Storm Research Articles

Wetland Vulnerability Metrics as a Rapid Indicator in Identifying Nature-Based Solutions to Mitigate Coastal Flooding

Flood mitigation in low-gradient, tidally-influenced, and rapidly urbanizing coastal locations remains a priority across a range of stakeholders and communities. Wetland ecosystems act as a natural flood buffer for coastal storms and sea level rise (SLR) while simultaneously providing invaluable benefits to urban dwellers. Assessing the vulnerability of wetlands to flood exposure under different SLR scenarios and vegetation responses to climatic variability over time allows for management actions, such as nature-based solutions, to be implemented to preserve wetland ecosystems and the services they provide. Nature-based solutions (NBSs) are a type of green infrastructure that can contribute to flood mitigation through the management and restoration of the ecosystems that provide socio-environmental benefits. However, identifying the flood mitigation potential provided by wetlands and the suitability for NBS implementation depends on the ecological condition and environmental exposure. We propose that wetland vulnerability assessments can be used as a rapid method to quantify changes in ecosystem dynamics and flood exposure and to prioritize potential locations of NBSs implementation. We quantified exposure risk using 100- and 500-year special flood hazard areas, 1–10 ft of sea level rise scenarios, and high-tide flooding and sensitivity using timeseries analyses of Landsat 8-derived multispectral indices as proxies for wetland conditions at subwatershed scales. We posit that wetland areas that are both highly vulnerable to recurrent flooding and degrading over time would make good candidate locations for NBS prioritization, especially when they co-occur on or adjacently to government-owned parcels. In collaboration with local governmental agencies responsible for flood mitigation in the coastal sub-watersheds of the City of New Bern and New Hanover County, North Carolina, we conducted field verification campaigns and leveraged local expert knowledge to identify optimal NBS priority areas. Our results identified several government-owned parcels containing highly vulnerable wetland areas that can be ranked and prioritized for potential NBS implementation. Depending on the biophysical characteristics of the area, NBS candidate wetland types include brackish and freshwater marshes and riverine swamp forests, even though the predominant wetland types by area are managed loblolly pinelands. This study underscores the critical importance of conserving or restoring marshes and swamp forests and provides a transferable framework for conducting scale-invariant assessments of coastal wetland condition and flood exposure as a rapid method of identifying potential priority areas for nature-based solutions to mitigate coastal flooding.

An experimental study of mitigating coastal dune erosion by using bio-carbonization of reactive magnesia cement

Due to coastal storm surge and wave or man-made activities, widespread coastal erosion events are emerging. In this study, the feasibility of bio-carbonation of reactive magnesium cement (RMC) to mitigate coastal erosion was investigated by conducting laboratory-scale wave erosion tests. The accumulative erosion volume (V), erosion resistance duration (Dre), and volume erosion rate (VIS) were calculated to evaluate the erosion resistance of sand dunes with the different cement thickness (T = 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm) and RMC content (R = 1%, 1.5%, and 2%). The surface penetration resistance and the cementation product content (brucite/hydrated magnesia carbonates (HMCs)) were also measured to assess the effectiveness of bio-carbonation in sand dunes. Results show that in comparison with RMC hydration, the VIS decreased by 77%, Dre increased by 333%, and peak penetration resistance increased by 42% after the bio-carbonation treatment of sand dunes. Further improvements in these results were obtained with increasing T or R. Given varying T or R, we identify two types of erosion process responses under wave action. For bio-carbonation treatment with higher T or R, the erosion process response follows four phases. In contrast, for hydration treatment, or bio-carbonation treatment with lower T or R, Phase II does not exist because of small crust thickness or weak bond. The presentation of Phase II effectively delays the slope failure depending on larger erosion volume (V ≥ 93 cm3) and turns sudden into flexible failure. Scanned electron microscopy observations further revealed that HMCs formed by RMC bio-carbonation provided better filling and cementation effects than brucite formed by RMC hydration, however, massive amounts of HMCs concentrated in the shallow surface layer, causing hindered penetration and reducing the number of cementation products at higher depths.

