Straight Oil Research Articles

Evaluating the Tribological Behaviour in Cutting Operations Using a Modified Ball-on-Disc Open Tribotester

Predicting the tribological behaviour in the secondary shear zone in the metal-cutting processes is considered a significant challenge in contemporary research. This work investigated the frictional performance in the secondary shear zone of a planing process using a modified ball-on-disc open tribometer. The values of the coefficient of friction (COF) were tracked between an AISI4140 + QT disc (chip) and a cemented carbide ball (cutting tool) coated with TiAlN under three contact pressures of 0.5, 1, and 2 GPa at a range of sliding speeds starting from 0.2 m/s to 1.6 m/s. The tests were conducted under both dry and lubricated conditions using three commercial cutting fluids of CSF 35 straight oil, Vasco 6000, and Zubora 67H emulsions. Also, the MWFs were tested for their rheological properties and wettability. The tribometer results validated the same COF trend as that in the actual metal-cutting experiments, particularly at 0.5 and 1 GPa in dry conditions. Moreover, Zubora 67H emulsion is proven to be the optimal choice due to it reducing the COF between the rubbing contacts by up to 78%. Furthermore, it showed the lowest contact angle and viscosity index, revealing its ability to easily penetrate, especially at higher temperatures, within the secondary cutting zone.

Intense field dielectric purification of oil droplets in machining buildings

Intense field dielectric (IFD) exhibits environmental friendliness and high efficiency in particle purification, with varying efficiencies based on the physical properties of the particles. However, limited research has been conducted on the application of IFD for purifying indoor air polluted by oil droplets. This study experimentally investigated the efficacy of IFD in purifying machining-generated oil droplets. The primary objectives were to clarify the advantages, applicability, and recommended parameters for the purification of oil droplets using IFDs. The results indicate that the efficiency and pressure drop of using IFD for oil droplet purification can reach three times and half, respectively, compared to the conventional low-resistance filter (G4 filter). Furthermore, a formula was derived through fitting to describe the efficiency and pressure drop of IFD for oil droplet purification. IFD achieved a purification efficiency of over 90 % with a deviation of less than 8 % for oil droplet diameters greater than 5.0 μm or airflow velocities below 0.5 m/s. IFD exhibited over 4 % and 2 % higher purification efficiency for atomized and soluble oil droplets, respectively, in comparison to evaporated-condensed and straight oil droplets. At airflow velocities below 1.0 m/s, IFD demonstrated purification efficiencies exceeding 80 % for oil droplets generated by evaporation-condensation and over 90 % for those generated by atomization. Increasing the atomized oil flow rate from 20 to 60 ml/h resulted in corresponding 15 % improvement in purification efficiency, attributed to the larger droplet diameters. This study laid the groundwork for effective utilization of IFDs in the context of machining-generated oil droplet purification.

Emission and purification of evaporated–condensed oil droplets affected by condensation nuclei during machining

Fine oil droplets emitted by evaporation–condensation during machining are typical indoor air contaminants. Airborne particles can act as condensation nuclei, facilitating the condensation of oil vapor. The physical properties of these resultant droplets significantly affect their purification efficiency. Herein, this study aimed to elucidate the emission characteristics of oil droplets formed by evaporation–condensation affected by condensation nuclei and the purification efficiency of intense field dielectric (IFD) technology for the droplets under varying airflow velocities. Results show that the removal of condensation nuclei can effectively reduce the mass of evaporated–condensed oil droplets, and the increment in the mass of oil droplets reached 1.7 times the increment in the mass of condensation nuclei. It was more effective to reduce the mass of oil droplets by removing large condensation nuclei and decreasing the amount of evaporated soluble oil, as compared to removing smaller condensation nuclei or using straight oil. Condensation nuclei mainly contributed to the generation of oil droplets below 5 µm. For droplet diameters of 0.3–5.0 µm and airflow velocities of 0.5–2.0 m/s, the purification efficiency was within the 84–96% range. The purification efficiency of the IFD purifier for oil droplets could be improved either by increasing the size of the oil droplets or by reducing the airflow velocity.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Catalyst for Productive Ethylene Cracking Feedstock in Selective Hydrocracking of Straight Run Diesel Oil

