Story Recall Test Research Articles

Is sleep-related verbal memory consolidation impaired in sleepwalkers?

In order to evaluate verbal memory consolidation during sleep in subjects experiencing sleepwalking or sleep terror, 19 patients experiencing sleepwalking/sleep terror and 19 controls performed two verbal memory tasks (16-word list from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, and a 220- and 263-word modified story recall test) in the evening, followed by nocturnal video polysomnography (n = 29) and morning recall (night-time consolidation after 14 h, n = 38). The following morning, they were given a daytime learning task using the modified story recall test in reverse order, followed by an evening recall test after 9 h of wakefulness (daytime consolidation, n = 38). The patients experiencing sleepwalking/sleep terror exhibited more frequent awakenings during slow-wave sleep and longer wakefulness after sleep onset than the controls. Despite this reduction in sleep quality among sleepwalking/sleep terror patients, they improved their scores on the verbal tests the morning after sleep compared with the previous evening (+16 ± 33%) equally well as the controls (+2 ± 13%). The performance of both groups worsened during the daytime in the absence of sleep (-16 ± 15% for the sleepwalking/sleep terror group and -14 ± 11% for the control group). There was no significant correlation between the rate of memory consolidation and any of the sleep measures. Seven patients experiencing sleepwalking also sleep-talked during slow-wave sleep, but their sentences were unrelated to the tests or the list of words learned during the evening. In conclusion, the alteration of slow-wave sleep during sleepwalking/sleep terror does not noticeably impact on sleep-related verbal memory consolidation.

The Chinese version of story recall: a useful screening tool for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in the elderly

BackgroundDecline in verbal episodic memory is a core feature of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The delayed story recall (DSR) test from the Adult Memory and Information Processing Battery (AMIPB) discriminates MCI from normal aging and predicts its conversion to Alzheimer’s dementia. However, there is no study that validates the Chinese version of the DSR and reports cut-off scores in the Chinese population.MethodsA total of 631 subjects were screened in the memory clinics of Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, China. 249 were considered to have normal cognition (NC), 134 met diagnostic criteria for MCI according to the MCI Working Group of the European Consortium on Alzheimer's Disease, and 97 met criteria for probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD) according to the NINCDS/ADRDA criteria, 14 exhibited vascular dementia (VaD), and 50 had a diagnosis of another type of dementia. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to calculate the story recall cutoff score for detecting MCI and AD. Normative data in the NC group were obtained as a function of age and education.ResultsIn this Chinese sample, the normative mean DSR score was 28.10 ± 8.54 in the 50–64 year-old group, 26.22 ± 8.38 in the 65–74 year-old group, and 24.42 ± 8.38 in the 75–85 year-old group. DSR performance was influenced by age and education. The DSR test had high sensitivity (0.899) and specificity (0.799) in the detection of MCI from NC using a cut-off score of 15.5. When the cutoff score was 10.5, the DSR test obtained optimal sensitivity (0.980) and specificity (0.938) in the discrimination of AD from NC. Cutoff scores and diagnostic values were calculated stratified by age and education.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the DSR can be used as a screening tool to detect MCI and AD with high sensitivity and specificity, and it could be used to identify people at high risk of cognitive impairment.

Sleep-related declarative memory consolidation and verbal replay during sleep talking in patients with REM sleep behavior disorder.

ObjectiveTo determine if sleep talkers with REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) would utter during REM sleep sentences learned before sleep, and to evaluate their verbal memory consolidation during sleep. MethodsEighteen patients with RBD and 10 controls performed two verbal memory tasks (16 words from the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test and a 220-263 word long modified Story Recall Test) in the evening, followed by nocturnal video-polysomnography and morning recall (night-time consolidation). In 9 patients with RBD, daytime consolidation (morning learning/recall, evening recall) was also evaluated with the modified Story Recall Test in a cross-over order. Two RBD patients with dementia were studied separately. Sleep talking was recorded using video-polysomnography, and the utterances were compared to the studied texts by two external judges. ResultsSleep-related verbal memory consolidation was maintained in patients with RBD (+24±36% words) as in controls (+9±18%, p=0.3). The two demented patients with RBD also exhibited excellent nighttime consolidation. The post-sleep performance was unrelated to the sleep measures (including continuity, stages, fragmentation and apnea-hypopnea index). Daytime consolidation (-9±19%) was worse than night-time consolidation (+29±45%, p=0.03) in the subgroup of 9 patients with RBD. Eleven patients with RBD spoke during REM sleep and pronounced a median of 20 words, which represented 0.0003% of sleep with spoken language. A single patient uttered a sentence that was judged to be semantically (but not literally) related to the text learned before sleep. ConclusionVerbal declarative memory normally consolidates during sleep in patients with RBD. The incorporation of learned material within REM sleep-associated sleep talking in one patient (unbeknownst to himself) at the semantic level suggests a replay at a highly cognitive creative level.