People and infrastructure: multi-scale assessment of coastal and fluvial flood exposure in India

India is one of the world’s most flood-prone countries, with present-day risks likely to be exacerbated by climate change in the coming decades. The type of risk varies by location, with the lives, homes, and livelihoods of residents of India’s coastal megacities threatened by coastal floods and storm surges while village-dwellers residing in rural flood plains may additionally lose both crops and livestock. Schools and health facilities throughout the country are also at risk. This multi-scale study employs several datasets, from multiple domains, to generate high-resolution estimates of potential exposure to fluvial and coastal floods for (1) urban and rural populations, (2) health facilities, and (3) educational facilities. Our results, presented at the state level, suggest high exposure to fluvial flooding with about 184 million or more than 1:7 of India’s population at risk. This proportion is somewhat higher for rural dwellers (15.8%) compared with urban residents (14.2%). Urban residents, however, are much more likely to be affected by coastal floods, likely due to the high population densities of India’s coastal megacities. In total, around 19,218 (15%) of health and 34,519 (18%) of educational facilities are exposed to either coastal or fluvial flood risks. A spatially detailed, locally refined, comprehensive flood risk assessment such as this is critical to inform and target public policy and guide disaster risk reduction plans. By improving infrastructure, increasing awareness, and developing proactive, targeted, and inclusive flood plans, communities can build resilience.

SUBSISTENCE AFTER RESETTLEMENT: OBSERVATIONS FROM GUCCHAGRAM PROJECT IN NARAIL DISTRICT, BANGLADESH

Environmental degradation and its impacts for islands and coastal nations have prompted policymakers and academics to focus on resettlement of individuals residing within those risky areas. Similar initiatives have been introduced in Bangladesh in 1972 named "Cluster Village Project", and individuals who are landless or have been displaced as a result of river coastal erosion, storms, or flooding have been relocated as part of the scheme. Due to economic and political complexity of the subject, several ruling parties gave it different titles, although none of them changed dramatically from the basic targets and strategies of resettled populations and the welfare of the landless and harsh weather victims. This research focuses on how and to the what degree moved households' livelihoods have altered, including the opportunities and restrictions of relocated settlements. According to an empirical study conducted in four Guchchhograms of Narail District's Lohagara Upazila, the migrated people's livelihood conditions have improved significantly, but location specific drawbacks and link to productive resources, the local labor market, and a number of the project's specific goals have not been met. Rehabilitated households face some of the same hazards as before; however, adequate agricultural lands and good distribution can help to mitigate such risks.

The impact of climate change on the storm surges of the Mediterranean Sea: Coastal sea level responses to deep depression atmospheric systems

The impact of climate change on the storm surges of the Mediterranean Sea: Coastal sea level responses to deep depression atmospheric systems

Plasma exchange and COVID 19

Plasma exchange and COVID 19

Modeling Urban Impact on Zhengzhou Storm on July 20, 2021

AbstractThe heavy storm event that occurred from 18 to 22 July 2021, in Henan province caused severe floods and casualties, especially in the provincial city, Zhengzhou. While the impacts of large‐scale synoptic systems and local‐scale orographic effects on the storm event have been studied, the role of urbanization remains unexplored. Using Weather Research and Forecasting model, the study designed two numerical experiments, differentiated by the presence of urban land cover, to investigate the urban impact on the storm event over Henan province, with a focus on Zhengzhou. Urbanization increases precipitation in the major urban area of Zhengzhou and its south, western Kaifeng, and western Xuchang, where the largest increases reach from 188.2 to 304.4 mm. Further investigation into Zhengzhou city reveals that urbanization leads to shifted precipitation center and stagnation in the major urban area, resulting in earlier peak rainfall time and more concentrated precipitation. Elevated surface temperature and sensible heat are identified before the peak rainfall arrives, which leads to increased planet boundary layer height, suggesting the contribution of the urban heat island effect. Thermal perturbation and increased surface roughness over urban areas promote vertical uplift and moisture convergence, increasing water vapor and forming storm system drags during the peak precipitation time, thus bringing earlier and higher amounts of precipitation to the major urban area and its south. The study calls for the consideration of the urban effect of extreme storm events and the precaution against waterlogging over urban areas in rapid‐developing cities.