Development and Performance Evaluation of Catalyst for Productive Ethylene Cracking Feedstock in Selective Hydrocracking of Straight Run Diesel Oil

An AI-based approach to improve the fuel properties and performance of nano graphene added straight Karanja oil prepared with optimal dispersion parameters

In this study, a stable nano-graphene oxide added Karanja oil (GKO) was prepared with optimal nano-fluid dispersion parameters. For this, samples were prepared with the selected dosage of graphene oxide (GO) (30–90 ppm), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with GO:SDS ratio of 1:1 to 1:5 and were subjected to ultrasonication stirring for 30–45 min. The stability of nano-fluid dispersions was decided based on zeta potential measurement. The optimal dispersion parameters were obtained using a well-trained radial basis function (RBF) neural network integrated with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The predicted optimal nano-dispersion parameters were 58.3-ppm GO, 180.4 ppm SDS and 38 min ultrasonication time. The viscosity of Karanja oil (KO) and GKO was found within the ASTM limit at 105 °C temperature. The fuel properties of GKO, preheated Karanja oil (PKO) and Karanja oil (KO) were measured by following the latest ASTM standards and found to be comparable with diesel fuel. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the prepared fuel blends in a 10-kW diesel engine. Preheated GKO showed comparable performance with diesel and showed higher BTE (upto11.81%), lesser BSFC (up to 17.72%) and EGT (up to 4.11%) as compared to KO and PKO, respectively.

Exquisite Energy Savings at Cold Metal Forming of Threads through the Application of Polymers.

One of the global problems today is energy—its production and distribution. As the human population grows, the consumption of energy rises simultaneously. However, the natural sources are limited, and so the focus on power savings becomes more and more important. One of the ways to reduce consumption is the use of effective lubricants and tribological fluids in industry, especially in processes with high demands on energy but high quality of products as well. Forming is a typical example of such technology, and the application of polymers seems to be a very important challenge, because the application of straight oils or lubricant with extreme pressure additives seems to be prevailing in that field. Nevertheless, the polymer lubricant should fulfill all European standards as well as the environmental and ecological limitations with respect to health and the natural environment and its recycling and disposal. This paper is focused on the forming technology of threads and the application of selected polymers to the forming process. The measured and quantified criteria are torque and force loadings, energy consumption, and quality of the produced surfaces. Kistler dynamometers, scanning electron microscopy, and advanced surface topography with the use of Alicona IF-G5 were applied to assess all aspects of the tribological and energy aspects of six modern process fluids, three lubricating pastes, and two fluid modifications. The results show that the polymer synthetic lubricant (at volume concentration 20% in water) can reduce the total energy consumption by up to 40% per forming cycle (in mean values) at average surface roughness below 0.8 μm.

Test of a New Water-Based Lubricant in Turning of 316L Stainless Steel

In recent years, hybrid manufacturing combining additive and subtractive processes is gaining increasingly importance in the industry. One of the issues related to this association of processes concerns the use of cutting fluids, important to optimize the machining part, but that can strongly affect the additive part by generating pores in the laser metal deposition. The present work deals with the performance of a new ecological cutting fluid that dries just as water, eliminating the need for a cleaning step between the machining and the laser metal deposition. This lubricant is an emulsion mainly composed of water and alkylphosphonic acids known to allow creating a low-friction tribofilm on metals. This study is carried out by comparing the machining performance of this new cutting fluid with two more classical lubricants, a straight oil and a soluble oil. It was found that machining forces and surface roughness were not very affected by the change of the lubrication mode, while the tool wear showed a significant difference between the dry and the lubricated cases. Considering that the performance of all the cutting fluids was very close, it was concluded that the new lubricant has a great potential for machining applications, since it is ecologically more friendly, non-harmful to the operator and does not need a degreasing step.

