Straight Path Research Articles

Hakikat Manusia Menurut Pandangan Islam dan Kristen

This research examines human nature according to Islamic and Christian views. The research method used by researchers is a qualitative research method with a library research model because the data sources used are literature data. In this research the author uses a historical approach. The historical method in the general sense is the examination of a problem by applying a solution from a historical perspective. The results of this research show that by observing and responding to the previous description, the following conclusions can be drawn: Human Understanding. Humans are creatures created by God consisting of physical (body) and spiritual (soul) elements which cannot be separated. It is this body and soul that form an individual. humans are creatures who face themselves, but also face difficulties and so on. Humans are endowed with the power to exercise will and choose ways. In the view of believers, humans are noble and honorable creatures in the sight of God. Christianity and Islamic teachings both have a method of love, namely the undying human desire for what is true, good and beautiful. Humans will move towards good life attitudes and towards beautiful knowledge, from there finally to knowledge which is none other than the knowledge of supernatural beauty itself, in this way humans will finally know what is truly beautiful. Love will only be obtained by someone who has a good soul, a clean sheet, a pure heart and heart that is illuminated from within which points him towards the straight path. Beauty is an essential practice in the element of the soul. so that someone will come to the love of Allah.

Characterisation of print path deviation in material extrusion

Material extrusion, also known as fused filament fabrication, is one of the most popular additive manufacturing techniques due to its lower cost and ease of handling. However, parts produced by material extrusion have relatively poor mechanical performance, dimensional accuracy and thermal performance as compared to parts produced by subtractive manufacturing due to high void content. Previous studies have suggested print path deviation as the cause of these voids, but no attempt has yet been made to characterise these deviations. In this study, we propose a method to assess print path deviation for material extrusion that may reduce the formation of voids in printed parts. Geometric features including straight paths, various angled corners and curves of varying radii are printed at different print speeds using an open-source printer and then imaged under a microscopic. The deviation in print path centroid and width is classified as being a combination of systematic and stochastic deviations. Systematic deviation is determined by the difference between the mean of the actual print path and the ideal print path sent to the printer by the user. Stochastic deviation represents the randomness across print samples and is given by the root mean square deviation. The relationship between stochastic deviation between any two points along the print path is determined by a correlation coefficient. The results show that both print speed and different geometric print features affect the amount of deviation in the print path. In the case of correlation of the stochastic deviation along print paths, geometric features are found to have a much greater effect than print speed. The proposed method provides a low cost and highly transferrable technique to characterise the print path deviation within material extrusion parts with respect to varying printing parameters. An accurate understanding of local print deviations within a part plays a major role in the analysis and topology optimisation of 3D printed parts and gives the ability to assess the print quality and identify the root cause of print deviations, thus reducing voids and improving mechanical performance, dimensional accuracy and thermal properties of the printed part.

Absolute joint-angle estimation of Generalised N-Trailer vehicles equipped with incremental encoders using moving horizon estimation

The Generalised N-Trailer (GNT) vehicle is a tool for field operations that optimises harvesting and transportation tasks, offering a highly scalable payload using only one tractor. Precise knowledge of the position and attitude of each segment in the chained vehicle is crucial for the controller’s success during operation. In this study, we propose the use of a Nonlinear Moving Horizon Estimator (NMHE) to estimate the system’s state when the GNT vehicle is equipped with incremental encoders on its joints. A first NMHE serves as a virtual calibration procedure, estimating initial joint angle values and the system’s state using noisy and biased measurements of the joints and the tractor pose. This calibration is performed while the chained vehicle travels along a straight path, whose length is determined by the number of trailers and their geometrical properties. Subsequently, a second NMHE, with fewer optimisation variables and constraints replace the first to effectively reduce the computational burden. Moreover, it treats the incremental encoder measurements as if they were absolute encoders after the initial joint angles have been estimated by the first NMHE. The proposed method is compared against the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and validated through simulated and practical real-time experiments, showcasing its effectiveness in achieving precise control and enhancing operational efficiency.