METAPHORICAL PERSONIFICATION IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE PROSE JOSEPH CONRAD

The study of the original and translated marine novels is still relevant. Considering the longevity of Ukrainian marine language creativity and the endless arsenal of native language tools for translating English marine novels, the purpose of the given article is to explore the features of metaphorical personification in Ukrainian translations of Joseph Conradʼs novels «The Shadow-Line» by Olha Fyra and «Typhoon» by Mykola Roshkivskyi; to find the semantic bases of the idiostyle in these texts, to classify the types of semantic detailing of the humanized realities of the sea element. The research methodology consisted of a continuous sample of contexts with metaphorical personification of marine realities in the given novels and further semantic analysis of selected units, which consisted of distinguishing and detailing their semantic bases. In the researched texts, the semantic bases of marine personification are a ship, which has an inseparable «spiritual-bodily» connection with the captain; wind (storm, typhoon) – a fierce emotional enemy of the sailor; waves – aggressive and frantic; sea as a «twin» of man in appearance, behavior, state of mind. The semantic components of ʻdeificationʼ, ʻadmirationʼ, ʻcharmʼ, ʻemotionʼ, ʻprotectionʼ, ʻtrustʼ, ʻdelicacyʼ, ʻcompassionʼ, ʻdreaminessʼ, ʻanxietyʼ in the artistic and figurative representation of the wind and its varieties – ʻmadnessʼ, ʻrageʼ, ʻforceʼ, ʻcunningʼ, ʻinsidiousnessʼ, ʻangerʼ, ʻsufferingʼ, ʻdisappointmentʼ; for waves – ʻaggressionʼ, ʻhateʼ, ʻfrenityʼ; for the sea – ʻscarsʼ, ʻlonelinessʼ, ʻstupid shawlʼ, ʻdestructionʼ. In the special semantic content of marine images in J. Conradʼs idiostyle, one could see the symbiosis of his practical experience as a ship captain and the subtle lyrical psychology of the romantic son of Podillia, which was organically represented by translators. The texts under study include the condensed marine personification – integrally intertwined in artistic and figurative expressions of integral metaphorical features of the main components of the sea and navigation. The prospects of future researches lie in comparison studies of linguostylistic instruments in English and in translated (Ukrainian) marine fiction.

Natural products, including a new caboxamycin, from Streptomyces and other Actinobacteria isolated in Spain from storm clouds transported by Northern winds of Arctic origin.

Actinobacteria, mostly Streptomyces species, are the main source of natural products essential in medicine. While the majority of producer microorganisms of secondary metabolite are reported from terrestrial or marine environments, there are limited reports of their isolation from atmospheric precipitations. Clouds are considered as atmospheric oases for microorganisms and there is a recent paradigm shift whereby atmospheric-derived Actinobacteria emerge as an alternative source for drug discovery. In this context, we studied a total of 18 bioactive Actinobacteria strains, isolated by sampling nine precipitation events with prevailing Northern winds in the Cantabrian Sea coast, Northern Spain. Backward trajectories meteorological analyses indicate that air masses were originated mostly in the Arctic Ocean, and their trajectory to downwind areas involved the Atlantic Ocean and also terrestrial sources from continental Europe, and in some events from Canada, Greenland, Mauritania and Canary Islands. Taxonomic identification of the isolates, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, revealed that they are members of three Actinobacteria genera. Fifteen of the isolates are Streptomyces species, thus increasing the number of bioactive species of this genus in the atmosphere to a 6.8% of the total currently validated species. In addition, two of the strains belong to the genus Micromonospora and one to genus Nocardiopsis. These findings reinforce a previous atmospheric dispersal model, extended herein to the genus Micromonospora. Production of bioactive secondary metabolites was screened in ethyl acetate extracts of the strains by LC-UV-MS and a total of 94 secondary metabolites were detected after LC/MS dereplication. Comparative analyses with natural products databases allowed the identification of 69 structurally diverse natural products with contrasted biological activities, mostly as antibiotics and antitumor agents, but also anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiparasitic, immunosuppressant and neuroprotective among others. The molecular formulae of the 25 remaining compounds were determined by HRMS. None of these molecules had been previously reported in natural product databases indicating potentially novel metabolites. As a proof of concept, a new metabolite caboxamycin B (1) was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces sp. A-177 and its structure was determined by various spectrometric methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first novel natural product obtained from an atmospheric Streptomyces, thus pointing out precipitations as an innovative source for discovering new pharmaceutical natural products.