Optimization of turning parameters while turning Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy for surface roughness and material removal rate using response surface methodology

The aim of this research is to study the influence of cutting fluid (Straight oil) and various input factors (speed, feed, and depth of cut) on material removal rate and the surface roughness while turning Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy using a Micromatic automated CNC lathe machine. A mathematical prediction model has been developed to study the influence of above mentioned parameters on material removal rate and surface roughness. The mathematical prediction model uses Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Response surface plots that are generated by the model helps in determining the optimum combination of input factors for best possible material removal rate and surface roughness. The developed prediction model shows that the depth of cut followed by speed are the significant input factor that control material removal rate. Similarly, feed followed by the depth of cut are the critical input factors that influence surface roughness. An increase in material removal rate is observed with an increase in depth of cut and speed. The decrease in surface roughness is noticed with a decrease in feed and depth of cut. A confirmation test is carried out to validate the developed model. An error of less than 5% is observed between the predicted and the experimental value of material removal rate and surface roughness.

Synthesis of two-dimensional TiO2@multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites as smart nanocatalyst for ultra-deep oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuel: Optimization via response surface methodology

The novel heterogeneous catalysts of 2D-TiO2@MWCNT nanocomposites are designed and synthesized via grafting TiO2 nanoparticles onto functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and used for oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene and real straight run light gas oil. The 2D-TiO2@MWCNT nanocomposite catalysts are completely characterized by FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, TEM, NH3-TPD, ICP, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. At first, the effect of various loading Ti on the MWCNT for ODS efficiency was investigated. The results revealed that 2D-0.6TiO2@MWCNT had the highest sulfur removal for the model, and SRLGO fuel compared to the other catalyst. Then, the optimal design of experiments using Box–Behnken experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of individual process variables such as temperature, O/S molar ratio, time, catalyst dosage, and their optimum values were found to be 69 °C, 46 min−1, O/S molar ratio: 9, and 0.03 g cat (25 ml DBT model fuel with 500 ppm S or 25 ml SRLGO with 12500 ppm S, 25 ml of acetonitrile), to achieve a high removal sulfur efficiency for DBT model oil (100%) and SRLGO (97.5 %), respectively. Based on optimal conditions, the 2D-0.6TiO2@MWCNT catalyst possesses superior catalytic activity and excellent reusability. The desulfurization reaction could be recycled for at least nine cycles without considerable reduction of catalytic performance, showing the good stability of the nanocomposite catalysts. An empirical kinetic model was applied to explain the rate data. Also, 2D-0.6TiO2@MWCNT nanocomposite catalyst had the lowest activation energy (27.65 Kj.mol−1) with the highest turnover frequency (16.15 h−1, around 2–3 times of the best catalyst so far) in desulfurization reactions compared to any TiO2-based catalysts. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction mechanism is investigated.

Oxidative potential of aerosolized metalworking fluids in occupational settings.

The oxidative potential (OP) measures the ability of pollutants to oxidize a chemical/biological probe. Such assays are starting to gain acceptance as integrative exposure metrics associated with inflammatory-based pathologies. Diseases such as asthma, rhinitis or cancers are reported for workers exposed to oil mist, which are aerosols of metal working fluids (MWF) emitted during the machining of metals. Measuring oil mist in the air is challenging, and exposures are often quantified as the mass fraction, which does not account for exposures to the gaseous fraction. Consequently, exposures are underestimated and furthermore, the hazardous property of oil mist is not assessed. We postulate that it is more relevant to assess occupational exposures to the hazardous fractions of oil mist by measuring OP than by simply measuring mass. We characterized exposures to straight and water-based MWF among workers in the French and Swiss mechanical industry using standard methods for oil mist and the ferrous orange xylenol assay for OP assessment (OPFOX). Considering the particulate fraction, the water-based MWF presented the greatest OPFOX. The OP was associated with organic carbon and iron content. The gaseous fraction of the oil mist presented also an important redox activity, particularly in workshops where straight oils were used. The hexanal concentration was associated with this OPFOX. The OPFOX measurement is thus integrative of multiple parameters, and bring complementary information when assessing MWF exposures. Our results highlight that OPFOX account for MWF type and could be an interesting parameter to characterize such exposure.

