Stormwater Drainage Systems Research Articles

Two-dimensional (2D) flood analysis and calibration of stormwater drainage systems using geographic information systems.

In recent years, there has been severe flooding in urban areas as well as coastal and river flooding. Urban flooding is exacerbated by climate change, urbanization, growing population, and the increase of impervious surfaces in urban areas. Stormwater drainage systems that discharge stormwater to a safe location in urban areas are becoming increasingly important. The objective of this study is to analyze and calibrate the flood performance of stormwater drainage systems currently used in the central region of Malatya in a potential flood situation using geographic information systems and the InfoWorks ICM. The model was created using the land use type, buildings, and digital elevation model (DEM), and the analysis was performed by exposing stormwater drainage systems to rainfall events of 5, 10, and 15 min of duration for return periods of 2, 5, and 10 years. The model was then validated using field-observed rainfall and flood data and its performance was evaluated using R2, NSE, RMSE, and MAE metrics. The results showed that the eight stormwater drainage systems currently in operation cannot fully convey stormwater and may pose a risk of loss of life and property in residential areas. In addition, the severity of the flooding was found to increase with an increasing return period.

Identification of high oxygen-consuming substances in stormwater drainage systems illicitly connected with sewage system

The dissolved oxygen content in water is an important indicator for assessing the quality of the water environment, and maintaining a certain amount of dissolved oxygen is essential for the healthy development of the ecological environment. When a water body is anoxic, the activity of anaerobic microorganisms increases and organic matter is decomposed to produce a large number of blackening and odorizing substances, resulting in black and odorous water bodies, which is a very common and typical phenomenon in China. Presently, there is still a relatively universal occurrence of illicitly connected stormwater and sewage pipes in the urban drainage pipe network in China, which makes oxygen-consuming substances be directly discharged into rivers through stormwater pipes and consume the dissolved oxygen in the water bodies, resulting in an oxygen deficiency of the water. This induces seasonal or year-round black and stink phenomena in urban rivers. Hence, identifying high oxygen-consuming substances, which lays the foundation for the subsequent removal of oxygen-consuming substances, is essential. Through a series of comparisons of water quality indicators and analysis of organic characteristics, it was found that the oxygen consumption capacity of domestic sewage was higher than that of industrial wastewater in the selected area of this study, and the oxygen-consuming substances of domestic sewage were small molecular amino acids. By comparing 20 conventional free amino acids, it was found that seven of them consumed oxygen easily, and compared with chemical oxygen consumption, biological oxygen consumption was in a leading position.

The impact of combined sewer outflows on urban water quality: Spatio-temporal patterns of fecal coliform in indianapolis

Many urban waterways with older stormwater drainage systems receive a significant amount of untreated or poorly treated waste from Combined Sewer Outflow (CSO) systems during precipitation events. The input of effluent waste from CSO to urban water streams during storm events often leads to elevated fecal coliform, specifically Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) in these waterways. The aim of the study is to examine fecal coliform concentration, water chemistry, and water quality parameters to better understand spatio-temporal patterns of fecal coliform associated with CSO events in three waterways from Indianapolis, Indiana (USA). The waterways are Pleasant Run Creek (PRW), Fall Creek (FC) and White River (WR). The sampling occurred biweekly over one year for PRW, nine months for FC, and an intense (∼every three days) sub-analysis of the presumed peak period of fecal coliform growth (July) for WR. All PRW and FC sampling sites significantly exceeded the EPA contact standard limit of 200 CFU/100 mL for fecal coliform concentrations during the sampling period. We found no relationship between fecal coliform levels and the number or density of CSO outfalls above a given site. The most significant predictors of increased fecal coliform concentrations were precipitation on the sampling day and cumulative degree days. The most significant predictors of decreased fecal coliform were maximum precipitation during the ten-day window prior to sampling and median discharge during a three-day window prior to sampling. These findings suggest a push-pull balance within the system where CSO activation and seasonal gradients replenish and promote fecal coliform growth. At the same time, large hydrologic events act to flush and dilute fecal coliform concentrations. The results from this study help us to better understand how different drivers influence fecal coliform growth and how this information can be potentially used to predict and remediate the conditions of urban water streams.