Uncovering the Intrinsic Intensity–Size Relationship of Tropical Cyclones

Abstract The central theme of this study is to explore if and how the intensity of a tropical cyclone (TC) is related to its size. This subject has puzzled atmospheric scientists since the work of Deppermann, but the existence of this relationship still remains elusive. The improved understanding of the intensity–size relationship of TCs will help coastal communities to prepare for the maximum potential damage as both the intensity and size have important impacts on wind damages, storm surges, and flooding. This study considers 33 years (1988–2020) of TC records of maximum surface winds and radii of maximum and gale-force winds over the North Atlantic basin derived from the Extended Best Track Dataset. Analysis of these TC records reveals a robust positive correlation between loss of Earth and relative angular momentum. This finding together with the inspiration from the seminal work of Emanuel and his collaborators leads us to combine absolute angular momentum and its frictional loss as a radially invariant quantity, referred to as “effective absolute angular momentum” (eAAM), for radial profiles of TC surface winds. It is demonstrated that the eAAM model can reproduce the observed complex intensity–size relationship of TCs, which can be further reduced to a quasi-linear one after factoring out the angular momentum loss and the radius of maximum surface winds. The findings of this study would not only advance our understanding of the complex TC intensity–size relation, but also allow for operational assessments of TC severity and potential damage just using its outer wind information.

Storm Surges and Extreme Wind Waves in the Caspian Sea in the Present and Future Climate

The Caspian Sea is of particular interest. Against the background of long-term sea level changes, low-lying coastal areas in the northern part are subject to constant flooding as a result of storm surges. The elongation of the sea in the meridional direction allows the development of strong waves in the middle and southern parts. A comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of storm surges and storm waves is especially important in the context of ongoing climate change. This study is devoted to the analysis of storm surges for the time period from 1979 up to 2017 and wind waves from 1979 to 2020 in the Caspian Sea region. The circulation model ADCIRC and the wave model WAVEWATCH III with wind and pressure forcing from the NCEP/CFSR reanalysis were used. The modeling is performed on different unstructured grids with spacings of 500–900 m in the coastal zone. Mean and extreme values of surges, wave parameters and storm activity are provided in the research. The maximum significant wave height for the whole period was 8.2 m. The average long-term SWH did not exceed 1.1 m. No significant trends in the storm activity were found. The maximum surge height was 2.7 m. The analysis of the interannual variability of the surges' occurrence showed that 7–10 surges with a height of more than 1 meter were detected every year. The total duration of these surges was 20–30 days per year. Assessment of the risks of coastal flooding was carried out by calculating the extreme values of the sea for different return periods: 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. The extreme sea level values in the northern part of the Caspian Sea for the 100-year return period are close to 3 m, and the areas with big surges are located along the eastern and western coasts. A forecast is made for the recurrence of storm wind waves in the 21st century based on climatic scenarios in CMIP5. A statistically significant increase in the recurrence of storm waves is to be expected in the near future, but that increase is not severe. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-01 Full Text: PDF

Atmospheric Circulation Drivers of Extreme High Water Level Events at Foggy Island Bay, Alaska

The northern coast of Alaska is experiencing significant climatic change enhancing hazards from reduced sea ice and increased coastal erosion. This same region is home to offshore oil/gas activities. Foggy Island Bay is one region along the Beaufort Sea coast with planned offshore oil/gas development that will need to account for the changing climate. High water levels impact infrastructure through coastal erosion and flooding hazards. In this study, 21 high water level events exceeding the top 95th percentile were identified at the gauge in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (adjacent to Foggy Island Bay) over 1990–2018. All 21 events, and many non-extreme days with elevated water levels, were associated with strong westerly winds according to station records. Storm systems were generally found to be a key driver of westerly winds in the region according to downscaled reanalysis and storm track data. A dynamically downscaled global climate model projection from CMIP5 indicated that days with westerly wind events may become more frequent as storms strengthen and have longer durations by 2100 in the Foggy Island Bay region. Coupled with the anticipated continued decline in sea ice, the northern coast of Alaska may experience more frequent high water events over the next ~80 years.

The impact of wind–wave coupling with WBLM on coastal storm simulations

A wave boundary layer model (WBLM) that is applied as a wind-input source function for the ocean surface wave model SWAN is further used in a wind–wave coupling system for the wind stress calculation in the atmospheric model WRF. The coupling system is used for the investigation of the modeling of coastal wind, wave, and wind stress during storms in the North Sea. In comparison with measurements and other studies in the literature, the modeled magnitude and spatial distribution of the drag coefficient and roughness length by WBLM outperforms the other four popular parameterization and physics-based methods. In addition, the WBLM coupling method produces a spatial variation of the surface wind speed in shallow waters affected by the bathymetry. Furthermore, the wind and waves simulated by the WBLM coupling method during 321 storms in the North Sea are evaluated with measurements. Results show that WBLM coupling method is reliable for the simulation of wind, wave, and wind stress in shallow waters during storms.

