Storage Of Products Research Articles

Hydroxytyrosol permeability comparisons and strategies to improve hydroxytyrosol stability in formulations

There has been a growing interest in hydroxytyrosol (HT) due to its powerful antioxidant and free-radical scavenging properties when added to formulations such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. To study the stability and transdermal properties of hydrogels and creams (HT-based formulations), a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed for determining HT. In the Franz diffusion cell system, both hydrogel and cream show a rapid and similar penetration profile through the Bama miniature pig skin. However, the Strat-M® membrane exhibits slightly lower permeability and is selective to different formulations; that is, the cream has a permeability value of 10.69%, while the hydrogel has a value of 5.27%. The dynamics parameters from the permeation assays indicate that the model using the Strat-M® membrane can be used as a screening tool to evaluate the skin uptake and permeation efficacy of different formulations. Adding 3-O-ethyl-L-ascorbic acid to HT-based formulations can effectively prevent discoloration under prolonged high-temperature storage, while combining multiple antioxidants delays degradation most effectively. This study provides novel ideas for functional formulation optimization to enhance the realism and reproducibility of cosmetic products containing HT and provides scientific evidence for the production, packaging, shelf life, storage, and transportation of products.

Optimizing Ketchup Manufacturing Process: A Tecnomatix Simulation for Reduced Waiting Time and Improve Operational Efficiency

This research investigates the optimization of a ketchup production factory layout using Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software to enhance resource utilization and production efficiency. Both push and pull system were used to analyzed the entire ketchup production process, from receiving raw tomatoes to the final product storage, incorporating various processing stations with different processing times. In a push environment, driven by predetermined schedules, the simulation results showed an increasing trend in throughput over 4, 7, 11, and 14 days, with significant efficiency gains over time. In a pull environment, driven by actual customer demand, throughput simulations of 50, 100, 200, and 500 units demonstrated increasing productivity with higher workloads. The findings highlight the importance of optimized workstation layouts to reduce idle time and improve workflow, emphasizing that while push environments maintain consistent productivity, pull environments offer greater efficiency through flexibility and responsiveness to demand.

Penerapan Akad Wadiah Pada Produk Simpanan Idul Adha Di Koperasi Syariah Masjid Al Arif Kota Bandung Dalam Perspektif Fatwa DSN MUI

The Shariah financial institutions in Indonesia are currently undergoing rapid and significant progress.This can be observed through the profiling of various financial institutions, both bank and non-bank, which actively contribute to the progress of the Indonesian economy.The research method used in this research is qualitative descriptive research method.Qualitative method is the method of research based on postpositive philosophy used to investigate on the conditions of natural objects to obtain data with a specific purpose of use on the product storage idol adha in KOPSYAR MAJTAMAS AL ARIF in using academic wadiah yad Trust compliance with the fatwa DSN MUI NO:86/DSN-MUI/XII/2012.The academic implementation of the academic Wadiah on KOPsYAR Majtamas AL ARif in the perspective of DSN- MUI can be said to be not in line with the principle of Shariah

Population growth of different stored product species on wheat, barley, and tritordeum

Stored product species can be developed in a variety of stored product grains. In this study, were compare three different grains for their suitability for population growth of primary and secondary stored product insects. In the first series, we evaluated the population growth and damage of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae), Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on whole wheat, barley and tritordeum kernels after 65 days. In the second series, three different percentages of whole and cracked kernels were tested: 100% cracked kernels, 100% whole kernels and 50% cracked +50% whole kernels, for Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The results showed that tritordeum was suitable for the population growth of all species tested. In most of the cases, R. dominica showed higher frass production but S. granarius showed a higher number of damaged kernels. Cracked kernels were preferred by secondary pests than whole kernels and wheat showed the highest progeny production than tritordeum and barley. Overall, commodity, and grain type and percentage of cracked kernels can affect the population growth of stored product insect species. Results of this study showed that stored product insect species can develop in tritordeum and thus should be taken into consideration for further results as may be damaged during storage.