Studies on utilization of different preheated straight vegetables oil in a CI engine

Renewable energy befits as an attractive and sustainable solution to compensate for the imbalance in the supply and demand of fossil fuels. Continuous depletion of fossil fuels, price variations and detrimental effect of greenhouse gas emissions are the burning issues in the current scenario. Non-edible vegetable oil can be considered as a comparable alternative to replace conventional diesel fuel. There are some operational issues with straight vegetable oils (SVOs) such as their less calorific value, higher density and higher viscosity etc. which may be dealt with by adopting an appropriate treatment before combustion. Present study has been undertaken on the use of non-edible oils available in the vicinity of the Institute Research Lab. Oils derived from the seeds of Jatropha and Mahua have been preheated to reduce their high viscosity, surface tension and density for meeting the fuel requirements and to use on engines. Experimental and comparative study about the emission and performance parameters has been carried out on a 3.5 KW diesel engine fuelled with preheated straight vegetable oils and diesel fuel. It has been found that at full load the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of preheated straight vegetable oil is lower by about 8–10% as compared to diesel. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) has been found comparable to diesel with a variation of approximately 2-5%. Emission components hydrocarbon and carbon mono oxide have been found to be reduced significantly in case of preheated oils. The results support the use of non-edible straight vegetable oils directly on the engine in preheated form without converting them into biodiesel by transesterification process. This research motivates the rural areas of developing countries to become self-reliant in energy production as most of these areas are enriched with huge amount of vegetation which can be used to produce edible and non-edible vegetable oil.

Role of Catalyst in Optimizing Fluid Catalytic Cracking Performance During Cracking of H-Oil-Derived Gas Oils

Three H-Oil gas oils, heavy atmospheric gas oil (HAGO), light vacuum gas oil (LVGO), heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO), and two their blends with hydrotreated straight run vacuum gas oils (HTSRVGOs) were cracked on two high unit cell size (UCS) lower porosity commercial catalysts and two low UCS higher porosity commercial catalysts. The cracking experiments were performed in an advanced cracking evaluation fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) laboratory unit at 527 °C, 30 s catalyst time on stream, and catalyst-to-oil (CTO) variation between 3.5 and 7.5 wt/wt The two high UCS lower porosity catalysts were more active and more coke selective. However, the difference between conversion of the more active high UCS lower porosity and low UCS higher porosity catalysts at 7.5 wt/wt CTO decreased in the order 10% (HAGO) > 9% (LVGO) > 6% (HVGO) > 4% (80% HTSRVGO/20% H-Oil VGO). Therefore, the catalyst performance is feedstock-dependent. The four studied catalysts along with a blend of one of them with 2% ZSM-5 were examined in a commercially revamped UOP FCC VSS unit. The lower UCS higher porosity catalysts exhibited operation at a higher CTO ratio achieving a similar conversion level with more active higher UCS lower porosity catalysts. However, the higher UCS lower porosity catalysts made 0.67% Δ coke that was higher than the maximum acceptable limit of 0.64% for this particular commercial FCC unit (FCCU), which required excluding the HVGO from the FCC feed blend. The catalyst system containing ZSM-5 increased the LPG yield but did not have an impact on gasoline octane. It was found that the predominant factor that controls refinery profitability related to the FCCU performance is the FCC slurry oil (bottoms) yield.

Variation of oxidation reactivity of straight run and H-Oil hydrocracked vacuum residual oils in the process of road asphalt production

Four straight run vacuum residual oils (SRVRO) and five H-Oil hydrocracked vacuum residual oils (H-Oil VTB) and their blends were oxidized in a laboratory autoclave reactor. It was found that the addition of H-Oil VTB to the SRVRO increases the oxidation rate of the SRVRO, which leads to a higher rate of asphaltenes formation, and subsequently higher rate of softening point increasing. The oxidation rate expressed by the rate of softening point increasing with oxidation time prolonging of the blends SRVRO/H-Oil VTB linearly correlates with the colloidal instability index (CII) of the H-Oil VTB. The oxidation rate of the SRVRO was also found to correlate with the CII of the SRVRO. Inhibiting the oxidation process for the road asphalt containing H-Oil VTB by improvement the colloidal stability and compatibility of the blend can allow increasing the share of the H-Oil VTB in the feed for production of road asphalt.