Uncinate fasciculus microstructure and verbal episodic memory in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological study

The present study evaluates the integrity of uncinate fasciculus (UF) and the association between UF microstructure and verbal episodic memory (as one of the cognitive functions linked to UF) in non-demented patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We studied 21 patients with ALS and 11 healthy, demographically-comparable volunteers. Fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient, axial and radial diffusivity were the DTI metrics examined. Episodic memory was evaluated with Babcock Story Recall Test and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) for patients; measures of immediate and delayed recall and retention for both tests and sum of words recalled through five learning trials for RAVLT were considered. Patients with ALS showed significant bilateral reduction of axial diffusivity in the UF as compared to controls. Furthermore, there were several significant relations between various DTI metrics (mostly in left hemisphere) and memory measures (specifically for the RAVLT). UF microstructural changes may contribute to ALS-related memory impairment, with word-list learning performance relying more upon the integrity of frontal and temporal connections than memory components associated with story recall.

Awareness of cognitive deficits and clinical competence in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: their relevance in clinical practice

Awareness of cognitive deficits and clinical competence were investigated in 79 mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease patients. Awareness was assessed by the anosognosia questionnaire for dementia, and clinical competence by specific neuropsychological tests such as trail making test-A, Babcock story recall test, semantic and phonemic verbal fluency. The findings show that 66 % of the patients were aware of memory deficits, while the 34 % were unaware. Deficit in awareness correlated with lower scores on the Mini Mental State Examination test that, in the score range from 24.51 to 30 and from 19.50 to 24.50, appeared to be a significant predictor of level of awareness. None of the AD patients had fully preserved clinical competence, only 7 patients (9 %) had partially preserved clinical competence and 72 patients (91 %) had completely lost clinical competence. All the patients with partially preserved clinical competence (9 %) were aware of their memory deficit. The study indicates that neuropsychological tests used for the assessment of executive functions are not suitable for investigating clinical competence. Therefore, additional and specific tools for the evaluation of clinical competence are necessary. Indeed, these might allow clinicians to identify AD patients who, despite their deficits in selected functions, retain their autonomy of choice as well as recognize those patients who should proceed to the nomination of a legal representative.

Cognitive Impairment and its Associations with the Path of Illness in Affective Disorders

The goals of this study were to investigate differences in neurocognitive performance between groups of patients with unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) or bipolar I disorder (BD-I) in a euthymic state, and to analyze associations among cognitive performance, sociodemographic and clinical variables, and global functioning. The study evaluated 25 outpatients with MDD and 25 outpatients with BD-I. Controls consisted of a sample of 29 healthy adult volunteers. All of the subjects were administered a battery of neuropsychological tests (Babcock Story Recall Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test Part B, Stroop Color and Word Test, Symbol- Number Association Test, and Digit Span). Patients demonstrated reduced performance on tasks involving executive functions (Trail Making Test Part B and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) and attention (Digit Span and Symbol-Number Association Test) compared with healthy controls. Performance on neurocognitive tasks did not differentiate patients with MDD from those with BD-I. Improved performance on tasks that assessed executive functions by patients with BDI and MDD, considered as a single group, was associated with better global functioning, even when controlling for several sociodemographic and clinical confounders. Patients with MDD and BD-I showed a similar profile of information-processing deficits and similar global functioning. Global functioning was also moderately associated with performance on executive function tasks.