Influence of Green Roofs on the Design of a Public Stormwater Drainage System: A Case Study

In the face of excessive soil sealing and the occurrence of heavy rainfall in short time periods leading to flooding, it is becoming increasingly urgent to implement public resilient stormwater drainage systems. Green roofs have several advantages at different levels, of which this paper highlights the ability to retain rainwater, to reduce problems with flooding in peaks of rainfall, and to increase in urban green infrastructure with all the benefits associated. In this sense, green roofs’ impact on the design of a public stormwater drainage system and their implications for urban stormwater management was analyzed when compared with conventional roofs. If green roofs are used on the buildings in the study urban area, which has about 2.1 ha and is located in rainfall region B of Portugal, then the weighted average runoff coefficient (Cm) for the study area is 0.59. This scenario leads to a reduction in the maximum flow rate of 15.89% compared to the use of conventional roofs, with a Cm of 0.70 for the same area. Thus, the use of green roofs instead of conventional roofs can have positive impacts on the surface runoff in urban areas and contribute to more sustainable urban drainage.

Impacts of site real-time adaptive control of water-sensitive urban designs on the stormwater trunk drainage system

Increased rainfall intensity due to climate change is expected to exacerbate flood inundation in urban areas. Water sensitive urban design (WSUD) provides a variety of benefits in stormwater quantity management, ranging from stormwater harvesting to flood mitigation. Currently, however, developed areas lack any system that can improve the management of existing stormwater harvesting facilities to increase stormwater storage capacity without enlarging the stormwater drainage system. This study modelled a new method, Site Real-Time Adaptive Control (SRAC), that combined existing stormwater harvesting infrastructure at both regional and site levels with the existing stormwater drainage system (SWDS) through a cloud computing platform to increase stormwater storage capacity and reduce runoff water to the surface. The research found that: (1) the SRAC can manage runoff water dynamically and reduce flood inundation. The proposed impact factor Mt could help designers to measure the recovery capacity between two continuous rainfall events; (2) the SRAC model could postpone the peak flow in the trunk drainage system by 8–10 min; (3) the SRAC model could remove most of the excess water during very frequent rainfall events, decreasing over 98 % excess flow in design events 1h1EY (14,650 m3) and 2h1EY (11,272 m3); (4) the SRAC model showed a 36–50 % reduction in total outfall volume in the 1 h rainfall events, a 42–50 % reduction in the 2 h rainfall events; (5) the SRAC model could increase the capacity of downstream water treatment plants and save 43 % of the stormwater trunk drainage demand.

Quality of Stormwater Infrastructure Systems in Vulnerable Communities: Three Case Studies from Texas.

A properly functioning local stormwater drainage system is essential for mitigating flood risks. This study evaluates the quality of roadside drainage channels in three underserved communities in Texas: the Sunnyside neighborhood in Houston (Harris County), a neighborhood in the City of Rockport (Aransas County), and the Hoehn colonia (Hidalgo County). These communities have a history of flooding, are highly socially vulnerable, and rely on roadside ditches as their principal stormwater drainage system for runoff control. Mobile lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) measurements were collected for 6.09 miles of roadside channels in these communities. The raw lidar measurements were processed to evaluate drainage conditions based on the channel's geometric properties, hydraulic capacity, and level of service. The assessment results are linked to a Geographic Information System (GIS) tool for enhanced visualization. Finally, the paper provides insights regarding the quality of stormwater infrastructure in the study communities and discusses their practical implications.

Assessing the performance of marine plastics cleanup technologies in Europe and North America

This study fills an important gap in policymaker understanding of the effectiveness and implementation costs of marine plastic cleanup technologies. Previous studies have mainly listed inventories of different plastic litter cleanup technologies, not systematically examined their cost-effectiveness. Through a survey in Europe and North America that asked for cost and cleanup capacity data, per kilogram cost figures were calculated for several categories of cleanup technologies, ranging from fixed-in-place filters in stormwater drainage systems to mobile skimmers on water. Mobile skimmers and dredgers appear to be most cost-effective. Adding performance criteria related to operational conditions and ease of use, such as energy use and economies of scale, dredgers and stormwater filters rank higher. Litter traps in drainage systems are most preferred when furthermore considering weather sensitivity and whether technologies operate standalone, making them an interesting complementary technology to skimmers and dredgers to prevent plastic litter from entering water courses. These results show how sensitive the outcome of the ranking is to the inclusion of additional operational criteria, how different categories of technologies can effectively be combined in the plastic waste supply chain, and what the cost implications are for the future upscaling of plastic litter cleanup technologies.