Cross-sectional study investigating the components and quality of colostrum and colostrum replacement products fed to Ontario dairy goat kids

Colostrum replacement products for use in goat kids are sourced from bovine colostrum and often used by producers to supplement or replace maternal colostrum to prevent infections. To compare the colostrum replacement products fed on-farm to caprine colostrum a cross-sectional study was undertaken. Ontario dairy goat producers were asked to collect first milking colostrum from their goats and samples of the reconstituted commercial replacement product currently in use. The frozen samples were thawed and submitted for testing of fat, protein and lactose content, IgG1 concentration and aerobic bacterial culture. Compared with caprine colostrum, the reconstituted replacement products were lower in protein (11.7%; P = 0.0007), and fat (4.6%; P < 0.0001) and higher in lactose (5.4%; P < 0.0001) on average. The average IgG1 concentration in goat colostrum (53.5 g/L; range: 16.6-1985.8) was significantly higher than in colostrum replacement products (33.7 g/L; range: 10.7-55.3) (P < 0.0001). The Brix cut-point for good quality goat colostrum (50 g/L) was calculated at 23% (sensitivity = 69.6%, specificity = 88.0%) for goat colostrum and 26% for the colostrum replacement product (sensitivity = 87.5%, specificity = 100%). The average aerobic count for goat colostrum was lower (2.95 log10 cfu/mL) than the colostrum replacement product samples that were cultured (3.85 log10 cfu/mL; P < 0.0001). Further investigation into colostrum replacement products, including on-farm storage of opened powdered product and mixing and storage of reconstituted product, is warranted. Variability in the levels of IgG1, aerobic bacterial growth and fat, protein and lactose content in colostrum replacement products also requires further exploration to determine their effects on kid health.

725 Delphi Consensus to Improve Patient Safety in the Aesthetic Injectables Market: Consensus, Controversies and the 5Ps Framework

Abstract Aim The rapid growth of the aesthetic injectables sector presents a public health challenge given limited regulations to date. This study aimed to establish agreed proposals from industry experts and practitioners to uphold and safeguard patient safety. Method A Delphi consensus design was adopted comprising three survey rounds. Industry practitioners and experts were invited to suggest proposals to improve patient safety. We used the MoSCoW prioritization technique to aid practitioners in attributing importance and significance to proposals. Consensus was defined a priori as 75%. Results One-hundred-and-twenty-two practitioners completed Round 1, 100 completed Round 2 and 51 completed Round 3. A total of 38 proposals were identified after consolidation and removal of duplicates from Round 1. Round 2 established consensus on 16 items, and 18 items went to Round 3 but consensus was not achieved on all these items. Of the 38 proposals initially made, a series of five overarching themes emerged as fundamental for stakeholders. Issues relating to patients, practitioner skills or competence, product type and storage, place of practice and promotion techniques were the key themes. From these we propose and evaluate the five Ps framework: Patient, Practitioner, Product, Place and Promotion. Conclusions Our Delphi consensus study establishes consensus for 16 key proposals to improve patient safety. The study also highlights areas of controversy and proposes the novel 5Ps framework to help appraise the aesthetics industry.

Modeling the growth behavior of Salmonella spp. in grated carrots inoculated with different inoculum levels stored at various temperatures

AbstractThe consumption of fresh and fresh‐cut fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, has increased for the last decades for a healthy life and an adequate diet, but concerns regarding the microbial safety of them have been raised. The present study was conducted to develop predictive models for Salmonella spp. in grated carrots. The results showed that Salmonella spp. did not display growth at 5°C, but it grew in grated carrots at other temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 37°C) for both inoculum levels. Also, the inoculum levels affected the growth of this pathogen in grated carrots when the storage temperatures ranged from 15 to 25°C. The theoretical minimum temperatures calculated using the Huang model were 3.48 and 5.79°C for inoculum levels of 101 and 102 CFU/g, respectively. The primary and secondary models performed well in terms of agreement between experimental and estimated values. Furthermore, compared to the Ratkowsky model, the theoretical minimum temperature was given a more reasonable value using the Huang model. The models developed in the present study will be a useful input for future quantitative microbial risk assessment to appraise the proliferation of Salmonella spp. in grated carrots throughout the production process, storage, and distribution.

