Straight Line Pattern Research Articles

Segmentation of MHD modes using Fourier transform, wavelets and computer vision algorithms

Abstract Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity in fusion devices is typically analyzed by examining time-frequency spectrograms obtained from various diagnostics. MHD modes often co-exist with various types of noise and complex patterns generated by other events like pellet injection or active diagnostics. Traditionally, identifying MHD modes has been a manual task, making it labor-intensive. To overcome this issue, this study proposes the use of computer vision (CV) algorithms for noise removal and automatic feature extraction. First, the automatic detection of straight-line patterns is achieved by applying the Hough transform. Then, the discrete wavelet transform is proposed to break down spectrograms into sub-images of different scales, removing broadband noise and pellet injection signatures. The multiscale decomposition is subsequently extended to multiple directions using either 2D Fourier transforms or curvelets, achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio in spectrograms and eliminating undesired frequency sweeps of toroidal Alfvén eigenmodes antenna. Once MHD activity is successfully enhanced, a pipeline of algorithms for ridge detection, thresholding and labeling perform a segmentation of the image, automatically labeling individual modes. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of CV algorithms for the identification of MHD modes. The use of such algorithms may potentially help in the analysis process and the creation of large databases of modes.

Direct Ink Writing on a Rotating Mandrel - Additive Lathe Micro-Manufacturing

Abstract Among the promising techniques within Additive Manufacturing (AM), Direct Ink Writing (DIW) stands out for its ability to work with a wide range of materials, including polymers, ceramics, glass, metals, and cement. However, DIW encounters a significant challenge in creating complex tubular structures, such as vascular scaffolds with micro scale features. To address this challenge, our research investigates a novel method known as Additive Lathe Direct Ink Writing (AL-DIW). AL-DIW entails the precise dispensing of ink onto a rotating mandrel to fabricate intricate hollow tubular structures with overhanging geometries. In this research, we present a series of test cases involving tubular structures, comprising straight-line patterns, curved line designs, and complex stent configurations, to underscore the efficacy of this technique in crafting hollow tubular geometries with micro-scale features. This study not only highlights the capabilities of AL-DIW but also contributes to the broader advancement of additive manufacturing techniques for various applications.

Spontaneous Alignment of Myotubes Through Myogenic Progenitor Cell Migration.

In large-volume muscle injuries, widespread damage to muscle fibers and the surrounding connective tissue prevents myogenic progenitor cells (MPCs) from initiating repair. There is a clinical need to rapidly fabricate large muscle tissue constructs for integration at the site of large volume muscle injuries. Most strategies for myotube alignment require microfabricated structures or prolonged orientation times. We utilize the MPC's natural propensity to close gaps across an injury site to guide alignment on collagen I. When MPCs are exposed to an open boundary free of cells, they migrate unidirectionally into the cell-free region and align perpendicular to the original boundary direction. We study the utility of this phenomenon with biotin-streptavidin adhesion to position the cells on the substrate, and then demonstrate the robustness of this strategy with unmodified cells, creating a promising tool for MPC patterning without interrupting their natural function. We preposition MPCs in straight-line patterns separated with small gaps. This temporary positioning initiates the migratory nature of the MPCs to align and form myotubes across the gaps, similar to how they migrate and align with a single open boundary. There is a directional component to the MPC migration perpendicular (90°) to the original biotin-streptavidin surface patterns. The expression of myosin heavy chain, the motor protein of muscle thick filaments, is confirmed through immunocytochemistry in myotubes generated from MPCs in our patterning process, acting as a marker of skeletal muscle differentiation. The rapid and highly specific binding of biotin-streptavidin allows for quick formation of temporary patterns, with MPC alignment based on natural regenerative behavior rather than complex fabrication techniques.