A comparison of the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB) with “traditional” neuropsychological testing instruments

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) is frequently used in research protocols and increasingly in clinical practice. Despite the frequency of its use, important aspects of its measurement validity have yet to be established in healthy adults. Two hundred and fifty-five individuals completed the CANTAB and traditional neuropsychological tests commonly used in clinical practice, including selected subtests from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Animal Naming, Trail Making Tests A and B, the Stroop test, and the Green Story Recall test. Results showed that CANTAB subtests were modestly correlated with traditional subtests. Correlations between CANTAB subtests and traditional subtests were less consistent when age and education were controlled for. In conclusion, the CANTAB shows modest associations with traditional neuropsychological test measures.

The association between dairy product consumption and cognitive function in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The present cross-sectional study sought to determine the potential relationships between the intake of dairy foods (total dairy products, milk and cheese) and cognitive function through information garnered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (1988-94 and 1999-2002). Cognitive measures of vasomotor speed, coding speed and immediate memory recall were assessed from a simple reaction time task (SRTT), symbol-digit substitution test (SDST) and serial digit learning task, respectively, in adults 20-59 years of age. A summation of the percentile rank scores on each of the three tests provided a measure of overall cognitive function. In adults 60 years of age and above, a story recall test and a digit-symbol substitution test (DSST) were utilised to determine cognitive function in an elderly population. The results indicated that cognitive scores for the SRTT were not different between consumers and non-consumers of dairy foods. However, there were associations observed between 20- and 59-year-old consumers of total dairy foods and a higher SDST percentile score (53.2 (SE 1.3) to 49.4 (SE 2.0)) and a calculated global cognitive percentile score (53.3 (SE 1.1) to 50.2 (SE 1.4)) compared with non-consumers. A similar significant association was observed with cheese consumers. In adults over 60 years of age, an association between total dairy product consumption and higher DSST percentile scores (51.5 (SE 1.9) to 46.2 (se 3.0)) was also observed. These findings highlight the need for additional research on how dairy products may affect cognition and by what mechanisms, through its nutrients or other components.

P2‐290: Different performance on word list learning and the story recall test in patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and subjective memory impairment

P2‐290: Different performance on word list learning and the story recall test in patients with Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and subjective memory impairment

Comparison of pre-existing cognitive impairment, amnesic mild cognitive impairment, and multiple domain mild cognitive impairment in men scheduled for coronary artery surgery

Preoperative cognitive impairment (PreCI), amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease) and multiple domain MCI with amnesia (mdMCI+a) identify preoperative cognitive abnormalities in patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Preoperative cognitive function is important in determining the incidence and severity of postoperative cognitive dysfunction, but the methods used to measure preoperative cognition are diverse. The incidence of preoperative cognitive abnormalities in cardiac surgical patients is unknown. Observational study. Veteran Administration Medical Center in the United States of America. Elective CABG surgery patients and nonsurgical controls. Recent verbal and nonverbal memory and executive functions were assessed using psychometric tests. Associations were determined using multivariate regression analysis. We quantified the incidences of PreCI, aMCI and mdMCI+a in patients before elective CABG surgery. Patients (n = 100) scheduled for surgery had lower cognitive scores compared with nonsurgical controls (n = 100) on eight of 10 psychometric tests. Differences between patients and controls were 'large' for the Immediate and Delayed Story Recall tests (Cohen's d; wherein d is defined as a difference between two means divided by the pooled SD for those two means), 'medium' for the Immediate Word List Recall test and 'small' for five other tests. Twenty-five, 20, and 21 patients satisfied the criteria for PreCI, aMCI and mdMCI+a, respectively. Fifteen patients satisfied the criteria for both PreCI and mdMCI+a, whereas only five did so for both PreCI and aMCI. PreCI was not significantly associated with aMCI (P > 0.05), but was significantly associated with mdMCI+a (P < 0.00001). PreCI, aMCI and mdMCI+a identified preoperative cognitive abnormalities in different groups of patients scheduled for CABG surgery. The findings emphasise that identification of patients with preoperative cognitive dysfunction is methodology-dependent. The optimal approach to subsequently identify patients who may be at greatest risk of progressive cognitive deterioration after CABG surgery remains to be determined.