The Possibilities of Capturing Rainwater and Reducing the Impact of Floods: A Proposal for the City of Beira, Mozambique

Modern societies face various challenges, including climate change, rapid urbanization, and sometimes inadequate urban planning policies. In recent years, extreme weather events have received increasing attention for their impacts on cities, humans, and ecosystems worldwide, particularly on coastal towns in Mozambique, such as cyclones, floods, water pollution, and water scarcity, demonstrating their vulnerability to climate change. Cities must adapt to cope with the pressure on their water resources, and it is essential to ensure that communities have access to safe, reliable, and affordable water. A viable way to promote this resilience and simultaneously reduce costs in domestic budgets is to use rainwater to meet daily needs where water quality parameters are not required for consumption. According to the results of this study, it is possible to significantly reduce potable water use from the municipal water supply network by harvesting rainwater, up to 40% when the use does not require potable water at all, proactively protecting this vital resource. In addition to these direct benefits, the large-scale deployment of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in densely urbanized areas can also provide indirect benefits, such as reducing peak flow volumes in stormwater drainage systems and potentially reducing the frequency of urban floods. These benefits result from the reduction in the volume and duration of water sent to the drainage network, which can help to improve the overall resilience of communities in the face of climate change and other challenges.

True interval non-stationary Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves under changing climate and effect of temporal discretisation on rainfall extremes

The extreme rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves are used to design stormwater infrastructure in the urban areas and need to be developed keeping in view of the warming climate. The current study develops the non-stationary IDF relationships for 11 class-I urban cities of India under changing climate. The total 11,528 generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) models are developed to quantify non-stationarity in extreme rainfall by introducing a clock hour correction factor (CHCF) as a covariate. The observed hourly rainfall data of the selected cities located in five different regions of India, namely the western region (Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Jaipur), northern region (New Delhi, Dehradun), north-eastern region (Imphal), eastern region (Bhubaneswar, Kolkata), and southern region (Madurai, Chennai, Bengaluru) are collected and converted in the fixed and sliding interval annual maximum rainfall series of eight different durations. The said data set is used in the computation of CHCF, evaluation of discretisation effect on extreme rainfall events, trend analysis, development of stationary and non-stationary IDF curves. The CHCF values of seven (two) cities are above (below) 1.15 respectively; the other two cities show a value ∼ 1.15. The effect of temporal discretisation on the computation of extreme rainfall for 24-h (FW and SW) maximum rainfall depth was found to be highest in Bhubaneswar (50%) and Imphal (44%). The trend analysis revealed no statistically significant increasing (decreasing) trend in extreme rainfall for all durations for all cities under consideration except in the case of Bengaluru for 2-,3-, and 6-h durations (Chennai for a 48-h duration). The current study concluded that, under a non-stationarity climate, the shorter (1-h) and longer (24-h) duration extreme rainfall is influenced by local and global processes, respectively. Further, the short-duration extreme events are intensifying with the decrease in the return period. The 1-h duration non-stationary rainfall intensity for a 2-year return period and stationary rainfall intensity for a 5-year return period of 62.9 mm/h and 57 mm/h for Bengaluru, 77.7 mm/h and 77.2 mm/h for Mumbai, 60.8 mm/h and 60.7 mm/h for Ahmedabad, 47.8 mm/h and 49.4 mm/h for Jaipur, 59.8 mm/h and 59.3 mm/h for Madurai, 73.6 mm/h and 73 mm/h for Bhubaneswar, and 39.6 mm/h and 40.1 mm/h for Imphal, respectively. The ready-to-use IDF curves developed under stationary and non- stationary climate can be useful to design engineers in designing stormwater drainage systems in the selected class-I urban cities of India.