Effective conductivity of composite materials made of randomly packed densified core-shell particles

Three-dimensional microstructures of sintered core-shell spheres with various shell thicknesses and degrees of densification were numerically constructed using an available drop-and-roll algorithm with our newly developed core-shell generation as the post-processing step. An open-source software program was then used to obtain each microstructure's effective conductivity in terms of the core-shell features. The results obtained for the core-shell configuration were compared with existing models and available theoretical bounds, which showed underprediction at core-shell volume fractions φ=0.6–0.75 and overprediction when the core-shell volume fraction was larger than 0.85. Additionally, the conductive ring and straight line patterns associated with maximum intensity projection were clearly observed from axial and lateral views of the heat flux calculation, respectively. Both observed patterns were completely different than those traditionally made by solid grains, revealing inhomogeneity in the presence of core-shell structures. Such findings are expected to improve the understanding and methods used to design porous media with core-shell structures to serve as good heat exchangers or thermal insulators with high efficiency.

On the formation of lines in quantum phase space

We theoretically study the formation of lines in phase space using Wigner’s distribution In trapped quantum systems such lines form generically, crisscrossing phase space and they can have astonishing extent, reaching across the entire state. In classical systems this does not happen. We show that the formation of such straight line patterns is due to the formation of ‘randomized comb-states’. We establish their stability to perturbations, and that they are tied to coherences in configuration space. We additionally identify generic higher-order ‘eye’ patterns in phase space which occur less often since they arise from more specific symmetric comb-states; we show that the perturbation of eye patterns through their randomization tends to deform them into lines. Lines in phase space should give rise to large probability peaks in measurements.

Improved Elasticity and Conductivity in a Ni@Ag/Silicone Rubber Composite due to Lowered Percolation Threshold via Magnetic-Field-Induced Alignment

Elastic and conductive electrodes are required for deformable electronic devices. The electrical conductivity and elasticity of a composite material are governed by the proportions of conductive filler and polymer matrix, respectively. Achieving these two features simultaneously is challenging because of the trade-offs between them. The conductive filler content must be higher than the percolation threshold to achieve conductivity. However, if the percolation threshold could be lowered, conductivity could be achieved even with a low content of the conductive filler, and elasticity could be achieved simultaneously by increasing the content of the polymer matrix. Herein, a Ni@Ag/silicone rubber composite with a decreased percolation threshold via magnetic field alignment is reported. The magnetic/conductive particles were arranged and compressed in a parallel straight-line pattern using an external magnetic field. The resulting pseudo-one-dimensional (1D) morphology lowered the percolation threshold of the composite by more than 20% and maintained its electrical properties at 20% cyclic stretching. However, composites that were oriented one way were only able to withstand stretching in a perpendicular direction. By creating a cross-directional orientation procedure, we were able to resolve this problem. In addition, factors affecting the conductivity and elasticity, such as the strength and direction of the magnetic force and the content of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were studied. The MWCNTs served as the nonmagnetic conductive secondary filler, helped control viscosity, and improved the elasticity. Through an light-emitting diode (LED) demonstration, it was proved that the magnetic-field-induced alignment process can be applied to a circular electrode circuit for deformable electronics.

Cochlear implant electrode array tip-foldover detection by electrode voltage telemetry

Objectives With the introduction of more flexible and thinner electrodes, such as Cochlear’s Slim Modiolar Electrode, there is a higher risk of electrode insertion problems, in particular the tip foldover. Timely intraoperative detection of the problem would allow for direct intraoperative correction. This paper describes a non-radiological method for intraoperative tip foldover detection that is applicable in all surgical centers and can quickly deliver accurate results. Methods Postoperative radiographs of 118 CI-recipients implanted with Nucleus devices were retrospectively analyzed on the presence of a tip foldover. Electrode Voltage Telemetry (EVT), also called Electric Field Imaging, was performed by means of Cochlear’s EVT software tool, which is now integrated into Custom Sound–EP as the Trans-Impedance-Matrix measurement option. Tip foldover detection was automated by using the linear Hough transform for extracting straight-line patterns in the Trans-Impedance Matrix’s heatmap. Results The six cases of electrode tip foldover were accurately identified by the EVT measurements, including two cases with folding location very close to the electrode tip (contact 20). Conclusion Electrode Voltage Telemetry measures the Trans-Impedance Matrix, which can accurately detect tip foldovers of the cochlear implant electrodes within 1 min. This method can be reliably applied in all patients with normal cochlear anatomy and is able to intraoperatively detect foldovers localized even very close to the electrode tip. Application of the linear Hough transform allows for automatic detection of electrode tip foldovers that shows excellent agreement with visual evaluation of the radiological images and the transimpedance matrix’s heatmap.

