Storm Off Research Articles

Making It Work When Working with the Media: Part 2

Last issue, we covered the basics of a journalist's job, life in the newsroom, and the anatomy of a news story (https://doi.org/10.2134/csa2019.64.1217). This issue, we cover answering questions to gain more control over an interview. Most interviews are not live, which means you have an opportunity to say, “I'm unsure about that—how would you like me to get back to you?” There is nothing wrong with not knowing something if the journalist goes astray. In addition, they could be poorly wording their question. The problem could be solved by merely asking, “Could you rephrase that—I'm not sure what you mean.” Use this “A-B-C” tactic for great answers: Source: Adobe Stock/Jonás Torres. Rarely—but highly publicized when it happens—a journalist may try to trap you. No need to participate. For example, one high-profile person has certain rules about what questions they'll answer, and all interviewers sign agreements not to go into this territory. When one interviewer would not stop asking the question, after our high-profile person was respectfully saying, “You know I don't speak on that topic”—she politely got up from her chair, turned off the microphone, handed it to a stagehand, and walked away. All this was filmed and aired live. The headline that the station tried to use? “High-Profile Person Storms Off Stage.” I applaud this person—and respect their anonymity. I don't think this will happen to you at all. Stay calm and keep saying, “I don't know the answer to that question.” Journalists—and the public—are not uneducated. They may not know what you know, or they may be misinformed, but they likely have some area of expertise. Let's give them the benefit of the doubt and inform, share, and learn from them. Another area to avoid is putting down a study or the authors/researchers. It's fine to say you “disagree” with a published paper, the study design, etc. But your disagreement itself isn't news, so it shouldn't be the focus of your precious time trying to inform a journalist. Realize everything you say is “on the record,” even pre- and post-interview small talk. You don't want to be taken out of context or give them ideas for another story; you're trying to develop positive relationships that are important to the long-term health of your research and communications about it. And never roll your eyes, no matter how much you disagree. Television and streaming news services tell visual stories. Sometimes they just do “talking head” interviews, but photos of your research or that help answer questions within the story often are appreciated. Most stories have sustained action, so visuals like folks working in your lab, you walking along the hallway with a reporter, etc., are all something to be prepared for. They will call this “b-roll” and the actual interview the “a-roll.” Stories can run from 30 seconds to a few minutes, depending on the day's priorities. Television often needs you to be ready on short notice, and even if it's traditional TV, the story can still be streamed or put into print. Radio often tells very short stories. They are often able to do interviews on the phone. Since radio is a form of oral communication, they often like “natural sounds” as their version of b-roll. So, if a reporter comes to your lab, don't be surprised if they want equipment running softly in the background. Alternatively, their sound equipment is especially precise, so if background noise is too distracting, you may have to turn off some equipment or move to a quieter location. Podcasts are usually a more relaxed, extended version of radio style. Print or online written-word media vary widely. Both newspapers and magazines have moved to a combination of “feature” stories—longer and more in depth—and short articles. All appreciate photos that fit with the story topic (for more on taking good photos, see https://doi.org/10.2134/csa2018.63.0118). They may ask for follow-up interviews unlike television and radio formats, which are usually a one-time interaction. Remember to read all our collected CSA News magazine articles about good communications habits in our Communications Toolkits.1 And if you missed it, read Part 1 of our media relations series found in the last issue of CSA News magazine (https://doi.org/10.2134/csa2019.64.1217).