Comparison between the Story Recall Test and the Word-List Learning Test in Korean patients with mild cognitive impairment and early stage of Alzheimer's disease

Among verbal memory tests, two that are commonly used to measure the ability of verbal memory function in cognitive impairment are story recall tests and word-list learning tests. However, research is limited regarding which test might be more sensitive in discriminating between normal cognitive aging and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Korean population. The purpose of the current study was to compare the word-list learning test (Seoul Verbal Learning Test; SVLT) and the story recall test (Korean Story Recall Test; KSRT) to determine which test is more sensitive in discriminating between individuals with normal cognitive aging and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early stage of AD in Korea. A total of 53 healthy adults, 127 patients with MCI, and 72 patients with early stage of AD participated in this study. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were evaluated to compare these two tests. The results showed that the AUC of the SVLT was significantly larger than the AUC of the KSRT in all three groups (healthy adults vs. MCI and early stage of AD; healthy adults vs. MCI; healthy adults vs. early stage of AD). However, in comparison of patients with MCI and early stage of AD, the AUC of SVLT and the AUC of KSRT were not significant. The word-list learning test is a more useful tool for examining verbal memory function for older adults in Korea than the story recall test.

When Rey-Osterrieth’s Complex Figure Becomes a Church: Prevalence and Correlates of Graphic Confabulations in Dementia

Verbal confabulation (VC) has been described in several pathological conditions characterized by amnesia and has been defined as ‘statements that involve distortion of memories’. Here we describe another kind of confabulation (graphic confabulation, GC), evident at the recall of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF). In a retrospective study of 267 patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, 14 patients (4.9 %) recalled the abstract ROCF as drawings with recognizable semantic meaning. VC was evident at the story recall test in 19.8% of the study participants. VC and GC were homogeneously distributed among the different types of dementia. VC has been proposed to originate from complex interactions of amnesia, motivational deficit and dysfunction of monitoring systems. On the contrary, GC seems to be the result of a deficit in visual memory replaced by the semantic translation of isolated parts of the ROCF along with a source monitoring deficit.

Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Function in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

To assess the longitudinal course of cognitive functions in a cohort of patients with idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). Prospective study with baseline and 2-year follow-up. Sleep disorders center. Twenty-four cognitively asymptomatic iRBD patients (18 M; mean age: 69.5 ± 7.3 y) and 12 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy subjects. Participants underwent to a video-PSG, a focused neuropsychological evaluation and a neurological examination. Following the first evaluation, subjects were reassessed after a mean interval of 25.8 months. Executive functions, attention and language were normal at baseline and at 2 year follow-up examination. At baseline, iRBD patients showed poorer performance than controls in delayed verbal memory (story recall test: P = 0.001) and in visuo-constructional abilities (Copy of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: P = 0.0005). At follow-up, they not only performed worse than controls in the same tests (story recall: P = 0.0001; Copy of the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure: P = 0.0004), but they also showed an impairment in visuo-spatial learning (Corsi supraspan test; P < 0.0001). ANOVAs showed a significant worsening in visuo-spatial learning over time in RBD compared to controls (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, 3 patients fulfilled the UK Brain Bank criteria for Parkinson disease, but this was unrelated to cognitive deterioration. Although no patients developed dementia, the decline observed in some tests involving the memory and visuo-constructional domains in idiopathic RBD suggests the presence of an underlying evolving degenerative process.

