, fabricated and measured in microwave regime. Both simulated and measured results show that the PGM can achieve broadband beam deflection for reflected waves for both x- and y-polarized waves in broadband, without changing the LP state. This work provides a broadband route to 2D PGMs for LP waves and can be readily extended to higher frequencies such as terahertz and infrared regimes.

Periodic dynamics in the relativistic regime of an electromagnetic field induced by a time-dependent wire

We consider the motion of a charged particle under the electromagnetic field generated by an electrically neutral infinite straight wire with a time-periodic oscillating (AC-DC) current. By using global continuation and topological degree, we identify a bi-parametric family of radially periodic motions. The proofs involve some delicate estimations of the induced electromagnetic field, which can be of independent interest.

Biot-Savart routines with minimal floating point error

A set of routines to compute the magnetic vector potential and magnetic field of two types of current carriers is presented. The (infinitely thin) current carrier types are a straight wire segment and a circular wire loop. The routines are highly accurate and exhibit the correct asymptotic behavior far away from and close to the current carrier. A suitable global set of test points is introduced and the methods presented in this work are tested against results obtained using arbitrary-precision arithmetic on all test points. The results are accurate to approximately 16 decimal digits of precision when computed using 64 bit floating point arithmetic. There are a few exceptions where accuracy drops to 13 digits. These primitive current carrier types can be used to assemble more complex arrangements, such as a current along a polygon (by means of defining straight wire segments from point to point along the polygon) and a multi-winding coil with circular cross-section. Reference data is provided along with the code for benchmarks with other implementations. Program summaryProgram Title: Biot-Savart Routines with Minimal Floating Point ErrorCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/zcwk7zzt9y.1Developer's repository link:https://github.com/jonathanschilling/abscabLicensing provisions: Apache-2.0Programming language: C, Python, Java, FortranSupplementary material: Reference output data for all methods described in this article.Nature of problem: A common task in computational physics is to compute the magnetic field and magnetic vector potential originating from current-carrying wire arrangements. These current carriers are often approximated for computational simplicity as infinitely thin filaments following the center lines of the real current carrier. Computational methods are thus needed to compute the magnetic field and the magnetic vector potential of a single straight wire segment or a single circular wire loop as basis for modeling more complex current carrier arrangements by superposition of the current carrier primitives. A current carrier path specified by (x,y,z) coordinates can be modeled as a set of straight wire segments from point to point along the polygon describing the current carrier geometry. Closed circular wire loops are also commonly used as a proxy for a physical coil with helical windings.Solution method: Analytical expressions are derived in this work to accurately compute the magnetic field and the magnetic vector potential of a straight wire segment and a circular wire loop. The expressions consist of several special cases, which are automatically switched between depending on the location of the evaluation location in the coordinate system of the current carrier primitive. This approach guarantees that always the most accurate formulation available for a given evaluation location is used, including explicit use of simplifications in certain special cases for speed and accuracy.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: For most test cases, the full relative accuracy of the floating point arithmetic chosen for implementation is retained throughout the computations (16 digits of precision in the IEEE-754 binary64 implementation). There are a few exceptions where accuracy drops by up to 3 digits of precision (in the binary64 case). The provided implementations have not been optimized for speed.

Bracket positioning in orthodontics: Past and present

Bracket positioning is a fundamental aspect of orthodontics, resulting in force delivery in three planes of space using the straight wire appliance. Ideal bracket placement aims to achieve esthetic and functional tooth position, with a consonant smile arc, as well as level marginal ridges and interdigitated buccal segments. Variation in bracket positioning alters the expression of the prescription of the straight wire appliance, and consequently tooth position in three planes of space. A variety of approaches have been proposed for ideal bracket positioning, however, shortcomings are evident and detailed in this paper, which reviews the different positioning methods and identifies their shortcomings. Described is a new method of bracket positioning, Smile Arc and Marginal Ridge Approach (SAMRA), designed to achieve the goals of bracket positioning consistently and reliably.

Flexible ureteroscope capable of acute-angled and balanced omnidirectional bending based on soft and flexible porous tube and crossed control wiring.

Flexible ureteroscopes (fURSs) have performance limitations in accessing acute-angled calyxes and omnidirectional bending. We propose and develop a fURS based on a soft and flexible porous tube and crossed control wiring to overcome these limitations. The fURS prototype comprises a flexible solid polyamide-12 tube and a stretch-retractable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene distal tube with 40% porosity connected by a unique cylindrical wire-routing hook (CWH). The series tube includes four crossed but not contacting loop-formed control wires to provide balanced omnidirectional bending and optimized distal tube bending performance. Bending performance was assessed compared with a conventional fURS, and feasibility studies were performed using a renal phantom. The prototype achieved a 275° omnidirectional maximum bend angle by combining up-down and right-left directions. The bent shape was more compact than the conventional fURS. Thus, the prototype achieved approximately a 1.6-fold larger maximal active bending angle within the restricted environment and a 5.5-fold larger passive bending angle. The crossed control wiring design reduced CWH offset distance by about 75% compared with conventional straight wire routing. The prototype exhibited considerably improved steering performance, exemplified by its ability to access an acutely angled calyx. Our design could improve treatment outcomes and shorten operation times associated with calyceal stone removal.

Long and oriented graphene nanoribbon synthesis from well-ordered 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene monolayer on crystalline Au surfaces.