Development of a GNSS/INS-based automatic navigation land levelling system

In this study, an automatic navigation land levelling system based on the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and an inertial navigation system (INS) was developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of land levelling. The developed system platform was composed of an integrated positioning unit, steering and lifting controller, and vehicle control terminal. Automatic navigation land levelling vehicle terminal software was designed to realize data communication, processing and storage, and display. Through the cooperation of the platform and software, the system completed the automatic navigation terrain survey, automatic planning/design and automatic navigation land levelling functions. In addition, a GNSS/INS integrated positioning method based on an adaptive square root cubature Kalman filter (ASRCKF) was designed, which obtained the correction positioning points of the tractor and scraper and adaptively predicted the state and measurement noise of the SRCKF. An automatic steering and lifting control method was designed to realize synchronous automatic navigation land levelling control, which was combined with the positioning method. Field experiments were carried out to validate the path tracking effect of the dynamic filtering navigation and a comparison of the manual and automatic land levelling operation performance. The navigation experimental results showed that the average root mean square error (RMSE) of the tractor and the scraper were 2.94 cm and 3.15 cm in tracking a straight path and 8.61 cm and 9.83 cm in tracking a curved path, respectively. The average RMSE of the path tracking based on the ASRCKF positioning method was reduced by 75.2% and 67.4% for the tractor and the scraper, respectively. The land levelling experimental results showed that the elevation distribution around the datum elevation of the automatic navigation land levelling increased by 8.7% compared to the manual operation. The GNSS/INS-based automatic navigation land levelling system can notably reduce the lateral position deviations, improve the control accuracy and land levelling efficiency, and meet the control accuracy requirements of unmanned tractor-scraper land levelling operations.

A study on transport and plugging of sodium aerosol in leak paths of concrete blocks

In the event of a severe accident in Sodium Cooled Fast Reactors (SFR), the sodium combustion aerosols along with fission product aerosols would migrate to the environment through leak paths of the Reactor Containment Building (RCB) concrete wall under positive pressure. Understanding the characteristics of sodium aerosol transport through concrete leak paths is important as it governs the environmental source term. In this context, experiments are conducted to study the influence of various parameters like pressure, initial mass concentration, leak path diameter, humidity etc., on the transport and deposition of sodium aerosols in straight leak paths of concrete. The leak paths in concrete specimens are prepared by casting and the diameter of the leak path is measured using thermography technique. Aerosol transport experiments are conducted to measure the transported and plugged aerosol mass in the leak paths and corresponding plugging times. The values of differential pressure, aerosol concentration and relative humidity taken for the study are in the ranges 10–15 kPa, 0.65–3.04 g/m3 and 30–90% respectively. These observations are numerically simulated using 1-Dimensional transport equation. The simulated values are compared with the experimental results and reasonable agreement among them is observed. From the safety assessment view of reactor, the approach presented here is conservative as it is with straight leak paths.

Impact of track length, track shape, and track location on thermal distortion in laser powder bed fusion of IN625: Single laser vs. three lasers

Laser powder bed fusion is a popular additive manufacturing process for creating complex metallic components. However, it has limitations in terms of build rate and component size. One potential solution to overcome these limitations is the utilization of multiple lasers for part fabrication. Nevertheless, thermal distortion poses a significant challenge in this approach. While several process parameters can be optimized to minimize distortion, the scan pattern is a critical factor. This study focuses on the design of efficient scan patterns to improve distortion in multi-laser powder bed fusion parts. Previous research has primarily explored default scan patterns like raster, spiral, and Hilbert. In contrast, this paper takes a fundamental approach by introducing customizable variables such as track length, track angle, and track location. The resulting paths are simulated using a commercially available thermo-mechanical solver to systematically evaluate their impact on melt pool dimensions, temperature evolution, stresses, and distortion. The findings indicate that multi-laser simulations consistently exhibit lower thermal distortion compared to single-laser configurations. Longer track lengths result in higher maximum displacement, while straight paths with a 0° track angle reduce distortion. Additionally, boundary conditions significantly affect distortion, and printing farther away from constrained edges proves beneficial in minimizing distortion. In conclusion, the insights derived from this study can be used to design of intelligent scan paths.