러시아 출토 한국식 청동기의 이해

Korean bronze wares excavated from Izvestovka･Shkotovo･Anuchino in Primorye, Russia include Korean bronze swords(韓國式銅劍), Bronze mirror with knobs(多紐鏡), and Bronze engraver(銅釶). T he e lements of these artifacts common to Korean archaeological materials such as the pattern of straight lines engraved separately on the edgehe of the copper sword and the pattern of the Bronze mirror with knobs were observed, and it is analyzed that they were generally spread during the transition period between the Bronze mirror with coarse linear designs(多紐粗文鏡) and the Bronze mirror with fine linear designs(多紐細文鏡). The Korean-style bronze ware of Russia was transmitted through the northeastern region of Korea (Hamgyeong-do area), and representative examples are the Korean-style bronze sword, Korean type bronze spearhead(銅矛), and Bronze mirror with knobs excavated from the ruins of Rihwa-dong in Hamheung and Ryongsan-ri in Geumya. These common archaeological materials are in a mutually beneficial relationship and parallel to the Russian Tuanjie-Krounovka culture. In particular, it is confirmed that the migration (propagation) of the group is not a simple imitation of the Korean bronze ware, but also the function of the object. Also, the Izvestovka-Shkotovo ruins are located at an adjacent distance (about 12km in a straight line), so that exchanges between groups and It seems possible to share. The archaeological data of Korea and Russia and the natural and geographical conditions are set as the transportation routes for both countries. The route between Korea and Russia is Hamheung→Slavankya →Shkotovo→Izvestovka (Krounovka) and Hamheung→Slavankya→ (Usurisk)→Anuchino. Judging from the current archaeological data, the Korean-style bronze ware excavated in Russia can be identified as the northernmost excavated object of Korean archaeological data. However, we look forward to future data on the insignificant excavation of Korean-style bronze ware in Primorye, Russia, and there is still ample room for parallel research.

Ultrafast line detector

This article introduces the fastest line detector so far published in the literature. This algorithm is 14.88 times faster than the next fastest line detector, the EDLines, and 94.7 times faster than the line segment detector. It is hundreds of times faster and more reliable than the Standard Hough Transform. The article also introduces an ingeniously simple method for detecting and combining patterns. The algorithm takes advantage of several look-up tables to recognize and fit straight-line patterns. As the first step, it recognizes any possible 4 × 4 pixel line patterns among the binary edge pixels and then uses several small look-up tables to decide whether the connected patterns form a line or not. It is specially designed for real-time processing of the high-resolution images such as the ones used in computer vision applications.

Estetika Tari Piriang di Ateh Kaco Karya Syofyani Pada Sanggar Syofyani Kota Padang

This study aims to reveal and describe the aesthetic value of the Piriang Dance at Ateh Kaco by Syofyani at the Syofyani Studio, Padang City. This type of research is qualitative research using a descriptive method. The main instrument in this study is the researcher himself and is assisted by supporting instruments such as writing instruments, photo cameras and audio conversion tools. This type of data uses primary data and secondary data. Data collection techniques were carried out employing library research, observation, interviews and documentation. The steps to analyze the data are data reduction, data display, and conclusion verification. The results showed that the form in terms of shape and arrangement of the main elements (motion) consisted of the name of the motion and the description of the motion. From the shape of the supporting elements, the shape and arrangement are that the floor pattern is formed by the formation of dancers. Broadly speaking, there are two-floor patterns, namely straight line patterns such as trapezoid, vertical, and horizontal, and curved lines such as making a circle. This dance is usually danced by nine dancers, namely four male dancers and four female dancers, plus one dancer to steps on the kaco. Weight in dance consists of atmosphere, ideas or ideas, and like. Three elements play a role in performing arts, namely talent, skills, and means of media.