Bottom-up synthesis on metal surfaces has attracted attention for the fabrication of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with atomically-precise chemical structures to realize novel electronic devices. However, control of length and orientation on surfaces during GNR synthesis is difficult, thus, achieving longer and aligned GNR growth is a significant challenge. Herein, we report GNR synthesis from a well-ordered dense monolayer on Au crystalline surfaces for long and oriented GNR growth. Scanning tunneling microscopy showed that 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthracene (DBBA) precursors deposited on Au(111) at room temperature self-assembled into a well-ordered dense monolayer, and the straight molecular wire structure was formed where Br atoms in each precursor were adjacent along the wire axis. The DBBAs in the monolayer were found to be hardly desorbed from the surface under subsequent heating and efficiently polymerize along with the molecular arrangement, resulting in more long and oriented GNR growth compared to the conventional growth method. The result is attributed to be suppression of random diffusion and desorption of the DBBAs on the Au surface during polymerization due to the densely-packed DBBA structure. Additionally, an investigation of the effect of the Au crystalline plane on the GNR growth revealed further anisotropic GNR growth on Au(100) compared to Au(111) due to the stronger interactions of DBBA with Au(100). These findings provide fundamental knowledge for controlling GNR growth from a well-ordered precursor monolayer to achieve more long and oriented GNRs.

"Zirconia Straight Wire Appliance Combined with Flat Bite Plate for the Treatment of Lingual Tipping Deep Overbite with Undersized Lateral Incisors"

Patient Jiang, Female,25 years old, came to the clinic for irregular teeth. The case was reported as lingual tipping deep overbite with maxillary undersized lateral incisors, which the patient did not accept to restore the malocclusion morphology by denture, resulting in the selection of extraction of bilateral maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular second premolars, and orthodontic treatment by zirconia straight wire appliances combined with flat bite plate.

How Far Is the Far Field?

We present a set of formulas for determining the far-field region of a radiator, or scatterer, by examining the integral representation of the magnetic field scattered by a thin straight wire. These formulas are the result of bounding the errors in magnitude and phase of the approximation of the gradient of the free-space Green's function in the far field. Since the error requirements vary from one case to the next, the dependence on them shows that the far field is not a hard-wired parameter, but depends on the sensitivity of a specific case to magnitude and phase errors.

Combination of surgical exposure and fixed orthodontic appliance in bilateral impacted canine

Objective: This case report is to describe the management of bilateral impacted canine due to the persistence of deciduous teeth with surgical procedures and retraction with orthodontic tools.
 Methods: Orthodontic treatment used a Straight Wire system with a 0.22 bracket slot. It began with the use of Niti 0.14 for the correction of anterior teeth crowding. Teeth 53 and 63 extraction were performed and continued with Niti 0.18 wire to correct crowding and obtain sufficient eruption spaces for teeth 13 and 23. The surgery used an open window procedure with a full-thickness triangular flap to open the canine crown, bracket placement, and canine retraction using an elastomeric chain.
 Results: Within five months, the crowding was corrected, and enough space was obtained for the canine eruption, and within three months, the canine had reached the occlusal plane perfectly.
 Conclusion: Bilateral impacted canines can be treated with a combination of surgical procedure and retraction with orthodontic treatment to achieve optimum occlusion and aesthetic function.

High Sensitivity Planar Hall Effect Magnetic Field Gradiometer for Measurements in Millimeter Scale Environments.

We report a specially designed magnetic field gradiometer based on a single elliptical planar Hall effect (PHE) sensor, which allows measuring magnetic field at nine different positions in a 4 mm length scale. The gradiometer detects magnetic field gradients with equivalent gradient magnetic noises of ∼958, ∼192, ∼51, and ∼26 nT/m√ Hz (pT/mm√Hz) at 0.1, 1, 10, and 50 Hz, respectively. The performance of the gradiometer is tested in ambient conditions by measuring the field gradient induced by electric currents driven in a long straight wire. This gradiometer is expected to be highly useful for the measurement of magnetic field gradients in confined areas for its small footprint, low noise, scalability, simple design, and low costs.

EM-FOR: simple and low-cost force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experimental kit

In this study, we design and construct a low-cost experimental kit for the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field experiment, namely EM-FOR. The kit consists of several pairs of rectangular-shaped permanent magnets with different polarities facing each other on a U-shaped aluminium casing as the source of the magnetic field, a straight copper wire at the centre between the two magnets as the electrical conductor, conductor rings and connecting wires to connect conductor and electrical source, and an electronic balance to measure the magnitude and to determine the direction of the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. The design of the EM-FOR experimental kit was validated by determining the magnitude and direction of the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field for normal and reverse connections to a power supply. The constructed kit can be utilized for three experiments: the effects of applied current, conductor length and electromagnetic field strength on the force on a straight current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

A Microcontroller-Based Experiment to Determine the Magnetic Field Near a Straight Current-Carrying Wire

It is well known that the needle of a compass in a magnetic field deflects, and that a compass near a conductive wire carrying a stable electric current deflects its needle. The only explanation of this observation is that the current-carrying wire creates a magnetic field around it. The strength of the magnetic field at any point near the wire depends on the strength of the current and the distance from the wire. Analysis of the magnetic field created by a long straight current-carrying wire has an important place in magnetism teaching. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a low-cost experimental setup to collect real-time data for the analysis of the magnetic field near a long straight wire.