A Leaky Wave Antenna With Capability of Fixed-Frequency Beamforming Scanning

A novel electrically controlled leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with capability of fixed frequency beamforming scanning is proposed in this communication. The antenna is designed on substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW), and the slot period of the antenna can be changed electronically by switching between “ON” and “OFF” states of PIN diodes connected to two edges of slots. Based on the reconfigurable property of slot period, the phase constant of the -1th spatial harmonic can be modified, thus the beam direction of antenna can be changed and continuous beam scanning can be realized. For specific applications in linear confined space, scanning beam with almost the same field strengths along a straight path is commonly required. Therefore, a hybrid coding method is proposed in this paper and applied to a 2×1 antenna array to realize bilateral beamforming scanning. Simulation and measurement results show that a wide beam scanning range of 99° at 5.98 GHz can be obtained in both cases of continuous beam scanning and beamforming scanning. The proposed LWA array is suitable for the future application of smart mobile communication.

Effects of metal ratios and post treatments on energy storage ability of cobalt manganese metal organic frameworks

Metal organic framework (MOF) with large surface area and pore tunability has been intensively applied on energy storage. Tubular structure is one of promising configurations due to abundant contacts to electrolyte at inner/outer surface and straight charge transfer paths. Bimetallic compounds with multiple redox states are favorable for generating redox reactions. Possible conversions to oxides or sulfides can also induce additional active sites and enhance conductivity. In this study, cobalt and manganese bimetallic MOF (CoMn-MOF) tubular structures are firstly synthesized using polypyrrole nanotubes as the template. Effects of metal ratio on energy storage is investigated to understand contributions from Co and Mn. The CoMn-MOF derived oxide and sulfide are further synthesized to enhance energy storage ability. A larger specific capacitance (CF) of 670.1 F/g is attained for CoMn-MOF derived sulfide (S-CoMn-MOF) electrode, respectively compared to those of 247.0 and 426.7 F/g for the CoMn-MOF and oxidized CoMn-MOF electrodes, because of surface connected tubular structure and balanced components of MOF and sulfides for S-CoMn-MOF. An energy storage device with S-CoMn-MOF and graphene electrodes shows a maximum energy density of 17.9 Wh/kg at 785.7 W/kg. The CF retention of 78% and Coulombic efficiency of 97% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles are also obtained.

Cost and deployment consequences of advanced planning for negative emissions with direct air capture in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection

Negative emissions systems differ from net-zero systems by deploying significantly more negative emission technologies. The emerging literature on negative emission power systems assumes straight transition pathways from the present systems to final negative emissions systems. Such straight transition paths are unlikely, as deployment of negative emission technologies such as direct air capture might occur via crash course to respond to climate crises and utilities are investing towards net-zero systems instead of negative emissions systems. In this paper, to inform policymakers of the different outcomes of planning for negative emissions systems at different timelines, we quantify the value of planning for a negative emissions power system beginning now versus after achieving a net-zero emissions system in 2050. We apply a macro-scale capacity expansion planning model to the Eastern Interconnection power system to quantify the technological deployments and cost consequences of these two decarbonization pathways to reach a negative emission power system. We find advanced planning for a negative emissions system favors more deployment of storage technologies, which increases system flexibility and allows for better utilization of renewable generation to reduce investments in other technologies, including transmission lines. This change in distribution of investments across technologies leads to small annual cost saving of $6 billion, or 1%. We also find that further delay in planning for a negative emission system after reaching net-zero by 5, 10, and 15 years could significantly increase total system cost by 29%, 35%, and 41% respectively due to higher deployment of negative emission technologies. Our results indicate that, given small annual cost saving from advanced planning for a negative emission power system, economically utilities are on the right path in planning for a net-zero power system by 2050. However, planning should not be delayed further after reaching net-zero to avoid missing cumulative emission targets or significant cost consequences.

Concurrent Validity of Dual-Task Walking Speed With CERAD-NP Assessment Battery in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

ObjectiveTo explore the concurrent validity of the dual-task walking speed assessments in older adults using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Neuro-Psychological (CERAD-NP) Assessment Battery. DesignCross-sectional design. SettingWelfare care centers, Senior complex centers, and Dementia prevention care centers. ParticipantsA total of 163 community-dwelling older adults (N=163) were recruited using consecutive sampling. Participants were composed of 65 older adults with cognitive decline and 98 without cognitive decline. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresThis study assessed the concurrent validity between dual-task walking speed assessments and the Total II score of CERAD-NP using Spearman's rank order correlations. The effect of the dual-task walking speed assessments on the Total II score was further investigated through multiple linear regression analysis. ResultsThere was a moderate and statically significant association between the Total II score and all 8 dual-task walking speed assessments (P<.05). The Total II score was strongly associated with the dual tasks of walking on a straight path while counting backward and crossing over an obstacle (r=0.698, r=0.697, respectively; P<.05). According to multiple linear regression, only the dual task of walking while counting backward was significantly associated with the Total II score (P<.05). ConclusionThe dual-task walking speed assessments, which involved walking and performing a secondary task such as counting backward or crossing an obstacle on a straight path, were highly indicative of cognitive decline. The combination of results from both tasks may provide a more comprehensive evaluation of cognitive decline compared with relying solely on a single-task assessment.