Regional wave model climate projections for coastal impact assessments under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario

In the future, shifts in wind storms across the North and Baltic Seas are highly unpredictable, challenging the projection of wave conditions for managing coastal hazards. Moreover, regional sea level rise (SLR), with very large uncertainty, complicates the situation for stakeholders seeking recommendations for climate adaptation plans. The purpose of this study is to examine the change of the storm surge and wind wave components of the water level due to climate change in a low tidal range Køge Bay near the entrance of the Baltic Sea. Under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario RCP8.5, we employed a regional climate model (HIRHAM) forced wave model (WAM) and focused on the wave model results during the “storm surge conditions” (exceeding 20 years storm surge events) and “stormy conditions” (exceeding 90th percentile of wave heights). We find that the change in both wave height and period in the future is negligible under “stormy conditions”. Nevertheless, under “storm surge conditions” when considering SLR, the simulated wave height is projected to double in the near future (mid-century) under RCP 8.5, and the wave period may also increase by about 1.5 seconds. This is because some high significant wave height events in the future are associated with the storm surge events when considering SLR. The findings suggest that the combined effects of mean sea level rise, storm surge and waves are likely to increase the risk to a bay with geography and exposure comparable to Køge Bay. As a result, the future plan for climate engineering protection should place a premium on the additional wave energy protection associated with storm surges.

Modal Identification of Structures by Eliminating the Effect of the High Ocean Wind

Tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with severe excitation such as high wind. This severe excitation may change the performance of structures, such as bridges, wharves and wind turbine structures. It is very necessary to monitor this important change. Modal parameters are the ones to reflect the structural instinct behavior. However, many identification methods assume that the excitation is white noise, which is not the truth during high ocean wind excitation. Therefore, the modal identification method to deal with severe ocean wind excitation should be investigated. This paper proposes an innovative method to eliminate the effect of high ocean wind on modal identification. The formulation to generate an impulse response is described, where the effect of high wind is pointed. Then the elimination method is derived using the wind velocity spectrum and correlation function. After the wind field is simulated, the wind velocities and spectra at all accelerometer positions are obtained. The real impulse response form is obtained. Then, modal identification using the real impulse response is performed. Finally, a practical cable-stayed bridge is employed and modal identification is performed. The results show that the identified modes can reflect structural real behavior.

On "Storm Clouds on the Horizon: The 3 Perils of Unconstrained Academic Growth in Physical Therapist Education." Deusinger SS, Landers MR. Phys Ther. 2022;102:pzac046. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzac046.

We wholeheartedly agree with Deusinger and Landers1 that the current proliferation of new doctor of physical therapy (DPT) programs will likely lead to damaging consequences for the collective enterprise of academic physical therapy as well as for the students and patients it exists to serve. We do, however, believe that their forecast of “storm clouds on the horizon” is insufficiently severe. Instead, we would argue that, to borrow a phrase from Game of Thrones,2 “Winter is coming.” The unsustainable proliferation of new DPT programs in a marketplace in which demand cannot possibly keep up with supply is a classic example of an economic bubble. Eventually and inevitably, bubbles burst. Indeed, we have seen this occur before in physical therapist professional education. From 1989 to 2002, the number of physical therapist education programs in the United States increased by 75% (from 118 to 205).3 That bubble burst in the late 1990s, partly as the result of the passage of the ``Balanced Budget Amendment'' by the Republican-controlled US Congress in 1997, which led to drastic reimbursement cutbacks and reductions in jobs for physical therapists.4 The results were not pretty. The applicant pool plummeted by 74%, from an average of 342 applicants per program in 1995 to 88 in 2002.3 Total enrollment in US physical therapist education programs dropped by 30% from 1997 to 2003.3 Many programs were unable to fill their classes. Total enrollment did not recover until 2009; average applications per program, not until 2011.3 Those were hard years for physical therapy academic programs – for faculty, for students, and, most of all, for graduates.

Author Response to Gordon and Tilson.

Thank you to Drs Gordon and Tilson for their rapid and insightful response to the concerns we voiced in “Storm Clouds on the Horizon: 3 Perils of Unconstrained Growth in Physical Therapist Education.”1 We agree that the Commission on Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) has considerable power and ability to address the perils of program proliferation and expansion and that publicly available data would enable estimation of program quality. We want to also reinforce the importance of 2 other sources of power that must join the discussion about the character, speed, and impact of program expansion. First, we appeal to those in higher education leadership positions (eg, presidents, provosts, deans) to reevaluate the current landscape and projected trajectory of physical therapist professional education as they consider program development and/or expansion. We urge these leaders to fully acknowledge the perils of program growth and expansion and to recognize that the current growth pattern may not be sustainable. Reliance on physical therapy tuition revenues to cover budget shortfalls, which has been shown to influence development and expansion decisions,2 will affect overall institutional financial health if programs cannot meet expectations for enrollment. These decisions present institutional perils and must be heeded to avoid downstream consequences for faculty, students, and the community.