Analysis of lightning surge influence on ukrainian electric network power lines

The article discusses the impact of lightning surges on overhead lines. The possible effects of lightning in different elements of the overhead lines. Proposed solutions to the problems that arise as a result of a lightning strike to the overhead line. Provided that the source of the lightning overvoltage is the natural electricity of the thunderstorm clouds, which in the form of lightning to hit targets on the ground. It is shown that the wave surge occurring in the current-carrying parts when lightning strikes, distributed, penetrating into the windings of transformers, machines, affecting the insulation lines and equipment. The time of exposure to atmospheric overvoltage is very small (from a few to hundreds millionths of a second), but the magnitude of these overvoltages in the absence of special measures of protection may reach millions of volts. It is proved that the main danger for the line is a direct lightning strike to the phase conductor, with subsequent overlap of insulation from over-voltages that occur at the same time. After the end of the lightning current pulse in the overlap remains the leading channel with the gas, which had not deansoffice, which under the action of operating voltage may continue to leak current of industrial frequency. In the process of elimination of the fault line caused by lightning, consumed the life of the switches; transformers and other network equipment are subjected elektrodynamik and thermal action of short circuit currents. A significant part of the circuit is followed by the development of the accident that requires a trip line for a long time with the disruption of the normal supply. The probability of a storm off of a line depends on many factors: the intensity of storm activity in the areas along the highway line, the nominal voltage of the network, its design, material of supports etc. Shown that the effectiveness of lightning protection is determined separately for the estimated cases of damage of the line. The proposed actions, determining the effectiveness of lightning protection is calculated separately for cases of damage and which is capable of preventing direct lightning strikes to the protected objects and to organize the flow of lightning currents at a safe way. Define a single space lines, which require additional protection measures.

Don’t Call Me Bear! by Aaron Blabey

Reviewed by: Don’t Call Me Bear! by Aaron Blabey Natalie Berglind Blabey, Aaron Don’t Call Me Bear!; written and illus. by Aaron Blabey. Scholastic, 2019 [24p] Trade ed. ISBN 978-1-338-36002-8 $14.99 E-book ed. ISBN 978-1-338-56628-4 $9.99 Reviewed from galleys R 3-6 yrs Warren the koala is here to school everyone on the improper usage of the term “koala bear,” a misnomer bestowed in the eighteenth century by Captain Cook. Warren lists off marsupials, notes places real bears are found, and decries the injustice of not being referred to by his actual species name. As he leaves, a pair of animals tell Warren he looks like a bear, and he storms off in a huff. In this Australian import, Blabey’s characteristic illustrations in soft-textured acrylic recall his Pig the Pug series, especially in Warren’s wild, accusing eyes. The Aussie voice is bouncy and the rhyming couplets entertaining (“I don’t live in the USA and catch fish in a stream/I’m not some ten-foot grizzly bear who makes the campers SCREAM”). Observant viewers and adult readers will catch on to some witty bonus material (Captain Cook says “Yeah, yeah, whatevs,” in response to someone correcting him). Warren’s extreme opposition to being referred to as a “koala bear” will make viewers laugh, and maybe they’ll learn something about koalas, too. Copyright © 2019 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

