Stories Of Discrimination Research Articles

Independent But Alone? A Story of Discrimination and Ableism within the Icelandic Child Protection System

Independent But Alone? A Story of Discrimination and Ableism within the Icelandic Child Protection System

Transgender and gender diverse people with endometriosis: A perspective on affirming gynaecological care.

Transgender and gender diverse people presumed female at birth experience gynaecological conditions, such as chronic pelvic pain at elevated rates, estimated to impact between 51% and 72% of this population, compared to rates of up to 26.6% in cisgender women. The negative impact of these conditions is likely amplified due to limited access to safe and affirming healthcare. Despite this high prevalence rate, there is limited research investigating the prevalence, presentation or management options for trans and gender diverse people with endometriosis. Cisgender women with endometriosis report barriers to accessing care, with lengthy times to diagnosis and limited treatment options available. However, barriers for trans and gender diverse individuals are enhanced by physician bias and lack of education in gender-affirming care. This is reflected in stories of discrimination and denial of basic healthcare. A healthcare environment built on the presumption that gynaecological patients are women, others trans and gender diverse patients, which can result in avoidance of needed medical care. A lack of knowledge of gender-affirming care alongside healthcare provider bias highlights a need for gender-affirming care and bias reduction training in undergraduate healthcare provider curricula. Research to date assessing current curriculum in Australia and Aotearoa (New Zealand) shows limited inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer, intersex, asexual and other related identities content as a whole with gender-affirming care being among the least-frequently addressed topics. This review will detail barriers to accessing gender-affirming healthcare specific to gynaecology, interweaving the experiences of a non-binary individual seeking access to gender-affirming endometriosis care.

Big Telescopes: The Story Behind a Story of Discrimination in Science

Abstract For many years, women astronomers were not permitted to use the world's biggest telescopes. Elizabeth L. Scott used this story to get people to pay attention to her statistics on the status of women in academia, as Amanda L. Golbeck explains

Partnership with a Theater Company to Amplify Voices of Underrepresented-in-Medicine Students

Partnership with a Theater Company to Amplify Voices of Underrepresented-in-Medicine Students

Turning a blind eye to employers’ discrimination? Attitudinal barrier perceptions of vision impaired youth from Oslo and Delhi

Young adults with visual impairments encounter a twin burden of attitudinal and access barriers, which inhibits their employment inclusion. There exists a dearth of comparative research focused on the negative influence of attitudinal barriers on their employment outcomes. This article juxtaposes previously un-researched barrier perceptions associated with employers’ discrimination of qualified YAVI from Oslo and Delhi. Employers’ discrimination is couched in the social model approach, and its nuances are understood through the concept of disablism. A qualitative case study was conducted from November 2017 to June 2018, wherein 29 YAVI (12 from Oslo and 17 from Delhi) were interviewed. This article demonstrates unanticipated similarities associated with the perception of employers’ discrimination in two dissimilar labour markets. It calls for further Global North South research to better comprehend the influence of employers’ discrimination and concludes with some potential recommendations for different stakeholders. Points of interest Globally, vision impaired people face difficulties to get employment. Employers discriminate against vision impaired people during the recruitment process in developed and developing countries. It is rare to come across comparative research involving Norway, a developed country, and India, a developing country. Comparing employment experiences of vision impaired youth across developed and developing countries is also scarce. For the first time, stories of discrimination from young adults with visual impairments from Oslo and Delhi are compared. These youths shared similar experiences linked to discrimination during job interviews. The voice of youth with visual impairments from developed and developing countries should be heard to better deal with the problem of employers’ discrimination. Based on the employment experiences of the vision impaired youth, recommendations are offered to policy-makers, prospective employers, disability organisations and other vision impaired youth to overcome discrimination.

ARAB SUNNI DAN IRAN SYI`AH KONTEMPORER : KONFLIK ATAU PERSAINGAN?

This article explains the problems that occur between Sunni and Shi'a schools starting after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. History records that there has been a prolonged conflict which is motivated by political conflict, ideological conflict, paradigm conflict and thought which are factors that hamper reconciliation efforts, given the existence of very painful past events between the two streams. For Shiites, the story of discrimination experienced by Ali ibn Abi Talib until the tragedy of Karbala with the killing of Husein the Prophet's grandson and the story of the Ahlul Bait pain became a very painful social memory. For Sunnis, insults, insults, curses and disbelief aimed at the main Companions of Abubakar, Umar, Uthman and the wife of Rasulullah Aisyah Al-Kubra became the main cause of disharmony in relations between Sunnis and Shiites. Disharmonization has also impacted on relations between countries in the Middle East who competed for influence in the Gulf until now after the Arab Spring.