Experimental Study on Performance and Combustion Analysis of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel and Jatropha Oil Blended with Heptane

This work focuses on blending Jatropha oil with diesel fuel and heptane to improve its physico-chemical characteristics for production of blends and their use as fuel in a diesel engine. The influence of the heptane content was evaluated by comparing the results obtained from the engine (performance and combustion parameters) with those of the diesel fuel and straight Jatropha oil. The results obtained show an improvement in engine performance especially at low loads. Specifically, a reduction in the specific fuel consumption of the engine is obtained when the heptane content in the mixture is around 10% compared to that obtained with pure Jatropha oil. The best results were obtained with the blend containing 70% Jatropha oil, 20% diesel fuel and 10% heptane (J70G20H10). Overall engine efficiency and exhaust gas temperatures are comparable for all fuels tested. Engine combustion parameters are improved with J70G20H10. The results obtained with J70G20H10 are close to those of the engine operating on diesel fuel. The cyclic dispersion is low with coefficients of variation of the indicated mean effective pressure (COVIMEP) whose values are less than 10%. The lowest values of the COVIMEP are obtained with the blend J70G20H10.

Mini review of carbon based additive in machining lubricant

Milling process is a major machining process used in various type of industries. This process is used to manufacture components such as impellers and structural parts in aerospace industry. Several problems can be arising during the machining operation because 99% of work done produces heat to the chip, the tool and also the workpiece . The temperature of the tool may rise up to 1000oC and this could lead to accelerate the tool wear rate and also the finishing of the surface of the workpiece. In order to improvise this phenomenon, various type of cutting fluid is used in milling operation to use to reduce the temperature of the workpiece. In general, the fluids are used when cutting the workpiece to lower the heat generated at the interface of the tool chip and also the friction on the workpiece. There are four main types of cutting fluid when commonly found in the market which is straight oils, synthetic fluids, soluble oils and the semi-synthetic fluids. This paper is reviewing on the additive for lubricant and their tribology properties.

Catalytic activity of synthesized 2D MoS2/graphene nanohybrids for the hydrodesulfurization of SRLGO: experimental and DFT study.

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of straight run light gas oil (SRLGO) using novel highly active two-dimensional (2D) MoS2/graphene (G) nanohybrid catalysts is a precursor technology for the production of clean heavy fuel. The aim of this research is the synthesis of 2D MoS2/G nanohybrid catalysts by use of exfoliation method from commercial bulky MoS2 and graphite using hydrothermal ball milling system, which is a low-cost, high-yield, and scalable method. These nanohybrid catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, SEM, TEM, STEM, ICP, BET surface, TPR, and TPD techniques. Also, catalytic activities of 2D MoS2/G nanohybrid catalysts were evaluated under different operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, LHSV, and H2/Feed (SRLGO) ratio in the HDS reaction. The conversion of the HDS of SRLGO with 14000 ppm sulfur showed a considerably higher activity of 2D MoS2/G nanohybrid catalyst (99.95% HDS efficiency) compared with the Co-Mo/γAl2O3 as a commercial catalyst (90% HDS efficiency) in the operation condition (340 °C, 40 bars, LHSV: 1 h-1and H2/oil: 600 NL L-1) which is economically valuable. Using density functional theory calculations, the detailed mechanism of the HDS process over MoS2/G catalyst was explored. It was found that sulfur coverage on the Mo edge of MoS2 plays an important role in the hydrogenation of sulfur components.

Experimental investigation of performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with turpentine oil diesel blend, camphor oil diesel blend, lemongrass oil diesel blend, mahua oil diesel blend, karanja oil diesel blend

Economic and Environment constraint of the developing countries brings them in position to find the new substitute for Fuel which is more economic, ecofriendly, higher efficient and sustainable. Many research was carried in the field of high viscous Biofuel which has been changed into straight oil to Biodiesel to suit the Diesel engine. This project deals with CI engine fuelled with low viscous Biofuel and narrate the characteristics of performance and emissions. This paper deals with Mahua oil – Diesel blend (M50), karanja oil – Diesel blend (K50), Turpentine oil-Diesel Blend (T50), Lemon grass oil – Diesel Blend (L50) and Camphor Oil – Diesel Blend. Low Viscosity and high calorific value of T50 supports for higher thermal efficiency and Lower BSFC when Compare to Diesel, C50, L50, K50 and M50. The High Viscous Biofuels M50, K50 has the Higher CO emissions because of improper. Diesel has the lower HC emission than T50, C50, L50, K50 and M50. Low viscous Biofuel T50 and C50 has lower Smoke emissions and higher Nox emissions. The T50 and C50 has the higher heat release rate and higher peak pressure which supports for proper combustion and results in higher BTE, NOx emissions.