I am an American, Newark Born

I am an American, Newark Born Alan Cooper (bio) Such an Augie March-like pronouncement might have spilled out of the mouths of Neil Klugman, Swede Levov, Nathan Zuckerman, Ira Ringold, Marcus Messner, and the "Philips" and "Roths" of their author's late-middle period and The Plot Against America. Might have, but never quite did, although they were all characters from Weequahic. That Newark neighborhood, 96% Jewish, was, for Roth, a Zion of safety that rendered everywhere else, even Israel, diaspora. Perhaps we might include—briefly—Bradley Beach, Weequahic's summer extension on the Jersey shore. Include, that is, for families from Weequahic, who shared refrigerators, pantries, swim-suit changing rooms, Yiddish accents. But being from Bradley Beach, a year-round off-season collection of ethnic flotsam and jetsam, would disqualify Morris [Mickey] Sabbath from feeling safe in that America, even though he'd wiggled his baby toes in the ripples of its eastern shore. Safety was not Augie March's need. His was a buoyancy that carried him through his adventures wherever he went. He was an American before (if only in the womb) he was a Chicagoan. Roth's Weequahic Jews drew on the restorative blood of their womb-like birthplace to barely survive the challenges of the wider world. Weequahic was more than a location within Newark: the smells of its cooking, the accents of its candy stores and ball fields, its steam baths, Roth's grandfather's shaving mug upon a shelf in the barber shop, these visceral associations—much more than any synagogue—created this paradise of Jewishness. Nathan Zuckerman, world traveler, might say, "I am never more of a Jew than when I am in a church when the organ begins. [. . .] I have the emotions of a spy in the adversary's camp" (Counterlife 256). Still, as Aharon Appelfeld would put it, "Roth's Jews are Jews without Judaism" (Alterman). Although his characters could precisely describe the dimensions of a proper Jewish grave, the dying Roth arranged to be buried on the secular campus of Bard College. [End Page 45] For how long can we speak of "the dying Roth"? Was it from the time he stopped publishing fiction? And how, if at all, did his withdrawal from publishing new works affect his ability to withstand the dying? Roth had stopped writing fiction in 2009. It remained for the Library of America to publish his collected nonfiction some nine years later (Why Write?: Collected Nonfiction), reviewed early in March 20181 and excerpted in Harper's Magazine for August 2017 and then again as "Memento Mori" on May 23, 2018 (the day after Roth's death). Among the essays included is one in which Roth tells of his first experience as a writer, at age ten, during World War II. At the kitchen table his loving mother was teaching him to type on her old Underwood typewriter, and he started writing a sea story, Storm Off Hatteras, in imitation of Howard Pease, "the Joseph Conrad of boys' books." Where the author's name was to follow the title, he wrote "Eric Duncan," because, he said, "a name with two hard Cs" is bound to sound strong ("Eric Duncan," Why Write? 346). Three years later, graduating from elementary school, in the first Weequahic class to have celebrated winning the war against anti-Semitism, he co-wrote a pageant-like morality play for graduation called Let Freedom Ring in the spirit of Frank Sinatra's "The House I Live In." The girl who had been chosen as his coauthor played its protagonist, Tolerance. Its antagonist, played by nearly thirteen-year-old Philip, was called Prejudice. The numerous ethnic and religious groups spread out across the stage could not see the protagonist or the antagonist, standing at the sides of the stage, but these groups were praised by Tolerance with quotations from the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution, and newspaper columns by Eleanor Roosevelt, and they were denounced by Prejudice in language and epithets that Roth would not have uttered in real life. It was his first experience of being bad—and "Secretly, it thrilled me to think I had a natural talent for...

Meditation in the Key of an Exhale

Meditation in the Key of an Exhale Jared Harél (bio) Keywords Judaism, ritual Jared Harél, Meditation in the Key of an Exhale, Poetry, party It’s my party and I’ll cry if I want to, says my son at his bris, though it’s my party and I carry the weight of a hundred generations on the tip of my penis might be more apt. Or: It’s my party. Let us pray. The truth is it isn’t a party (in my family) until somebody cries or storms off in shame, barricading themselves in the opposite-sex restroom, while my son, for what it’s worth, hardly cried at all at the critical juncture, just sucked the wine- soaked rag between his gums the way Abraham bit the branch of a thick-knuckled olive tree when he snipped himself, joining a club he was the sole member of. Party of one. Is it still my party? asks my son slumped in the pocket of my elbow. He looks just like his sonogram ghost on the fridge: my lips, my wife’s nose, and who knows whose chin. It’s my poetry and I promise not to cry when I read this to him, how the instant I saw him I thought he was dead, a silence so wide I stage-dived into it. Was it the winter in his eyes? That umbilical noose so close to his neck? It’s my party and I predicted a smaller turnout, less guests. I expected to be alone. But here he is, plump as a blood plum, a part of it now, somehow, my son, so when the ceremony is over, and everyone is gone, I snap him into the car seat, tighten the straps and holy hell, my heart is in my throat. [End Page 272] Jared Harél jared harél was awarded the Stanley Kunitz Memorial Prize from the American Poetry Review in 2015. His poems have appeared or are forthcoming in Arts & Letters, Ecotone, Southern Review, Threepenny Review, and Tin House. His narrative long poem, “The Body Double,” was published by Brooklyn Arts Press. Harél lives in Queens with his wife and two kids, and plays drums for the twang-rock band The Dust Engineers. Copyright © 2017 The Massachusetts Review, Inc