Offline: A story of discrimination against women

Utako Okamoto (1918–2016) is not a name widely known, let alone celebrated, in medicine and global health. Yet this remarkable Japanese scientist deserves international recognition for her heroic struggle to advance women's and children's health. She discovered the drug tranexamic acid in the 1950s and believed that its powerful haemostatic properties might offer decisive benefits for women who suffered post-partum haemorrhage. Ian Roberts, in his inaugural UK Faculty of Public Health Bazalgette Lecture delivered last week in London, described the story of a medical scientist with an astonishing vision. But it was a vision that was repeatedly crushed by endemic discrimination. The credit for rediscovering the work of Utako Okamoto lies with Ian Roberts and Ayumi Naito. The story he uncovered is emblematic of the difficulties faced today by scientists seeking to translate their discoveries into practice. On March 10, 2010, Ian had a rare life-changing moment. Leading a randomised trial of over 20 000 adult trauma patients (CRASH-2), he and his collaborators found that intravenous tranexamic acid reduced the risk of death from bleeding by 15%. The effect was greatest if tranexamic acid was given within 3 h of the trauma. Calculations showed that the widespread use of this cheap generic medicine could save 130 000 lives annually. The trial cost £2·5 million. With such a stunning result, Ian asked England's Department of Health for £500 000 to help implement the findings. He received a paltry £15 000. Implementation of research results was not a priority for the UK Government. Still, he was able to get tranexamic acid onto WHO's list of essential medicines. And he devised innovative ways—eg, animated videos—to spread the message that this neglected drug had life-saving properties. But the obstacles proved formidable. The pharmaceutical company that made tranexamic acid, Pfizer, was not interested in promoting it since they saw no likely profit accruing, despite the medicine's cost-effectiveness. Civil society organisations and the British military proved more helpful. Eventually, dogged persistence, combined with powerful imagery (showing the number of graves that could have been eliminated from Arlington National Cemetery if tranexamic acid had been used by US armed forces), enabled the drug to gain wide acceptance. But this success was only the beginning of a larger and more revealing narrative. Ian became intrigued about the origins of tranexamic acid. Although Pfizer held the licence for the drug, the company was not responsible for its discovery. Utako Okamoto, working with her husband Shosuke near Kobe, Japan, deserved that accolade. Ian travelled to Japan with his partner, Ayumi Naito, a Japanese paediatrician, and found Utako's home, which doubled as a laboratory where she continued her research. She had a clear vision for her work. She wanted to deliver results that outperformed global standards. She sought to be truly innovative by avoiding the currently fashionable trends in research. And she was driven by wanting to find an effective treatment for post-partum haemorrhage. Ian saw Utako's journey as a story of perseverance. Together with his colleague, Haleema Shakur, he embarked on the second phase of his research—this time to fulfil the hopes of Utako by launching a trial (WOMAN; World Maternal Antifibrinolytic trial) to test if tranexamic acid could indeed reduce deaths from post-partum bleeding. Haemorrhage is the commonest cause of maternal mortality. If WOMAN could repeat the success of CRASH-2, Haleema and Ian's team would have discovered one of the most important interventions to save the lives of women during pregnancy. The result beat all expectations. Deaths due to bleeding when tranexamic acid was given within 3 h were reduced by 31%. The result was little short of a global sensation—over 800 separate news reports, cited on over 2500 radio stations, and reaching 80 million people via social media. Utako died just 2 weeks before the WOMAN trial ended. And it was this result that changed the way Ian thought about Utako's story. It was not a story of perseverance. It was a story of discrimination against women. Discrimination that Utako had endured her entire life. And discrimination that continues today as governments, development agencies, and international organisations continue to fail to implement one of the most safe and cost-effective tools ever discovered to save women's lives.

The Value of Speaking up.

The authors of the contributions to this symposium #MeToo in Surgery: Narratives by Women Surgeons have courageously told often difficult stories that are important for all surgeons to reflect upon. The stories of discrimination and harassment are terrible to read but in no way surprising for anyone involved in surgical training over the last 30 years. Unfortunately, these experiences are not of historical interest only. They continue to occur and point to the need to change the culture of surgery.