Queer(ing) Healing: Reimagining Wellness through Drama Therapy during the Dual Pandemics

Queer(ing) Healing: Reimagining Wellness through Drama Therapy during the Dual Pandemics

Analysis of extreme sea states under the impact of typhoon in different periods: A nested stochastic compound distribution applied in the South China Sea

• A nested stochastic compound distribution (NSCD) is introduced to analyze the extreme sea states in typhoon-prone areas. • The applicability of the NSCD model in the South China Sea is discussed. • The NSCD model is found to be a better model to consider the impact of typhoon in different time periods. • It is shown that the NSCD model has a broader scope of application than existing models. Extreme sea conditions are often caused by typhoons that occur obviously in season. How to calculate the design values of marine environmental elements based on statistical characteristic of typhoon in different periods is important. A nested stochastic compound distribution (NSCD) model is proposed based on the stochastic process theory. During a typhoon occurrence, the distributions of the marine environmental elements such as wind velocity (WV) and storm surge (SS) at any moment are described in continuous stochastic processes, and the distribution of typhoon occurrence frequency (TOF) during any period is described by a discrete stochastic process. Based on the measured data in the South China Sea (SCS), the applicability of different marginal distribution functions and Copula functions in the SCS are further discussed, and the specific form of the NSCD model suitable for the SCS is obtained. The Design values of WV and SS for different joint return periods and coincidence return periods are calculated according to the NSCD and the compound extreme value distribution (CEVD). The effects of treating TOF as a stochastic process and a random variable on the design values of the two marine environmental elements are discussed. Results show that the NSCD model contains the traditional CEVD model, which is a form of the NSCD model in a specific time situation. The design values of WV and SS obtained by the NSCD model can reflect the impact of TOF on marine environmental elements. Moreover, the probability of simultaneous occurrence of extreme WV and extreme SS is higher over longer return periods under the influence of typhoons. The NSCD model can therefore be used to make joint probability predictions for a wide range of extreme sea conditions in different time periods according to engineering needs.

Flood Modeling in Coastal Cities and Flow through Vegetated BMPs: Conceptual Design

Undeniably, climate-change-induced sea-level rise has served as a powerful driving force for the occurrence of coastal storms more severe than ever before. Low-lying metropolitan coastal areas, in particular, have become increasingly vulnerable to coastal flooding as a result of the rapid expansion of urbanization along flood-prone areas. Safeguarding coastal communities from the repercussions of flooding through the utilization of best management practices (BMPs) is one of the most effective ways of alleviating the situation. However, solely relying on inshore BMPs might not be the best possible approach when the storm event’s intensity can be reduced before the storm reaches the shoreline through the installment of offshore BMPs. Moreover, many recent studies have confirmed the cost-effectiveness and usefulness of natural elements, especially when combined with engineering solutions. This paper assesses the overall suitability and effectiveness of various combinations of nature-based inshore and offshore BMPs for coastal flood mitigation of storms with different intensities with applications to the Southern Brooklyn area in New York City. Moreover, inevitable conditions stemming from climate variability and change have made the assumption of stationary recurrence of extreme events unreliable. Furthermore, historical events of remarkable impacts have not been considered differently in the attainment of the flood design values. Thus, as one of the main objectives of this study, and in order to consider both, a nonstationary partial frequency analysis is utilized, including the major historical storms jointly with the precipitation data in the study area to obtain 100-year flood design values. To achieve the goals of the study, first, the offshore simulation was carried out using the Delft3D hydrodynamic model, developed by Deltares, in order to find the water level hydrograph for the ungauged areas of interest, with and without offshore BMPs followed by the simulation of the flood events on the inland coastal area using gridded surface subsurface hydrologic analysis (GSSHA), a module of the watershed modeling system (WMS) developed by the USACE, to assess the effectiveness of inshore BMPs. The proposed scenarios are tested against Superstorm Sandy, Hurricane Irene, and the 100-year flood hydrographs. The results showed a remarkable coastal flood wave height and water level reduction when integrating offshore and inshore green BMPs.