Statistical Analysis of Rainfall Data using non-parametric methods of Solapur District, Maharashtra, India

India being a Tropical country, experiences variety Rainfall. The Rainfall is the prime input required for Design of Hydraulic structures like culverts and bridges, Irrigation canals, storm water and road drainage system, etc. To estimate the detailed design and planning of crops, statistical analysis is required. In the present study, annual rainfall data for a period of 20 years (2000 to 2019) is used to understand the statistical behavior of the rainfall in last two decades for Solapur district. Also return period by various plotting position formulae is evaluated from the annual rainfall. The rainfall variability is checked by calculating the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation. From the study results, the rainfall pattern is found to be irregular. The best fitted probability distribution was identified based on the minimum deviation between actual and estimated values.

Deriving of Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves for precipitation at Hanoi, Vietnam

The rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship is one of the most commonly used tools in establishing rain intensity formulas for urban stormwater drainage design. Currently, the rain formulas being applied in Vietnam according to the design standard TCVN 7957-2008 are mostly Soviet formulas with climate parameters dating back to the 80s of the twentieth century. Therefore, it is no longer suitable for the calculation of the current stormwater drainage system, especially in the context of climate change. In this paper, we used statistical methods to process rain gauge data from 1960 to 2021 to build the IDF curve for the inner city of Hanoi (Vietnam). The results show that the new IDF curves are more suitable for the current climate situation than the IDF curves according to TCVN 7957-2008.

Calculating the volume of Tan Mieu lake in Thanh Noi area, Hue City, for the urban stormwater drainage system

Detention lakes, which are effective means of flood control, are highly effective in sustainable drainage solutions. Numerous factors diminish the regulating reservoir's function for urban drainages, such as the lake's small volume, an inadequate drainage system, and restricted outflow from the lake. Therefore, this study applies the method of limited rainfall intensity to calculate the stormwater flow into the lake and determine the volume of the detention lakes according to TCVN 7957: 2008 [1] to the sub-basin of Tan Mieu. It is confirmed that the volume of the lake in the region and the level of outflow from the lake, which are essential factors in flood mitigation, is not suitable for the rainfall characteristics of the area. The results show that with the planned outflow of Qx = 1/3 × Qt, the lake's actual capacity is roughly a half of the required lake capacity. With the option Qx = 1/2 × Qt, the actual volume of the lake is 1.2 times smaller than the calculated capacity. Therefore, increasing the lake's volume and outflow volume from the lake minimizes local flooding.

Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z 23 lutego 2022 r., III OSK 820/21 (częściowo aprobująca)

Gloss to the decision of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court of February 23, 2022, case file no. III OSK 820/21 (partially approving) The gloss concerns the decision of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court of February 23, 2022, which examined a complaint against a decision imposing an obligation to pay a fee for water services under the New Water Law Act of July 20, 2017. The content of the aforementioned decision raised issues that cause interpretative difficulties, but at the same time, due to the short duration of the regulation being in force, have not yet been the subject of a wider examination by the administrative judiciary. In the case which is the subject of the decision, the entity charged with the obligation to pay the fee challenged the decision of the commune head determining the amount of the fee, challenging both how the authority determined what specific land should be considered real property within the meaning of the New Water Law Act, and also objected to the authority’s failure to recognize in the decision the individual sewage system located on the complainant’s land and discharging rainwater from the complainant’s land into a ditch as a stormwater drainage system within the meaning of the provisions of the aforementioned Law, accounting for the area where the complainant used construction facilities, the construction of which was associated with a reduction in natural terrain retention. In assessing the case, the court of the first instance primarily examined the scope of the concept of real property and the area included in open or closed stormwater drainage systems. Both the Regional Administrative Court, ruling on the complaint in its October 18, 2018 decision, case file no. II SA/Sz 735/18, and the Polish Supreme Administrative Court did not share the applicant’s position, dismissing the complaint. The decision of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court concerns a problematic issue, raising many doubts even before the legislation introducing it came into force. In the opinion of the author of the gloss, the court in question, in its decision, failed to address concerns that have arisen around the regulation of fees for the reduction of natural terrain retention.