Tropical storm off Myanmar coast sweeps reefs in Ritchie’s Archipelago, Andaman

The reefs in some islands of Andaman and Nicobar suffered severe damage following a tropical storm in the Bay of Bengal off Myanmar coast during 13-17 March 2011. Surveys were conducted at eight sites in Andaman, of which five were located in the Ritchie's Archipelago where maximum wind speeds of 11 m s(-1) was observed; and three around Port Blair which lay on the leeward side of the storm and had not experienced wind speeds of more than 9 m s(-1). Corals in the shallow inshore reefs were broken and dislodged by the thrust of the waves. Significant damage in the deeper regions and offshore reefs were caused by the settlement of debris and sand brought down from the shallower regions. The fragile branching corals (Acropora sp.) were reduced to rubbles and the larger boulder corals (Porites sp.) were toppled over or scarred by falling debris. The reefs on the windward side and directly in the path of the storm winds were the worst affected. The investigation exposes the vulnerability of the reefs in Andaman to the oceanographic features which generally remain unnoticed unless the damage is caused to the coastal habitats.

Purging the Jesting Spirit in The Tempest

Purging the Jesting Spirit in The Tempest Maurice Hunt (bio) Shakespeare evokes the essence of punning in The Tempest so that he can portray its retarding effect upon good understanding and communication. The emphasis in this sentence falls upon the word essence. Once certain hazards inherent in punning are apparent, not only in this play but also in the playwright’s earlier drama, audiences can better comprehend why Shakespeare performs a catharsis upon the punning spirit in this late dramatic romance. That this purging occurs with reference to Caliban is important, for it amounts to a hitherto unnoticed part of Shakespeare’s subtle construction of this character’s worth. Major characters in the other late romances rarely, if ever, engage in the labored wit that marks act 2, scene 1, of The Tempest. Gonzalo humanely tries to cheer up his king, Alonso, over the likely death of his son Ferdinand during the sea storm off Prospero’s isle. “But for the miracle, / I mean our preservation,” Gonzalo asserts, “few in millions / Can speak like us.”1 “Prithee, peace,” Alonso commands (2.1.9). “He receives comfort like cold porridge,” the king’s brother, Sebastian, jests, capitalizing on the homonym peace/peas (2.1.10). “The visitor will not give him o’er so” (2.1.11), Prospero’s wicked brother, Antonio, replies, after which follow these exchanges: Sebastian: Look, he’s winding up the watch of his wit. By and by it will strike. Gonzalo [to Alonso]: Sir— Sebastian [to Antonio]: One: tell. Gonzalo [to Alonso]: When every grief is entertained that’s offered, Comes to th’entertainer— Sebastian: A dollar. Gonzalo: Dolour comes to him indeed. You have spoken truer than you purposed. . . . Antonio: Which of he or Adrian, for a good wager, first begins to crow? Sebastian: The old cock. [End Page 417] Antonio: The cockerel. Sebastian: Done. The wager? Antonio: A laughter. Sebastian: A match! Adrian [to Gonzalo]: Though this island seem to be desert— Antonio [to Sebastian]: Ha, ha, ha! Sebastian: So, you’re paid. Adrian: Uninhabitable, and almost inaccessible— Sebastian [to Antonio]: Yet— Adrian: Yet— Antonio [to Sebastian]: He could not miss’t. Adrian: It must needs be of subtle, tender, and delicate temperance. Antonio [to Sebastian]: Temperance was a delicate wench. Sebastian: Ay, and a subtle, as he most learnedly delivered. Adrian [to Gonzalo]: The air breathes upon us here most sweetly. Sebastian [to Antonio]: As if it had lungs, and rotten ones. Antonio: Or as ’twere perfumed by a fen. . . . Gonzalo [to Adrian]: But the rarity of it is, which is indeed almost beyond credit— Sebastian [to Antonio]: As many vouched rarities are. Gonzalo [to Adrian]: That our garments being, as they were, drenched in the sea, hold notwithstanding their freshness and glosses, being rather new-dyed than stained with salt water. Antonio [to Sebastian]: If but one of his pockets could speak, would it not say he lies? Sebastian: Ay, or very falsely pocket up his report. (2.1.12–20, 28–49, 59–67) The puns in these speeches are classical in form. Sister Miriam Joseph defines “[a]ntanaclasis [as] a figure which in repeating a word shifts from one of its meanings to another,” while “[a]steismus is a figure of reply in which the answerer catches a certain word and throws it back to the first speaker with an unexpected twist, an unlooked for meaning.”2 Shakespeare’s puns in the preceding dialogue upon entertainer, temperance, delicate, and subtle are excellent examples of the former rhetorical trope, while those on dolour and pocket nicely illustrate the latter figure. (The puns on entertainer and dolour are glossed below; Temperance was both a woman’s name and a word for “climate”; subtle could mean both “pleasant” and “given to pleasure,” “voluptuous.”) Shakespeare sometimes employs puns to signify a certain coarseness or deficiency within a society [End Page 418] or culture. Such is the case with the unempathetic higher-class characters’ puns during the performance of the inset entertainments in Love’s Labour’s Lost (5.2.484–655) and A Midsummer Night’s Dream (5.1.108–345). Sebastian’s and Antonio’s wordplay consists of verbal rapier thrusts revealing their...