Research on Spatial and Dynamic Planning Methods for Settlement Buildings Based on Data Mining

Traditional settlements are widely concerned by academic circles for their unique settlement patterns, exquisite residential buildings, and rich historical and cultural connotations, and their protection and development is an important proposition for rural revitalization. Therefore, from the perspective of big data mining (BDM), this paper explores its application in architectural space and settlement protection of traditional settlements in Hainan and provides new ideas for the protection and renewal of traditional settlements in Hainan. The attribute elements of spatial data of settlement groups are analyzed by the decision tree classification mining method. In order to avoid the multivalued tendency of ID3 algorithm and improve the efficiency of decision tree generation by ID3 algorithm, an improved ID3 algorithm is proposed by introducing user interest and simplifying the calculation process of the algorithm. At the same time, the graph theory recognition method of grid pattern is proposed. Aiming at the intersection graph and direction relation graph of straight line pattern, grid pattern recognition is realized by solving the connectivity, intersection, and subsequent construction of the maximum complete subgraph. Experiments show that the improved ID3 algorithm has better running efficiency than the parallel algorithm based on cooccurrence matrix. The analysis of the architectural space of traditional settlements in Hainan will help us better grasp social activities and provide direction for the protection and renewal of traditional settlements from the perspective of tourists and residents.

Patterning Silver Nanowires by Inducing Transient Concentration Gradients in Reaction Mixtures.

Patterning nanocrystals in polymer films is essential for the widespread use of nanocrystals in various fields from optics to electronics; therefore, the development of patterning methods for nanocrystals is an important task. Here, we report a unique approach for patterning silver nanowires (AgNWs) using a thermodynamic driving force induced by transient concentration gradients in reaction mixtures. The procedure starts with the preparation of a photocurable monomer solution containing homogeneously dispersed AgNWs. Ultraviolet illumination through a straight-line mask reduces the polymerization rate of monomers in the masked area, decreasing the polymer concentration in comparison with that in the unmasked area. Such transient polymer concentration gradients yield imbalances in the chemical potentials of AgNWs, inducing the migration of AgNWs to form a straight-line pattern of AgNWs. The pattern of AgNWs was visualized via photoluminescence imaging under a laser scanning confocal microscope and compared with the light patterns applied to the mixture. These observations revealed that the magnitude of the AgNW migration is enhanced as the transient concentration gradient increases by thickening the mask to decrease the intensity of light passing through the mask. The structural features of the AgNW pattern were reproduced using numerical simulations based on a set of reaction-diffusion equations, which suggested the key role of the polymerization kinetics characterized by the Trommsdorff-Norrish effect. Moreover, as the AgNW pattern becomes clearer, the electrical resistance along the patterns decreases and more complex patterns can be produced, indicating the potential of the method. Overall, the present patterning method constitutes a simple approach that only requires illumination through a mask to generate the AgNW pattern, which renders it a promising alternative for patterning nanocrystals in polymer films.

UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) for Landslide Analysis Case Study in Grenggeng Village, Kebumen District, Central Java

Remote sensing technology has developed rapidly; one of them is data acquisition techniques using UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle). With high-resolution aerial photographs, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be a flexible, cost-effective, and accurate monitoring of landslide technique. This research aimed to determine and test the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in congested areas. Data was collected at Grenggeng Village, Kebumen Regency, using unmanned aerial vehicles cruising altitude of 90 – 110 meters above ground level and a spatial resolution of 5 – 10 cm over a 0.200 km2 area. In November 2020, the research site will be a landslide area with similar rock lithology to the Halang Formation’s sandstone and claystone layers. Direct field observations revealed the geological structures involved and the rock lithology that produced the slip field, seepage, and the sorts of vegetation that the community had planted. According to aerial photography data, the relief appears to be a straight-line pattern in the direction of the geological structure, the slope of the layers, and different vegetation. Aerial photography using UAV can also be used to carry out rehabilitation and reconstruction techniques.

Self-Aligned Assembly of a Poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-Polystyrene-b-Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Triblock Copolymer on Graphene Nanoribbons.

Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers is one of the most promising patterning techniques for patterning sub-10 nm features. However, at such small feature sizes, it is becoming increasingly difficult to fabricate the guiding pattern for the DSA process, and it is necessary to explore alternative guiding methods for DSA to achieve long-range ordered alignment. Here, we report the self-aligned assembly of a triblock copolymer, poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP-b-PS-b-P2VP) on neutral graphene nanoribbons with the gap consisting of a P2VP-preferential silicon oxide (SiO2) substrate via solvent vapor annealing. The assembled P2VP-b-PS-b-P2VP demonstrated long-range, one-dimensional alignment on the graphene substrate in a direction perpendicular to the boundary of the graphene and substrate with a half-pitch size of 8 nm, which greatly alleviates the lithography resolution required for traditional chemoepitaxy DSA. A wide processing window is demonstrated with the gap between graphene stripes varying from 10 to 100 nm, overcoming the restriction on widths of guiding patterns to have commensurate domain spacing. When the gap was reduced to 10 nm, P2VP-b-PS-b-P2VP formed a straight-line pattern on both the graphene and the substrate. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the self-aligned assembly of the triblock copolymer on the graphene nanoribbons is guided at the boundary of parallel and perpendicular lamellae on graphene and SiO2, respectively. Simulations also indicate that the swelling of a system allows for rapid rearrangement of chains and quickly anneal any misaligned grains and defects. The effect of the interaction strength between SiO2 and P2VP on the self-assembly is systematically investigated in simulations.

Reconfiguring nanostructures in magnetic fluids using pH and magnetic stimulus for tuning optical properties

In this paper, we demonstrate tuning the optical properties of magnetic fluids through pH and magnetic field control. The role of reconfigurable nanostructures in the temporal and switching behavior of transmitted light is also studied. An oil-in-water magnetic nanoemulsion with an average diameter of 200 nm, containing Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles of 10 nm average diameter, is used in this study. To make the emulsion pH reconfigurable, the droplets are covered with a weak polyelectrolyte, poly (acrylic acid). The swelling of the PAA molecules, due to ionization of the carboxylic acid groups, resulted in an increase in adlayer thickness at increase in pH. The change in transmitted intensity is found to scale linearly with the applied magnetic field strength, and at higher fields, the formed structures took more time to reconfigure themselves after the removal of magnetic field. At a pH 5, the increase in transmitted light intensity is seen even at a very low magnetic field strength due to the lower interdroplet spacing. On the contrary, at pH 9, the interdroplet spacing between the emulsion drops were large, due to the extension of PAA molecules, which led to a weaker magnetic interaction between the droplets and formation of shorter chains, where a lower transmission is seen due to multiple scattering. A straight-line pattern was observed in the transmitted intensity, due to the scattering of light from linear chains that are aligned perpendicular to the light propagation direction. Bridging of polymer covered surfaces was seen at pH 3, due to hydrogen bonding between PAA molecules. Our results show that tuning optical properties of magnetic emulsion (switching between transparent and opaque states) is possible through pH control. Our findings open up new opportunities to develop optical devices and accessing of diverse structures by tuning pH and magnetic field.

IDENTIFICATION OF FINE MOTOR SKILLS IN CHILDREN WITH INTELECTUAL DISABILITY

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe fine motor skills in mentally retarded children. This study involved 20 mentally retarded children in special schools (SLB) in North Lombok. Identification was carried out using several data collection techniques, namely through observation, filling out instruments and interviewing the teacher. Identification of mentally disabled children focuses on several fine motor skills, namely: making curved lines, making horizontal lines, making circle patterns, cutting straight line pattern paper, cutting zigzag pattern paper, cutting circle pattern paper, cutting square pattern paper, simple drawing, coloring using colored pencils, coloring using crayons, and coloring using watercolors. The results of the study used descriptive analysis with two categorizations. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that out of 20 mentally retarded children can be categorized as follows: on average 68% of children are in the Start Development category (MB), which means that children are starting to be able to do activities, but still with the help of teachers and 32% of children fall into the Developing Appropriate category Hope (BSH). Thus, through this identification it can improve fine motor skills in mentally retarded children by using other interesting methods or strategies. Keywords: skill, finemotor, intelectual disability

Characterization of Diameter Distribution and Prediction of Weibull Parameters Equation for Plantation-grown Eucalyptus Species