EFFECTS OF NEEM, STRAIGHT AND SOLUBLE OILS AS CUTTING FLUIDS ON TOOL WEARING DURING METALWORK PRACTICALS IN TECHNICAL COLLEGES IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA

The study investigated the effects cutting fluids on tool wearing on high speed steel (HSS) using mild steel workpiece for teaching machining operation. Two specific objectives guided the study, two corresponding research questions were poised and two null hypotheses were formulated. The theoretical frame work for the study was hinged on experiential learning theory as propounded by Rogers (1969). The growing demand for biodegradable materials has opened an avenue for using vegetable oils such as neem seed oil, castor oil and water melon seed oil as an alternative to conventional cutting fluids. In this study, some aspects of the turning process on mild steel using HSS cutting tool at variety of spindle speed, feed rate and constant depth of cut were observed using neem seed oil, soluble oil and straight oil in comparison. The data collected from the study was analyzed using mean and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The decision rule was that, the smaller the mean value obtained the more effective the cutting fluid and the higher the mean value, the less effective the cutting fluid. The hypotheses were tested at α=0.05 significance level using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings of the study revealed that soluble oil is more effective in reducing tool wearing than neem oil and straight oil at variety of feed rates and spindle speeds during machining operation. Also there is no significant difference in the mean readings of tool wearing when using neem oil, soluble oil, and straight oil as cutting fluid. It was therefore recommended that machinists should be encouraged to use soluble oil which has greater advantage over neem and straight oils in machining operations

Effect of synergistic interaction between hydrogen inductions with Simarouba glauca-diesel blend for CI engine application

The study is mainly to investigate the use of straight Simarouba oil as an alternate in the DI compression ignition engine and also the effect of hydrogen induction. Simarouba fuel is used as pilot fuel and hydrogen is used as secondary fuel which is inducted in inlet manifold by small modification in the CI engine. The mass share of hydrogen induction is fixed to maximum limit with the use of a manometer and for safety two flame arresters are used to avoid backfire in the hydrogen fuel line. The maximum hydrogen mass share percentage for diesel, B20, and B40 are 12.20%, 13.05% and 10.88% is fixed in full load condition. In maximum mass share, the BTE at full load conditions for diesel, B20, and B40 are 34.80%, 33.10%, and 29.65%. The obtained value of B20 at 13.05% mass share is nearly equal to the diesel value (0% mass share of hydrogen). The major drawback of increasing the mass share of hydrogen will increase nitric oxide emission due to the high heating value of hydrogen. The nitric oxide is increasing around 18% in the maximum mass share of hydrogen for B20 compare with diesel (0% mass share of hydrogen). But, there is a decreasing trend for other emissions like CO, HC, and smoke. This may be due to the absence of a carbon molecule in hydrogen fuel. The blended fuel B20 with maximum mass share obtain a better result than diesel with 0% mass share of hydrogen.

Investigation on improving the thermal efficiency of a mini boiler fired with straight vegetable oils

In the present work, straight sunflower oil and rice bran oil blended with diesel have been used as fuel diesel in a mini boiler. The thermal efficiency of the boiler and emission levels in the exhaust gases have been investigated by burning the oil blends of varying proportions ranging from 0-50%. An additional air supply system and compressed air atomization of fuel with a new burner have been used to improve the thermal efficiency of the mini boiler. Results revealed that the addi?tional air supply improved the thermal efficiency up-to 7% and reduced the CO and HC emission up-to 40%. The use of compressed air atomization further increased the thermal efficiency up-to 4% and reduced the CO and HC emission up-to 70%.