Isle Royale: Storm Off Lake Superior

Journal Article Isle Royale: Storm Off Lake Superior Get access Andrew Gottlieb Andrew Gottlieb andman1@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, Volume 18, Issue 1, Winter 2011, Pages 218–219, https://doi.org/10.1093/isle/isr004 Published: 11 February 2011

Comments on “A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear”

In a recent paper, Wissmeier and Goler (2009, hereafter WG09) presented the results of a numerical experiment meant to examine the different potential for convective storm splitting in the tropics versus the midlatitudes. WG09 found that simulated storms in tropical environments were less likely to undergo classical supercellular splitting because the storms’ outflow quickly spread out and cut the storms off from their source of inflow before the splitting process could occur. The main conclusion reached by WG09 is that higher vertical wind shear values are necessary for storm splitting to occur in the tropics than in the midlatitudes because the comparatively large vertical wind shear weakens and delays the convective outflow produced by storms. These are thought-provoking results and conclusions, but they hinge on some questionable assumptions and choices in the experimental design. The purpose of the present comment is to document and discuss several aspects of the study that bias WG09’s results and diminish the generality of their conclusions.

Parking Deck’s First Flush

The goals of storm-water management have shifted from a flood control to a holistic and sustainable strategy, emphasizing the relationship between rainfall event size and pollutant loadings. The first flush concept is the first part of a rainfall event that contains the largest pollutant loading. Questions have been raised on the concept's validity for storms across different land uses and pollutant types. The existence and magnitude of the first flush impacts sizing of best management practices used to meet pollutant reduction goals, assessment sampling methodologies, and state storm-water management strategies. Current concepts support the use of distributed control measures focused on smaller storms off impervious surfaces. Runoff from a small impervious parking area was sampled incrementally during multiple storm events to measure pollutant concentration with respect to storm depth. This sampling routine established the existence of a first flush for a single use paved parking area. Total suspended solids, nitrate, chloride, dissolved copper, and dissolved cadmium exhibited a first flush up to a rainfall depth of 25.4 mm; total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrite, phosphate, and dissolved chromium did not exhibit a first flush.

The polar ship Frithjof

Frithjof participated in several North Pole expeditions between 1898 and 1907 and was also involved in several relief expeditions. Her most frequent commander was Captain Johan Kjeldsen, who was an internationally famous ice pilot. Frithjof was built in 1884 at Stokke on Oslo fjord, Norway. After being employed in the sealing trade for some years, Frithjof was sold to an Icelandic concern. In 1891 she returned to Norwegian ownership and, in 1898, was chartered for Walter Wellman's North Pole expedition of the years 1898–1899. In 1900, she was the expedition ship for the Kolthoff expedition to Greenland, Spitsbergen and Jan Mayen. Between 1901 and 1904 she was engaged in Ziegler's North Pole expeditions both as expedition ship and as relief vessel. In 1903 the Swedish government chartered Frithjof in order to search for the Nordenskjöld expedition in the Antarctic. In 1906–7 the ship was again chartered for Wellman's North Pole airship expeditions. In late September 1907, Frithjof sailed from Tromsø on a relief expedition to search for Laura, an expedition vessel to Greenland that had not been heard of for three months. On 5 October 1907 she was lost in a storm off Iceland and only one man survived from her crew of 17.