Appendix to: 'Why are There so Few Conservatives and Libertarians in Legal Academia? An Empirical Exploration of Three Hypotheses'

There are few conservatives and libertarians in legal academia. Why? Three explanations are usually provided: the Brainpower, Interest, and Greed Hypotheses. Alternatively, it could be because of Discrimination. This paper explores these possibilities by looking at citation and publication rates by law professors at the 16 highest-ranked law schools in the country. Using regression analysis, propensity score matching, propensity score reweighting, nearest neighbor matching, and coarsened exact matching, this paper finds that after taking into account traditional correlates of scholarly ability, conservative and libertarian law professors are cited more and publish more than their peers. The paper also finds that they tend to have more of the traditional qualifications required of law professors than their peers, with a few exceptions. This paper indicates that, at least in the schools sampled, conservative and libertarian law professors are not few in number because of a lack of scholarly ability or professional qualifications. Further, the patterns do not prove, but are consistent with, a story of discrimination. The downsides to having so few conservatives and libertarians in the legal academy are also briefly explored.

Life histories as counter-narratives against dominant and negative stereotypes about people with intellectual disabilities

The history of intellectual disabilities is largely a story of discrimination and social exclusion portraying people with intellectual disability as abnormal and inferior. This article describes a particular methodological approach to inclusive life history research with a small group of women with intellectual disabilities in Iceland. The article documents how, through a four-year collaborative research process, the life histories became counter-narratives to dominant historical beliefs and stereotypes. In addition to the personal empowerment of the women and the construction of a collective memory, this project has also resulted in public sharing of their stories through speaking up and giving presentations, and thus potentially also changing the historical memory.

Gina M. Bright: Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. A Story of Discrimination

Gina M. Bright: Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic. A Story of Discrimination

Disabled persons’ job interview experiences: stories of discrimination, uncertainty and recognition

This paper explores disabled persons’ narrated experiences from job interviews. Based on interviews with employed disabled persons in the United States and Norway, the analysis investigates how the informants understand and deal with employers’ interpretations of disability. Three kinds of stories are identified: discrimination, uncertainty and recognition. In the first two stories, informants portrayed employers who used a non-inclusive discourse of disability. In the story of recognition, informants perceived employers to be primarily interested in their competence, and disability was dealt with in an inclusive manner. The comparison between American and Norwegian accounts reveals striking similarities in disabled persons’ narratives.

Plague-making and the AIDS epidemic: a story of discrimination

PART I: INTRODUCTION Why I Wrote this Book What is Plague? PART II: BUBONIC PLAGUE Fourteenth-century Europe Fifteenth- through Seventeenth-Century Europe The Nineteenth through Twentieth Centuries PART III: THE EMERGENCE OF AIDS The Making of a Plague (1981-1986) Solidifying Plague (1987-1989) Living with Plague (1990-1994) PART IV: THE ENDURANCE OF AIDS Reflections (1995-2000) Reticence (2001-2010) Conclusions: The Legacy of Plague-Making

Depression is not an inevitable outcome of disclosure avoidance: HIV stigma and mental health in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals from Southern India

Previous research has shown that HIV stigma in India can be characterized by a framework dividing manifestations into enacted (discrimination), vicarious (hearing stories of discrimination), felt normative (perceptions of stigma's prevalence), and internalized stigma (personal endorsement of stigma beliefs). We examined whether this framework could explain associations among stigma, efforts to avoid HIV serostatus disclosure, and depression symptoms in a cohort of 198 HIV-infected individuals from Southern India who were followed up for one year as part of a study of antiretroviral adherence. Prior studies had suggested that disclosure avoidance was a primary outcome of stigma and that impaired well-being was a primary outcome of disclosure avoidance. Analyses from our longitudinal research revealed that the pattern of associations among stigma, disclosure avoidance, and depression symptoms remained consistent over time. Enacted and vicarious stigmas were correlated with felt normative stigma beliefs. In turn, felt normative stigma was correlated with disclosure avoidance. And, enacted stigma, internalized stigma, and disclosure avoidance were all associated with depression symptoms. However, even though the overall framework held together, internalized stigma and depression symptoms dropped significantly over time while other components remained unchanged. These findings suggest that, although HIV stigma may limit disclosure, it does not invariably lead to psychological maladjustment. Amidst ongoing perceptions and experiences of stigma, HIV-positive individuals can achieve significant improvements in their acceptance of the disease and in mental well-being.