Aim: To characterization of the diameter distribution and prediction of Weibull parameters of a plantation-grown Eucalyptus species.
 Study design: Stratified sampling method was adopted, in which the plantation was stratified into four age series.
 Place and duration of study: Afaka Forest Reserve, one month.
 Methodology: Fifty (50) sample plots of 20 x 20 m were laid across the age series. In each of the plot, all the trees were counted and data of variable of interest was collected and processed. A separate Weibull distribution is fitted to the diameter at breast height (dbh) frequency data from each of the plot for the estimation of Weibull parameters (location, scale and shape). The data set obtained from the Weibull parameter estimate was then used to develop regression equations with the stand variables. Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used as goodness of fit test.
 Results: The result on the stand characteristics revealed that, the mean diameter at breast height (dbh) ranges between 13.4 – 18.2 cm across the four stands. This indicates that the species are still of pole sizes. The average site productivity of the species ranges between 24.0 m to 37 m at an index of 25 years. The mean Basal area varies between 14.13 to 26.85 m2 per ha, while the average tree total height ranges between 24.6 to 28.2 m across the four species. The result on diameter class distribution shows that most of the species fell within dbh class of 11 -20 cm class except E. cloeziana in which the highest frequency fell into 16 – 20cm dbh class. Best equation were selected for each of the Weibull parameters (α, β, ) per species based on fit statistics. The formation of straight line pattern from the plotted normal probability plots indicates the adequacy of the selected models for predicting Weibull parameters. A fluctuation pattern exists between the Weibull parameters and the stand characteristics. this may be due to variation in climatic factor, most especially fluctuations in rainfall pattern in the area at that particular period.
 Conclusion: The ease of fit and high value of coefficient of determination of the models in this study has re-affirmed the use of Weibull parameter in prediction of stand characteristics as been suggested by many authors in the literature.

Fabrication of circular cooling channels by cold metal transfer based wire and arc additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing has been proven to be a promising technology for fabricating high-performance dies, molds, and conformal cooling channels. As one of the manufacturing methods, wire and arc additive manufacturing displays unique advantages of low cost and high deposition rate that are better than other high energy beam-based ones. This paper presents a preliminary study of fabricating integrated cooling channels by CMT-based wire and arc additive manufacturing process. The deposition strategies for fabricating circular cross-sectional cooling channels both in conformal and straight-line patterns have been investigated. It included optimizing the welding torch angle, fabricating the enclosed semicircle structure and predicting the collision between the torch and constructed part. The cooling effect test was also conducted on both the conformal cooling channel and straight-line cooling channel. The results affirmed a higher cooling efficiency and better uniform cooling effect of the conformal cooling channel than straight-line cooling channel.

Fast Color Straight Line Pattern Recognition in an Object Using High Speed Self Learning Devices

Most of the man-made objects are having some straight lines with colors. A very high-speed object recognition method using color straight line patterns is carried out using a novel self-learning device (RKD - Rasiq Krishnakumar Device). Instead of that Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), RKD based networks are used for different steps in this pattern classification. The color and straight-line features are extracted by using high-speed color segmentation and fast efficient straight-line segment extraction methods using the RKD based systems. The training and the testing algorithms of the pattern classification are using RKD-based processing. The fast color features extraction method uses an array of RKD-based devices and the fast efficient straight-line segment extraction method employs an array of processing elements and a main control unit. Some fusion devices are used for a straight line with colors features. The area of interest and the area of line segments of a particular object are other features for improving the accuracy of object classification.

High-resolution additive direct writing of metal micro/nanostructures by electrohydrodynamic jet printing

Patterned conductive structures have attracted significant attention as important components of printed and flexible micro/nanodevices. However, the fabrication of conductive micro/nanostructures with controlled and well-organized morphologies is a key challenge in the development and application of micro/nanoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional materials. To meet the requirements of depositing conductive structures on specific substrates, electrohydrodynamic jet (E-jet) printing, developed as a simple and effective method for fabricating micro/nanopatterns of polymers, was combined with a conventional wet metal etching process for patterning conductive metals on polymer substrates. Under optimized experimental conditions, we achieved fine straight-line patterns with a line spacing of 1 μm at a nanoscale printing resolution (average line width: 68 nm) and grid patterns with variable spacings and grid line widths, down to size of 871 nm. Furthermore, fully printed graphene photodetectors were obtained through in situ direct writing, and their photoelectric response to a change in photocurrent of 0.22 μA was demonstrated. The results suggest that combining E-jet printing with chemical etching is a promising mask-free approach for producing conductive metal patterns for micro/nanoelectronic devices.