Correlation between environmental selenium levels and cognitive ability among rural elderly population

：Objective To explore thecorrelation between environmental selenium(Se) levels and cognitive ability among ruralelderly population, and the effect of Se on cognitive skill of the elderly. Methods Twostudy sites(Zichuan district and Gaomi city of Shandong) with different environmental Selevels were selected according to rural elderly people ≥ 65 years were extracted by stratified random sampling method in each site. Aretrospective survey was carried out using dietary intake questionnaire for the elderlyfor the past 1 year, and their daily total Se intake was calculated. Questionnaire wasalso used to obtain cognitive skill information in the elderly people. The CommunityScreening Instrument for Dementia, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer'sDisease (CERAD) Word List Learning Test, the Indiana University (IU) Story Recall Test,the Animal Fluency Test, and the IU Token Test were applied to assess the cognitiveability. Se level in these samples was analyzed. Correlation between the Se levels ofenvironment and those of human body were analyzed statistically. Results There were0.163), (0.405 ± 0.086)]mg/kg and nail Se[(147.44 ± 17.42), (117.38 ± 22.48)μg/L]betweenthe two groups (U = 31.59, 25.00, 23.67, all P ＜0.01 ). Therewere positive correlation among the nail Se, environmental Se and Se in all subjects(r =0.51,0.46, 0.60, all P ＜ 0.01 ). The differences ofthe CSID total score, the CERAD Word List Learning Test, the CERAD Word List Recall Testand the IU Story Recall Test between the two sites were statistically significant(F =2.56, 9.18, 7.48, 4.42, all P ＜ 0.05), excluding the IndianaUniversity Story Recall Test.After eliminating possible confounding factors, the Se levelsand the CSID total score, the IU Story Recall Test, the Animal Fluency Test and the IUStory Token Test had a significantly positive correlation (r = 0.076, 0.138, 0.042,0.107,P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01 ), excluding the CERAD WordList Learning Test. Conclusions This study supports the hypothesis that a life long low Selevel is associated with lower cognitive ability. The cognitive abilities in the elderlypopulation lived in areas with high environmental selenium levels are significantly higherthan that of the elderly lived in areas with low environmental selenium levels. Key words: Aged; Selenium; Cognitive ability

The usefulness of the story recall test in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

ABSTRACT Background: The story recall test (SRT) is one of the most reliable neuropsychological assessments for evaluating verbal memory function in order to distinguish between individuals with normal aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The SRT is analogous to the logical memory test in Wechsler Memory Scale-III, which has recently been developed and standardized to apply to older adults in Korea. The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness of the SRT and its ability to discriminate between normal cognitive aging and patients with MCI or AD. Methods: One hundred and twelve patients with MCI, 97 patients with AD, and 53 healthy elderly adults participated in this study. The SRT was compared with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), Korean version of the Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Korean version of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (K-HVLT). Results: The SRT was well-correlated with the dementia rating scales and the K-HVLT. However, the sensitivity and specificity of the SRT was greatly influenced by the level of education of the subjects. Conclusions: The SRT is a sensitive measurement of verbal memory function that can be used in clinical settings to discriminate between normal memory functioning and the very early and moderate stages of AD in a Korean population. Moreover, it is important to recognize that the SRT is more appropriate for subjects with a high level of education rather than a low level of education to differentiate normal cognitive aging from MCI or AD.

멀티미디어 활용 영어교육이 미취학 아동의 듣기·어휘 및 이야기 회상 능력과 정의적 영역에 미치는 효과

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of English education using a multimedia title on preschool children. A total of 48 pre-school children between the ages of six and seven years who attend English preschool in Cheongju area participated in this study. They were divided into two groups: a traditional control group using a storybook and an audio CD and an experimental group using multimedia title, over a four week period. Tests were administered to evaluate the effect of multimedia title on preschooler’s cognitive domains. A five-point Likert scale test was used to identify the relationship between multimedia usage and the participants’ affective domains. The data was analyzed using SPSS Windows (Ver. 12.0) for descriptive analysis and t-test. The experimental group which used multimedia as their educational tool, showed significantly higher scores in the areas of vocabulary recognition and vocabulary naming tests than those in the traditional control group. The results for listening and story recall tests were significantly higher than in the case of children who practiced with a storybook and an audio CD. The children in the experimental group had a significantly higher score in the area of affective domain including interest and attitude. Based on these results, some pedagogical suggestions are addressed on the effective use of English multimedia title for preschool children.