Research Aircraft Observations of the Mean and Turbulent Structure of a Low-Level Jet Accompanying a Strong Storm*

Abstract A NOAA P-3 research aircraft collected measurements in a storm off of the U.S. West Coast that featured a low-level jet with wind speeds approaching 50 m s−1. These measurements have been used to document mean and turbulent boundary layer structures in the vicinity of the jet along a pair of transects (∼150 and ∼25 km off the coast). Large magnitudes of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and a lack of thermal wind balance were found in the region of the jet, indicating that mixing was an important process. The turbulent fluxes of buoyancy were generally negative, implying that the turbulence near the jet was generated by wind shear. The observed momentum fluxes associated with this wind shear were compared with a TKE-based parameterization for these fluxes. In certain locations, the momentum fluxes were up the vertical wind shear gradient, whereas the parameterization specifies that these fluxes should be down the gradient. Nevertheless, in general the observed and parameterized momentum fluxes agree...

Infield Flies and Other Sporting Types

IT HAS NOT BEEN MY EXPERIENCE THAT THERE'S a natural affinity between insects and sports. If anything, there would seem to be a fundamental incompatibility, given the ability of insects to bring even athletic events to a screeching, unscheduled halt. The Chicago White Sox, for example, blamed their 14-7 loss to the Cleveland Indians in Municipal Stadium in Cleveland on August 24, 1982, on infield of the entomological kind. Apparently, storms off Lake Erie blew huge numbers of mosquitoes into the stadium during the game, occasioning multiple delays to allow players to spray themselves with repellent. White Sox relief pitcher Jim Kern had particular difficulties and told a reporter, felt like I was doing a (bleep) Off commercia!...! couldn't concentrate. They were flying up my nose, in my ears, and I must have swallowed a dozen of them. I got my usual Cleveland greeting, 10,000 bleeping flies (Champaign-Urbana News Gazette, August 25, 1982). Presumably, these mosquitoes were tormenting players on both sides, and not just the visitors; implied in Kern's comments is the notion that Cleveland pitchers are as accustomed to swallowing as fielding them. How responsible the were for the loss is hard to say-the White Sox had lost seven of the eight games directly preceding their loss in Cleveland, and it seems unlikely that insects were at fault in all cases. The point is, though, that baseball players are, by virtue of experience, uniquely entitled to resent insects. After all, baseball games are generally played outdoors-where insects flourish-during the summer-when insects are at their peak. Although football is played outdoors, games generally occur late enough in the year that most self-respecting insects are passing the time in diapause. Basketball is played in indoor arenas during the winter, as is ice hockey-which presents an even greater challenge to insects by virtue of freezing temperature. Although winter stoneflies, snowfleas, and grylloblattids might be able to cope with the freezing temperatures, the odds are low that they'd be hanging around an ice arena during a game in numbers large

Lifting the Lid on Poe's "Oblong Box"