Application of PCSWMM for assessing the impacts of urbanization and climate changes on the efficiency of stormwater drainage systems in managing urban flooding in Robe town, Ethiopia

Study regionThis study was conducted in Robe town, Ethiopia. Study focusIn this, the PCSWMM was used to investigate the potential effects of climate change and land-use change on the peak flow magnitude and efficiency of stormwater drainage systems in managing urban flooding. Four simulation scenarios were developed to demonstrate the changes in the flooding volume and adequacy of existing systems. Moreover, the effectiveness of three low-impact developments: rain barrels, rain gardens, and a combination of both practices as a mitigation strategy in reducing flooding volume were investigated. New hydrological insights for regionThe trend of landuse change showed that the increased peak flow and flooding volume of junctions increased from 45.13 to 68.72 m3/s and 35,418–50,106 × 106 Ltr respectively, due to the imperviousness increasing from 10% to 70%. Similarly, in response to climate change, the simulated peak runoff increased by 46.9%, 34.8%, and 37.5% for, RCA4, RACMO22T, and REMO2009, respectively. This findings showed that if the current landuse and climate changes continue in the coming years, the study area threatened by the increased flooding due to the drainage systems will fail to accommodate increased peak runoff. The present study suggests the adopted LIDs can be significantly reduced the effects of flooding problems in the town.

Green stormwater infrastructure: A critical review of the barriers and solutions to widespread implementation

AbstractRapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, and climate change impacts have put a strain on existing stormwater drainage systems. One commonly acknowledged solution to relieve such stress is Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI). Interest in GSI technology has been growing. However, the level of implementation in many areas around the world lags behind the interest level. This study aims to critically review the body of literature from the last decade to determine the main barriers to wide adoption and the offered solutions to overcome them. Based on a review of 92 peer‐reviewed journal articles published between 2012 and 2022, we classify barriers and solutions into six categories: socio‐cultural, financial, institutional and governance, legislative and regulatory, technical, and biophysical. Based on observations and conclusions from the reviewed articles, we recommend the following pillars and considerations for more GSI adoption: increasing awareness and outreach programs; enhancing knowledge and data co‐production and dissemination; acknowledging interdependency and context‐specificity of many of the challenges and solutions; prioritizing integrated and participatory watershed planning; overcoming institutional path‐dependencies; prioritizing innovative solutions; giving specific consideration to maintenance protocols; considering the role of public entities; and actively engaging with communities.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness

Modeling urban stormwater management in the town of Dodola based on landuse and climate change using SWMM 5.1

Study regionThis study was conducted in Dodola town, Ethiopia. Study focusThis study aims to examine the impacts of landuse and climate changes on peak runoff and flooding volumes, and also evaluates the effectiveness of low-impact development using SWMM 5.1. Three decades of landuse landcover were analyzed to assess the performance of the existing drainage system. Furthermore, the effect of climate change on drainage system performance was assessed using the estimated design storms from two global climate models (CanESM2 and HadGEM2-ES). New hydrological insights for regionThe trend of landuse landcover analysis shows that the town has experienced a significant increase in the impervious surface area ranging from 59.73 % to 86.01 %. In response to urbanization, the trend of peak stormwater showed a continuously increasing trend. The field observations confirm that the landuse change has had a significant impact on the performance of stormwater drainage systems. The study also found that the peak runoff and flooding volume of the study area was increased under separate and combined effects of rainfall intensity variation due to climate change and increased impervious surface area. This finding indicates that existing drainage systems flooded due to discharge exceeding the design capacity and that profit is required when considering the effects of both land-use and climate change scenarios. Three environmentally friendly low-impact development approaches: bio-retention, permeable pavement, and a combination of the two are applied to reduce increased peak stormwater and mitigate flooding problems.

Tracking the damages of the Shaheen cyclone in the Sultanate of Oman

Abstract The Sultanate of Oman is in the south-eastern part of the Persian Gulf. Oman's coast causes Oman to be exposed to tropical cyclones occasionally. The damages occur when hurricanes reach the land, but some hurricanes dissipate in the sea without any noticeable harm. Generally, these strong storms hit Oman every 3 or 4 years between June and October, and it is mostly in the southern part of the Sultanate. One of these cyclones was Gonu on June 1, 2007, which caused 50 deaths in total and the damaged areas cost around $4.2 billion (2007 US dollars). This paper reviews and tracks the tropical cyclone Shaheen, which hit the Omani coast on October 2, 2021. We have used the hydrological data of previous cyclones to state the level of damage the cyclone caused. As expected, the cyclone caused a lot of human and material losses in a very short period due to the inadequate flood drain systems in Al-Khaboura city. Results showed the necessity of a proper stormwater drainage system to be installed in the northern cities of Oman. These effects were followed by a 2-day holiday for both government and private sectors for the sake of people's safety.