Constructing the “Needy Subject”: NGO Discourses of Roma Need

Due to high rates of poverty, violence, and discrimination, the Roma (or Gypsy) population in Hungary is clearly seen as a “problem population.” As such, in recent years, there has been a great proliferation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working with and for this subordinated minority. In their work, NGOs use specific discursive strategies that clearly maintain the Roma as problems in need of solutions. In this article, I focus specifically on the manner in which well‐meaning organizations, due to constraints from external forces, rely upon stories of discrimination and an overemphasis on poverty. In doing so, they construct the Roma as “needy subjects.” Such a construction is problematic because (1) it often deprives the aid recipient of agency, (2) it obscures in‐group differentiation and projects a homogenized identity focused on the most marginalized members of the group, and (3) it does not solve a double bind facing the agencies, whose continued funding and recognition rely upon continued reinforcement of differentiated rather than integrated status for those they try to serve. Given NGOs’ growing role in delivering services and serving as a voice for marginalized people such as the Roma, recognizing and resolving this double bind is a critical task for European NGOs – and for the funding sources that support them –if they want to be effective in achieving their stated goals.

Analyzing Strategic Responses to Discriminatory Acts: A Co-Cultural Communicative Investigation

This qualitative content analysis explores the multiple ways in which individuals respond to acts of discrimination based on race, sex, age, sexual orientation, and disability. This study examines 258 stories of discrimination using a co-cultural theoretical frame of analysis to empirically assess those interactive structures that perpetuate the communicative system of how co-cultural discriminatory acts become reproduced in everyday life. Specifically, the focus is on identifying the co-cultural communication orientations and practices that are enacted as responses to discrimination and to discern if these strategies vary based on co-cultural group membership. Following a description of thematic insights, directions for future research in terms of co-cultural theory, memorable messages, microaggressions, and responses to discrimination are discussed.

HIV-related stigma: Adapting a theoretical framework for use in India

Stigma complicates the treatment of HIV worldwide. We examined whether a multi-component framework, initially consisting of enacted, felt normative, and internalized forms of individual stigma experiences, could be used to understand HIV-related stigma in Southern India. In Study 1, qualitative interviews with a convenience sample of 16 people living with HIV revealed instances of all three types of stigma. Experiences of discrimination (enacted stigma) were reported relatively infrequently. Rather, perceptions of high levels of stigma (felt normative stigma) motivated people to avoid disclosing their HIV status. These perceptions often were shaped by stories of discrimination against other HIV-infected individuals, which we adapted as an additional component of our framework (vicarious stigma). Participants also varied in their acceptance of HIV stigma as legitimate (internalized stigma). In Study 2, newly developed measures of the stigma components were administered in a survey to 229 people living with HIV. Findings suggested that enacted and vicarious stigma influenced felt normative stigma; that enacted, felt normative, and internalized stigma were associated with higher levels of depression; and that the associations of depression with felt normative and internalized forms of stigma were mediated by the use of coping strategies designed to avoid disclosure of one's HIV serostatus.

"Nobody ever asked me before": understanding life experiences of African American elders.

With the unprecedented growth in the African American elderly population, there exists an urgent need to prepare nurses to deliver culturally competent care. The purpose of this study was to increase the knowledge available about the cultural heritage, worldviews, and life experiences of African American elders. Reminiscence interviews were conducted with African American elders living in a medium-sized northeast urban community. Data were analyzed using Spiegelberg's phenomenological Method. The following themes emerged: (a) nobody ever asked me before, (b) stories of discrimination, (c) coping with discrimination, (d) the hurt of discrimination, and (e) self-discoveries. Nurses, through the use of reminiscence, can gain insight into the cultural heritage, worldviews, and life experiences of African American elders and improve their ability to deliver culturally competent care to this population.

Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: the impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy.

Three studies investigated implicit biases, and their modifiability, against overweight persons. In Study 1 (N = 144), the authors demonstrated strong implicit anti-fat attitudes and stereotypes using the Implicit Association Test, despite no explicit anti-fat bias. When participants were informed that obesity is caused predominantly by overeating and lack of exercise, higher implicit bias relative to controls was produced; informing participants that obesity is mainly due to genetic factors did not result in lower bias. In Studies 2A (N = 90) and 2B (N = 63), participants read stories of discrimination against obese persons to evoke empathy. This did not lead to lower bias compared with controls but did produce diminished implicit bias among overweight participants, suggesting an in-group bias.