general indifference and lack curiosity with which most readers have reacted to The Oblong Box seems to defy a natural human impulse to uncover what is concealed. Thomas Ollive Mabbott's dismissal it as Poe's less successful tales horror(1) is characteristic a more widespread lack interest. Two recent discussions, however, which have drawn attention to the self-referential dimension The Oblong Box, have rescued the tale from undeserved obscurity.(2) Now that the nails have been drawn, it is time for a closer look at what has been packed away so long. My detailed examination seeks to demonstrate that, this story at least, self-referentiality and social or political statement were, for Poe, part the same exercise. Published 1844, The Oblong Box is the story a voyage by packet-ship, the Independence, from Charleston to New York. first-person narrator is pleased to see that the passenger list includes the name his university friend, the artist Cornelius Wyatt, who is traveling with his bride and his two sisters. Most the narrator's attention is taken up by the question why Wyatt has reserved three state-rooms for his party four, and with speculations about the contents the six by two and a half foot box that Wyatt keeps his state-room. After several days, the ship founders a storm off Cape Hatteras and Wyatt leaps from a lifeboat, swims back to the ship, and retrieves the box. He then lashes himself to it, jumps overboard, and disappears beneath the waves. When the narrator remarks on how suddenly they sank, the captain cryptically replies, They will soon rise again... but not till the salt melts (p. 933). A month later, the narrator meets the captain on Broadway, who informs him that the box contained the salted-down corpse Wyatt's adored wife, who died the morning before the scheduled departure. extra state-room was for her lady's-maid, who impersonated her on the voyage for the benefit the passengers, nine tenths them, who would have abandoned the ship rather than take passage with a dead (p. 933). This explanation does nothing to calm the narrator, who has been moody, nervous, and insomniac throughout the voyage. Haunted by Wyatt's hysterical laugh (p. 934), which he provoked by ill-judged witticisms about the contents the box, he concludes by complaining that of late, it is a rare thing that I sleep soundly at night (p. 934). Packing his wife's body in a box, as if merchandize, with the usual arrangements (p. 856) was one the expedients considered by the protagonist The Black Cat, published the preceding year. idea, both stories, may have derived from a notorious New York murder. In 1841 John Colt, brother the inventor the Colt rifle, quarrelled with the printer Samuel Adams over a payment for books and killed him an apartment on Broadway and Chambers Street. He then disposed the body by packing it salt an oblong box and sending it on board the Kalamazoo at its Maiden Lane pier. Convicted and condemned, Colt further confirmed his place the annals criminal history by marrying and committing suicide prison the day he was scheduled to hang, November 1842.(3) So sensational was this murder that Herman Melville, alluding to it Bartleby more than ten years later, was able to rely on his readers' recollection the details. When Poe's boxed edition this murder, marriage, and suicide formula was published 1844, the incident was still very fresh the public mind. interest the story for Poe, as for Melville, however, was not simply the lurid aspects the case, which captured the popular imagination, but its connection with the passions and economics the contemporary New York publishing world. Poe's associate Rufus Griswold, whose intense and troubled relationship with Poe started 1841, began his career as a printer, like Colt's victim, Adams. …

J.-B. Charcot; father of French polar research

AbstractBorn in 1867 and trained as a doctor, Jean-Baptiste Charcot gave up a fashionable medical practice to become, in his mid-thirties, France's leading polar explorer. His two major expeditions to the peninsular sector of Antarctica and the Bellingshausen Sea (1903–05, 1908–10) resulted in many new discoveries of land and established his reputation as a leader in the fields of scientific oceanography, research and survey. After service in World War I he continued polar work with a series of ten summer expeditions to the Arctic (1926–36), in which many young explorers were trained. Lost with his ship Pourquoi Pas? in a storm off Iceland in 1936, Charcot is remembered for qualities of leadership and scientific integrity which inspire the current generation of French polar scientists.

Components of the ice age circulation

Four general climate model (GCM) simulations are compared to investigate the influence of ice age boundary conditions on atmospheric dynamics and regional climate patterns. Starting with a simulation of the current climate, the ice age distributions of (1) sea surface temperatures; (2) 10‐m‐thick land ice in locations of ice age ice sheets; and (3) ice sheets elevated to their proper altitude were added sequentially. The results show that these different boundary conditions often impart conflicting influences, with the full ice age simulation representing a compromise between different tendencies inherent in the different boundary components. In particular, the ice age sea surface temperatures stablize the atmosphere over the oceans, increase the frequency of storms tracking through central North America, and amplify transient eddy energy without increasing baroclinic generation. Low‐elevation ice generates low pressure over eastern North America and southern Europe in winter, while increasing cloud cover and cooling the land in summer. Elevation of the ice sheets cools the land in winter, further intensifies storms off northeastern North America, induces subsidence warming downstream of the European ice sheets in summer, and increases both transient and stationary eddy energy through increased baroclinicity. In all of the experiments the atmosphere is transporting a similar amount of energy poleward, consistent with the similarity in sea surface temperature gradients, but the eddy characteristics employed in the process vary with the longitudinal distribution of the boundary conditions. Other results show that the Broad raised ice sheets have both a topographic and a thermal effect (due to the reduced optical thickness above) which occur simultaneously and lead to a greater stationary eddy forcing of the zonal mean flow. The stationary wave change in the northern hemisphere is accompanied by a similar change in the southern hemisphere, implying a dynamical interhemispheric connection. The Walker circulation and the July Hadley circulation weaken as a result of the altered sea surface temperature patterns, but the poleward extent of the Hadley cell and the zonally averaged jet stream show little difference from current climate values. The results are compared with two‐dimensional model expectations, paleoclimate evidence, and previous ice age simulations.