Evaluating the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 and 3 in static and dynamic conditions

Over the past few decades, there have been significant developments in eye-tracking technology, particularly in the domain of mobile, head-mounted devices. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the accuracy of these eye-trackers during static and dynamic tasks. In light of this, we evaluated the performance of two widely used devices: Tobii Pro Glasses 2 and Tobii Pro Glasses 3. A total of 36 participants engaged in tasks under three dynamicity conditions. In the “seated with a chinrest” trial, only the eyes could be moved; in the “seated without a chinrest” trial, both the head and the eyes were free to move; and during the walking trial, participants walked along a straight path. During the seated trials, participants’ gaze was directed towards dots on a wall by means of audio instructions, whereas in the walking trial, participants maintained their gaze on a bullseye while walking towards it. Eye-tracker accuracy was determined using computer vision techniques to identify the target within the scene camera image. The findings showed that Tobii 3 outperformed Tobii 2 in terms of accuracy during the walking trials. Moreover, the results suggest that employing a chinrest in the case of head-mounted eye-trackers is counterproductive, as it necessitates larger eye eccentricities for target fixation, thereby compromising accuracy compared to not using a chinrest, which allows for head movement. Lastly, it was found that participants who reported higher workload demonstrated poorer eye-tracking accuracy. The current findings may be useful in the design of experiments that involve head-mounted eye-trackers.

Vector field-based integral LOS path following and target tracking for underactuated unmanned surface vehicle

The paper focuses on developing a method that enables the unmanned surface vehicle (USV) to effectively track dynamic objects on the water surface. The integral line-of-sight (LOS) guidance law is improved by introducing the concept of vector field for curved paths and the time-varying lookahead distance with a smoothing control parameter for straight paths. These enhancements facilitate faster convergence to the desired path with reduced oscillations and allow for mitigating the impact of constant external disturbances. The research demonstrates that the proposed guidance law exhibits κ-exponential stability when converging towards a desired path composed of both straight lines and curves. The results presented in the paper demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the accuracy of tracking dynamic targets for unmanned surface vehicles while ensuring the safety of docking operations.

An Embedded Convolutional Neural Network for Maze Classification and Navigation

Traditionally, the maze solving robots employ ultrasonic sensors to detect the maze walls around the robot. The robot is able to transverse along the maze omnidirectionally measured depth. However, this approach only perceives the presence of the objects without recognizing the type of these objects. Therefore, computer vision has become more popular for classification purpose in robot applications. In this study, a maze solving robot is equipped with a camera to recognize the types of obstacles in a maze. The types of obstacles are classified as: intersection, dead end, T junction, finish zone, start zone, straight path, T–junction, left turn, and right turn. Convolutional neural network, consisting of four convolution layers, three pooling layers, and three fully-connected layers, is employed to train the robot using a total of 24,000 images to recognize the obstacles. Jetson Nano development kit is used to implement the trained model and navigate the robot. The results show an average training accuracy of 82% with a training time of 30 minutes 15 seconds. As for the testing, the lowest accuracy is 90% for the T-junction with the computational time being 500 milliseconds for each frame. Therefore, the convolutional neural network is adequate to serve as classifier and navigate a maze solving robot.