An Online Data-Driven Evolutionary Algorithm–Based Optimal Design of Urban Stormwater-Drainage Systems

To reduce flood risk in urban areas, an optimal design of drainage networks for urban areas is essential for flooding control and drainage management of the urban stormwater drainage system (USDS). A conventional design is generally used for drainage networks, resulting in high computational costs and limited flooding reduction effect. In this study, based on an on-line data-driven evolutionary algorithm coupled with the storm water management model (SWMM), a novel approach for USDS drainage network optimization design was developed. A case in Xi’an City, China, was then selected for practical implementation, where the performances of the local planning scheme, the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the proposed approach were compared. Results confirmed that our proposed methodological approach is feasibility and highly efficiency, leading to a 32% reduction in total flooding from that resulting from the local planning scheme. In addition, the average computational time was reduced by 57%, while the flooding control effect was better, compared to PSO algorithm optimization. These results suggest that our optimization design approach is reliable and applicable, and can benefit and assist designers in practice.

Land Use Pattern Affects Microplastic Concentrations in Stormwater Drains in Urban Catchments in Perth, Western Australia

Stormwater drains act as important vectors for microplastics, enabling the transportation of microplastic polymers from terrestrial systems where they are produced and consumed to aquatic and marine ecosystems. In this study, microplastic concentrations and their size fractions were measured in six stormwater catchments in the Perth and Peel region of Western Australia. Stormwater drains with contrasting land uses and catchment characteristics were selected and two sites along each drain were sampled. Water samples were filtered in situ with a purpose-built fractionation device. Catchment boundaries and contributing drainage areas were derived from a hydrologically enforced digital elevation model. Microplastic concentrations within the sites varied from 8.8 to 25.1 microplastics/L (mean 14.2 microplastics/L). Fibrous microplastics were the most common morphology, followed by fragments. Polymer types identified using Raman spectroscopy included polypropylene (64.6% of samples), polyethylene (64.7%), polytetrafluoroethylene (5.9%) and polyvinylidene fluoride (5.9%). There was no statistically significant variation in microplastic concentrations across or within stormwater catchments. A linear mixed-effect model showed that several components of the land use pattern: catchment area, catchment population, and the proportion of industrial land, natural land and public open space, were positively related to microplastic concentrations. The proportion of residential land was negatively related to microplastic concentrations. The lack of significant variation in microplastic concentration observed both across and within the catchments points to their ubiquitous presence in stormwater systems in the region. This study is the first to examine microplastic contamination in the water of stormwater drainage systems in Perth, Western Australia. These stormwater systems contain considerable concentrations of microplastics, confirming their importance as transport mechanisms for plastics into aquatic and marine ecosystems.

Developing Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves Based on Rainfall Cumulative Distribution Frequency (CDF) for Can Tho City, Vietnam

Information on the relationship between rainfall intensity, duration and accumulation frequency or return period (IDF) is commonly utilized in the design and management of urban drainage systems. Can Tho City, located in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta, is a city which has recently invested heavily in upgrading its stormwater drainage systems in the hope of preventing reoccurring flood events. Yet, much of these works were designed based on obsolete and outdated IDF rainfall curves. This paper presents an updated IDF curve for design rainfall for Can Tho City. For each duration and designated return period, a cumulative distribution function (CDF) was developed using the Pearson III, Log-Pearson III, and Log-Normal distribution functions. In order to choose the best IDF rainfall curve for Can Tho City, the CDF rainfall curve and empirical formulas used in Vietnam and Asia (Vietnamese standard 7957:2008, Department of Hydrology, Ministry of Transportation, Talbot, Kimijima, and Bermard) were compared. The goodness of fit between the IDF relationship generated by the frequency analysis (CDF curve), and that predicted by the IDF empirical formulas was assessed using the efficiency index (EI), and the root mean squared error (RMSE). The IDF built from Vietnam’s standard TCVN 7957:2008 with new parameters (A = 9594, C = 0.5, b = 26, n = 0.96) showed the best performance, with the highest values of EI (0.84 ≤EI≤ 0.93) and the lowest values of RMSE (2.5 ≤RMSE≤ 3.2), when compared to the other remnants.