Cognitive Performance in Elderly Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy or Carotid Artery Stenting: A Twelve-Month Follow-Up Study

Background: It is still a matter of debate if and to what extent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) impair cognitive functioning in the elderly. Methods: We conducted a nonrandomized clinical trial on subjects with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis comparing CEA (n = 28; 24 males and 4 females; 72.6 ± 5.8 years old) with CAS (n = 29; 17 males and 12 females; 75.1 ± 5.7 years old). Cognition, mood and functional status were evaluated by a broad spectrum of tests performed on the day prior to carotid reopening as well as 3 and 12 months after. Results: No significant differences in scores on cognitive tests including the Babcock story recall test and Rey’s auditory verbal learning test (memory), category naming test (verbal fluency), trail-making test parts A and B (attention and executive function) and controlled oral word association test (executive functioning) were observed 3 and 12 months after carotid reopening independent of the technique used. Only scores on the copy drawing test (visuospatial and constructional abilities) slightly but significantly (p < 0.05) worsened in the CAS group 12 months after the intervention. No significant differences between the CEA and CAS groups were detected regarding mood and functional status after 3 and 12 months. Conclusions: CEA and CAS seem to be safe procedures in elderly patients in terms of cognitive, mood and functional status in the short and long term. CAS might be preferred for the shorter hospital stay, but further studies with a larger number of old and oldest old subjects with a longer follow-up are needed to better understand the cost-effectiveness of both treatments.

PW01-15 - Neurocognitive function in clinically stable patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia and normal controls

ObjectivesThere is a substantial body of evidence that cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder persist after the subsidence of active symptoms. The aim of the study was to assess and compare the cognitive functioning of patients with clinically stable schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.MethodsAttention, memory, verbal learning ability, visuospatial ability, executive functions and social cognition were assessed in 21 patients with schizophrenia in remission, 23 euthymic bipolar-I patients, and 27 normal controls, using WAIS - Vocabulary, Block design, and Digit span, Stroop Test, Babcock Story Recall Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Trail Making Test (Trails A and B), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Faux Pas Recognition Test. The three groups were matched for gender, age and education. One-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrections was used for the between groups comparisons.ResultsBoth bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients were significantly impaired on tests of working memory, learning abilities, and executive functions compared to control subjects. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than patients with bipolar disorder on attention and verbal memory tasks, whereas the latter performed worse than normal controls on visuospatial ability tasks.Table 1Comparison of neuropsychological function Bipolar Disorder Mean (SD)Schizophrenia Mean (SD)Normal controls Mean (SD)FpPost-hoc test (p)WAIS - Vocabulary10.1 (1.8)10.2 (1.8)12.0 (1.6)6.06.004S &lt; N (.015) B &lt; N (.008)WAIS - Block design7.9 (2.5)9.9 (3.6)10.3 (2.7)3.76.032B &lt; N (.039)Stroop - Word84.3 (18.7)82.3 (26.8)97.7 (16.5)4.03.022S &lt; N (.038)Stroop - Colour59.5 (12.3)56.8 (16.8)72.0 (12.1)8.74.000S &lt; N (.001) B &lt; N (.006)Babcock - Delay recall12.1 (3.9)7.7 (3.3)13.2 (3.3)15.71.000S &lt; N (.000) S &lt; B (.000)WCST - categories2.4 (1.4)2.5 (1.3)3.1 (1.1)2.49.090nsWCST - perseverative errors14.6 (13.1)18.5 (16.4)11.1 (8.2)1.30.280nsTrails B164.1 (83.2)170.2 (76.8)86.7 (43.3)11.68.000S &gt; N (.000) B &gt; N (.001)Faux Pas - detection38.6 (11.6)40.1 (14.6)46.2 (9.6)2.64.080nsConclusionsOur results indicate that stable schizophrenia and euthymic bipolar disorder exhibit different but overlapping profiles of cognitive impairment.