Shielding effect of ring dislocation dipole on penny-shaped crack

Mechanical behavior of strongly crystalline materials can be significantly influenced by the internal dislocation structure and their iteration with micro crack-like defects. Thus, study on the crack-dislocation interaction problems can help to understand the failure mechanism of crystalline materials. Previous theoretical analysis have been mostly limited to plane problems, where the cracks are idealized as straight slit with infinite or zero out plane dimension and the dislocations slip along an inclined straight path starting from the crack tip. In this paper, we explore a new interaction mechanism under axisymmetric deformation state. An unconventional case of a penny-shaped crack interacts with a ring dislocation dipole is considered. Both the ring dislocation dipole and crack are modelled as axisymmetric edge dislocation loops. Solutions for the dislocation loops are obtained using the GKS based method. The mixed boundary value problem is converted into Abel integral equations, which can be solved analytically. Exact closed form solutions for the stress intensity factors (SIFs) in terms of elementary functions are obtained. Numerical studies are conducted to investigate the shielding effect of the ring dislocation dipole on the crack tip SIFs. Conditions for the dislocation to shield the crack are discussed. The present solutions can also be used as weight functions to study the axisymmetric interaction between penny shaped crack and other types of eigenstrain sources.

Path Tracking of Agricultural Vehicles Based on 4WIS–4WID Structure and Fuzzy Control

This paper proposes a path-tracking method for agricultural vehicles based on the 4WIS-4WID structure and fuzzy control to improve the operation performance of agricultural machinery in the greenhouse. The influential model of two critical parameters, α and R, on the position correction is obtained based on the relationship analysis between the traditional pure pursuit model and the vehicle structure. Based on aiming pursuit, the relationship equation between the position deviation, lateral deviation d, and heading deviation θ is established. A two-input and two-output fuzzy controller is designed, and the lateral deviation d and heading deviation θ are the input variables. Values of α and R are obtained after fuzzification, fuzzy inference, and defuzzification, and a validated MATLAB model is used to simulate different scenarios. Results of the tests show that the steady-state error of path tracking based on fuzzy control pursuit is between 35 and 51 mm, and the stability distance is between 1661 and 3052 mm for straight path tracking in four initial states. The rectangular corners have the highest inaccuracy. The results of fuzzy control pursuit show a significant improvement in path-tracking performance that can influence vehicle navigation capability in the greenhouse.

Living Quran in the Context of Rural Communities: A Study on the Miracle of the Quran in Gentasari, Kroya, Cilacap

Abstract The Quran is a holy book containing various theological and social teachings and guides humans to the straight path. It’s just that when the Quran is present and consumed by the community, it experiences various responses which are implemented in many living Quran practices – positioning the Quran beyond its capacity as a text in their lives. These phenomena seem to be a concrete indicator of the expression often labeled to the Quran as a ṣāliḥ li-kulli zamān wa-makān or relevant to various situations and conditions. This article examines the practice of living the Quran in the Gentasari Village community, Kroya, Cilacap. Researchers used various instruments to explore data sources, such as interviews, observations, and documentation or studies of related documents. In clarifying the validity of the data, the researchers carried out an extension of participation and triangulation of sources and methods. From the research conducted, it can be seen that: 1) some of the Gentasari Village Community position the Quran as objects that have magical powers, 2) The implications of this view are implemented in their various receptions of the Quran, including: as a medium of treatment, as a medium of protection from spirits, repel reinforcements, as a medium to facilitate life’s problems – such as ease in death, ease of delivery, and requests for the birth of an ideal baby, who inherit the characteristics of figures in the Quran, such as Prophet Yunus, Prophet Muḥammād PBUH, Maryām, and so on.

Enhanced upper ocean response within a warm eddy to Typhoon Nakri (2019) during the sudden-turning stage

The passage of typhoons usually induces a pronounced upper ocean response that is not only determined by typhoon attributes but also modulated by pre-existing mesoscale eddies. Here we examined the upper ocean response to Typhoon Nakri (2019) in the South China Sea, which first passed over a cold eddy following a straight path and then made a sudden turning over a warm eddy, on the basis of satellite observations and HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) reanalysis datasets in addition with numerical experiments. Two cold and salty patches with remarkable sea surface temperature (SST) cooling and sea surface salinity (SSS) increase emerged after Typhoon Nakri's passage in the pre-existing cold-eddy and warm-eddy regions. Particularly, the maximum SST cooling and SSS increase induced by Typhoon Nakri reached 6.6 °C and 1.6 psμ in the pre-existing warm-eddy region, which were even more pronounced than those in the pre-existing cold-eddy region (6.0 °C and 1.3 psμ). Typhoon Nakri enlarged the cold eddy and weakened the warm eddy significantly, with the maximum sea surface height reduction (up to 43 cm) appearing in the pre-existing warm eddy, which even disappeared after Nakri. Furthermore, Nakri induced phytoplankton blooms with a chlorophyll-a concentration increase reaching 2 mg m−3. The subsurface temperature (salinity) was also reduced (increased) significantly in the pre-existing warm-eddy region. The more pronounced ocean response in the warm-eddy region was largely attributed to the sudden turning of Nakri's track, prolonging the forcing time of typhoon winds. By employing the three-dimensional Price–Weller–Pinkel model, the results of numerical experiments demonstrated that typhoon's track turning as well as the accompanied slow translation speed during Nakri's sudden-turning stage, played a predominate role in resulting in the remarkable SST cooling within the warm-eddy region. These results highlight the important role of sudden track turning in modulating the upper ocean response to typhoons.