MODELING OF NEARSHORE WAVE DRIVEN CURRENTS

A nearshore current modeling system has been assembled which consists of a shallow water directional spectral wave model, an algorithm to convert directional spectral output from the wave model to radiation stress components and a current model to calculate nearshore wave-driven currents from the radiation stress field. Wave-driven longshore currents have been hindcast at a coastal site for two wave conditions during a northeaster type storm off Cape Hatteras in October 1982. For one event, when local winds were strong, the calculated longshore current is only a fraction of what was measured. This discrepancy is attributed to a non-wave-driven component of flow which was present but not represented in the model. During the other event, winds were low and long period swell was present. In this case, the calculated and measured longshore flow agree well. Both measured and calculated shore normal profiles of longshore current in each case show a generally uniform structure across the surf zone. This is in contrast to theoretical profiles based on monochromatic waves which show a maximum in longshore flow near the breaker line.

Computer design: the microkids and the hardy boys: an inside look at how a maverick team from data general `rescued” the company by designing a competitive 32-bit superminicomputer in record time

In the fall of 1978 a journalist in his early 30s, Tracy Kidder, went on a sailing trip with a crew of strangers, among them an engineer named Tom West. During a storm off Maine, Mr. Kidder learned that Mr. West was, as another of their crew put it, “a good man in a storm.” The harder the wind blew and the more dangerous the conditions, the happier and more competent Mr. West became; crisis appeared to be his natural milieu.

An estimate of the role of lake effect snowstorms in the hydrology of the Lake Erie Basin

The role of lake effect snowstorms in the hydrology of the Lake Erie basin is estimated by using climatological data. By comparing monthly snowfall over areas affected by lake effect storms off Lake Erie and Lake Huron/Georgian Bay with a nearby nonaffected area, it was possible to isolate the contribution from frontal storm systems (including their augmentation due to orography) and from lake effect storm activity. These latter storms were found to contribute only 6% of the mean seasonal snowfall over the entire basin. For the snow belt southeast of Lake Erie, lake effect snowstorms provided less than 20% of the total seasonal snowfall. This percentage is low in comparison with other Great Lake snow belts because of the diminished storm activity resulting from the freezing over of Lake Erie by midwinter. The water equivalent of all snowfall over the Lake Erie basin is equivalent to a 1.07‐foot depth over the Lake Erie area. Only 0.06 foot of this depth results from lake effect snowstorm activity.

ウガリット語文書にあらわれたウガリット王国の性格及びその古代世界諸国との関係

The excavations at Ugarit have produced a host of prose and list texts in Ugaritic and Akkadian ranging from royal letters to economical or administrative lists. Most of the Akkadian texts deal with the royal circle and international affairs. In fact, the Akkadian texts published by Jean Nougayrol in PRU III and IV inform us that Ugarit is one of the best known city-states of antiquity with respect to both of the internal and external political life.This study, however, is to observe the political and economical situations of Ugarit in the ancient Near East World, principally by the use of Ugaritic texts—administrative, political and economical—newly published. The admimistrative documents give us a good picture of the society and its relation to, and regulation by, the government. Aside from the peasants and herdsmen, the people tended to be grouped according to hereditary guilds. Among them there are many groups of, foreign people possibly of craftsmen and merchants. In PRU V, 59 the King of Tyre reports to the King of Ugarit that the Ugaritic ships bound for Egypt sank in a storm off Tyre. PRU V 60 is a letter from the Hittite Emperor to King Ammurapi of Ugarit, alluding to food shortages in Ugarit and to the presence of an enemy. These show us that the political situation of Ugarit was greatly influenced by the political conditions between Hittite and Egypt, and that, nevertheless, Ugarit used to be highly esteemed as an important transit port or city-state all over the ancient world through 1400-1200 B. C. and that she, therefore, enjoyed a free trade with the areas covering Egypt, Hittite, Mesopotamia and even the Aegean.