PW01-16 - Neurocognitive function in bipolar disorder: an examination during episode and in remission

ObjectivesCognitive function seems to be impaired during both the acute and euthymic phases of bipolar disorder. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of remission on cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder.MethodsAttention, memory, verbal learning ability, visuospatial ability, executive functions and social cognition were assessed in 19 patients with bipolar-I patients during an episode of the illness and in remission as well as in 16 normal controls, using WAIS - Vocabulary, Block design, and Digit span, Stroop Test, Babcock Story Recall Test, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Trail Making Test (Trails A and B), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Faux Pas Recognition Test. The two groups were matched for gender, age and education. Paired t-test was used to compare patients’ neuropsycholigical performance in episode and euthimic states and one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni corrections for the between groups comparisons.ResultsPatients showed cognitive dysfunction in verbal learning, visospatial ability, executive functions and social cognition during both the acute and the euthymic phases in relation to the comparison group. Poorer performance in attention and working memory tasks was observed only in the acute phase of the illness. Performance in verbal learning and executive function tasks was significantly improved but still impaired in remission. BD-Ep (n = 19) Mean (SD)BD-Rem(n = 19) Mean (SD)tp WAIS - Vocabulary9.6 (1.7)9.9 (1.6)- 1.55.137BD-Ep &lt; NC BD-Rem &lt; NCWAIS - Block design7.9 (2.2)8.3 (1.9)- 0.64.532BD-Ep &lt; NC BD-Rem &lt; NCStroop - Word77.9 (19.2)82.8 (19.8)- 1.21.243BD-Ep &lt; NCStroop - Colour56.7 (14.8)60.3 (12.9)- 1.28.218BD-Ep &lt; NCRAVLT - Best learning9.9 (2.6)11.0 (2.8)- 2.52.021BD-Ep &lt; NC BD-Rem &lt; NCRAVLT - Delay recall7.3 (3.3)9.2 (3.5)- 3.41.003BD-Ep &lt; NC BD-Rem &lt; NCWCST - perseverative errors19.5 (10.6)13.5 (7.9)3.21.005BD-Ep &gt; NCTrails B181.0 (92.2)167.1 (91.4)1.28.218BD-Ep &gt; NC BD-Rem &gt; NCFaux Pas - detection35.0 (8.9)37.8 (10.5)- 1.15.266BD-Ep &lt; NC BD-Rem &lt; NC[The effect of remission on cognitive functioning]ConclusionsPatients with bipolar disorder exhibit similar profiles of cognitive impairment during the acute and the euthymic phases of the illness.

Effects of the novel histamine H3 receptor antagonist S 38093 in a non-human primate model of cognitive dysfunction

Background: The Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment (LICA) has recently been developed for screening dementia as a useful neuropsychological test battery in the illiterate as well as the literate people. It consisted of story and words recall tests, stick design and visual recognition test, number stroop test, animal fluency, Corsi block test, calculation, visual semantics test, and naming. The aims of this study are to develop a short form of the LICA(LICA-S) and cross-validate LICA-S. Methods: Factorial analysis of LICA items was used to develop the LICA-S. LICA-S consisted of words recall tests, stick design and visual recognition test, number stroop test, animal fluency, visual semantics test, and naming. Stratified-clustered-random sampling was used, and the sampling size was 626 normal elderly who were administered LICA-S. 293 normal controls were matched with 148dementia patients administered LICA-S by age, sex and education. Test-retest data of the LICA-S was obtained from 35 subjects within a mean time interval of 32.1 days. Results: The LICA-S was not correlated with sex, but with age and education. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of the shorted LICA(LICA-S) was 0.92, and the item-total correlation was significant. Construct validity was confirmed by evaluating the correlation between the LICA-S and the LICA, K-MMSE and CDR. In respect to a diagnosis of dementia in literate subjects, the LICA-S (cut-off point 70) hada sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 91%, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.978 (S.E.1⁄40.005). With respect to a diagnosis of dementia in the illiterate subjects, the LICA-S (cut-off point 61.2) had a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 91%. The AUC was 0.982 (S.E.1⁄40.009). The LICA -S was found to have a high testretest reliability (r1⁄4 0.91). There was significant differences of the time reuired for test between LICA and LICA-S (p< 0.05; 32.0 6 6.9min, 18.463.8min). Conclusions: A short version of LICA(LICA-S) had high sensitivity, specificity and test-retest reliability which were comparable to those of original LICA. Thus, the LICA-S can be a useful, brief neuropsychological test battery for the screening of dementia in the illiterate as well as the literate people.