The impact of the purposes of the Quran and Sunnah on building the Muslim human personality.

The research focuses on the impact of the purposes of the Quran and Sunnah on building the Muslim human personality, in its spiritual aspect, mentally, physically, and socially, which constitutes a distinct personality, here comes the importance of the research in display this aspect of modern study, which raises many problematic questions, such as, how to observance human nature, and its many aspects, in the process of building his character, and that's what this building is about, its nature, and what characterizes the Muslim human figure, the impact of the purposes of the Quran and Sunnah on its construction, these are questions that raise the following hypotheses. Today, the human need for integrated construction is more than any other time, then the interest in building it is more important than any other building, it may be said: That the human being is instinctive to righteousness and there is no need for him to use other means to rebuild him, and his nature guides him to the right and to a straight path. Accordingly the research seeks to reveal the impact of the purposes of the Quran and Sunnah on building the Muslim human personality, it is a research whose nature necessitated the use of the following methods: The inductive, deductive, and analytical method, and the goals it aims to achieve, realizing the human need for an integrated building, to give a new understanding of the purposes of the Quran and Sunnah, and the results it aims to achieve, emphasizing the human need for an integrated and renewable building in line with reality, and respond positively with it, and to highlight the impact of the purposes of the Quran and Sunnah in building the Muslim human personality. Keywords: The purposes of Qoran - The purposes of Sunnah - Building the human being – Human aspects - The human personality.

Aerodynamic Investigation on the Artefact “Bird of Saqqara”

Abstract Lost, technical knowledge of ancient cultures is being rediscovered in modern times during archaeological excavations. A presumed example of the innovative power of ancient cultures is the artefact “Bird of Saqqara”. In the context of this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics of the artefact are to be determined by a computational fluid simulation, in order to be able to make a statement about the actual flight suitability and to examine the theses of the pre-astronautics critically. Based on a 3D scan, a CAD model of the artefact is created and then a numerical flow simulation is performed. By varying the angle of attack, the dimensionless coefficients can be represented in corresponding polars. The results show that the artefact has a low maximum glide ratio and thus the glide properties are not sufficient for use as a handglider. The centre of gravity of the artefact is located at the trailing edge of the wing and behind the neutral point. The resulting longitudinal stability does not meet modern specifications. Asymmetric lift distribution in the spanwise direction results in uncontrolled roll. Consequently, the artefact cannot fly a straight path. Within the scope of this work, the connection between the “Bird of Saqqara” and an alleged knowledge of aerodynamics in ancient Egypt could not be confirmed.

Moderate Da'wah and National Resilience: A Case Study at MUI Kab. Bandung

This study tries to offer constructive preaching to build national resilience by highlighting Islamic moderation (wasaṭiyyatul Islam) through a series of moderate preaching. The method used in this paper is a literature review. Wasaṭiyyatul Islām is an authentic character of Islamic law which reflects i'tidāl (perpendicularity) and istiqāmah (consistency) on aṣ-ṣirāth al-mustaqīm (straight path). Islam is moderate in character as long as it is understood in the corridor of truth. Islam, with its wasaṭiyyah character, should also be preached reasonably. Muqābalah moderation is not radicalism but extremity. Radical da'wah is not a problem as long as istiqāmah is in the corridor of moderation. Preaching radically moderate Islam is certainly not justified. Extreme da'wah undermines Islamic moderation and contradicts Islamic law itself. Islamic moderation necessitates its adherents to practice Islamic law reasonably. Moderate da'wah socializes Islam to be practised by its followers reasonably. Religious moderation is an essential social capital for national resilience