Insecticidal, physiological, and biochemical effects of Schinus molle essential oil on the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) is considered as a major stored product pest. Conventional insecticides induce adverse effects on the environment. Plant derivative products constitute a promising alternative for pest control. The purpose of our research was to identify the chemical profile of essential oil (EO) extracted from Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) and to evaluate the fumigant and the contact toxicity, and the repellent activity of this oil on adults of Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera), a major pest in products that are stored around the world. The effects of this oil were examined on biochemical profile (energy reserves and Proteins), selective biomarkers like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferases (GST) and glutathione (GSH), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Digestive enzymes were also investigated. The major chemical compounds identified by the GC-MS were α-phellandrene (16.613%), ß-phellandrene (12.104%), elemol (9.028%) and β-eudesmol (5.872%). Then, we evaluated the repellent activity, and also the effects in nutritional reserves and some biomarkers. This EO exhibited an insecticidal and repellent activity as a function of the exposure time and concentrations. Contact (LC50 at 24 h: 19.99 μL/mL) is the most effective mode of application compared to fumigation (LC50 at 24h: 174.30 μL/L air). S. molle EO was also investigated in digestive enzymes’ activities (α-amylase, lipase, chitinase and protease). Our results revealed a decrease in both α-amylase, lipase, protease and chitinase activities in treated adults compared to controls. In addition, we noticed a neurotoxic activity of S. molle EO traduced by a decrease of AChE. An induction of the detoxification system was observed via a decrease in GSH rate and an increase in GST activity. Moreover, the treatment induces an alteration of biochemical profile of R. dominica adults. Lastly, essential oil was examined on nucleic acids. Results showed an increase in DNA and RNA amount in treated adults when compared with control. Due to their effective source of bioactive compounds, the EO from the studied plant could be used as an alternative strategy for the management of stored product pests.

Essential oil of endemic Centaurea paphlagonica: chemical composition, insecticidal, enzyme inhibitory activities and molecular docking approach

The key objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, insecticidal and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of crude essential oils (CEO) extracted from the stem-leaf parts of the endemic Centaurea paphlagonica plant via steam distillation, as well as its chromatography-based fractions for the first time. According to GC-MS analysis, eighty-five compounds were identified representing 98.49% of the total essential oil. β-Eudesmol (15.17%), phytol (8.69%), and spathulenol (8.03%) were determined as the main components. The CEO demonstrated a remarkably insecticidal activity against S. granarius and R. dominica insects, ranging from 98.35% to 100%, while achieving a 50% against T. confusum at a 10% concentration. The silica gel-based fractionation of CEO resulted in four qualitatively different fractions (CEO-F1 to F4). The CEO-F2, predominantly comprised of β-eudesmol and spathulenol, exhibited superior activity compared to CEO across all tested insects. In addition, the inhibitory activity of BChE, which causes death in insects by altering nervous system activities, was assessed. BChE inhibition activity of CEO and CEO-F2 was determined as IC50=346.57 μg/mL and 96.02 μg/mL, respectively, supporting the insecticidal activity tests and molecular docking studies. The volatile oil obtained from C. paphlagonica can be considered a potential natural source to combat storage product pests, with its significant natural volatile compounds.

Composite Materials with Glass Fiber Waste and Blast Furnace Slag

Fiberglass is a waste generated in the construction materials industry, which is not dangerous for the environment, but long-term and very long-term storage is expensive. Finding a method of reuse as in creating a useful composite material led to the research work in this study. The impact of waste fiberglass and furnace slag on the characteristics of novel composite materials was examined in this study. The density and mechanical properties of the composite samples were examined to determine the impact of waste fiberglass (WFG) concentration in it. Washed river aggregates were replaced with WFG in various ratios in our laboratory tests. Concrete class C16/20 was utilized, having 0.35–0.7 w. % WFG and 2–10% slag. The obtained material was evaluated for density, workability, and compressive strength. The experiments were carried out in an accredited concrete station laboratory. The density of the resulting materials decreased as the WFG content was increased. The densities were higher than the witness sample, ranging from 2358 to 2405 kg/m3. The findings show that adding WFG and slag to concrete has a positive impact on its characteristics. With the addition of WFG, the mixture became more non-homogenous, but these characteristics can be optimized in future. Because of the differential in density between WFG and natural coarse aggregates, the fresh density of obtained composites dropped as the percentage of WFG increased; this could be an advantage, as the newly obtained material became lighter. The findings show that adding waste to concrete has a detrimental impact on its qualities. The introduction of blast furnace slag up to 5% does not modify the compressive strength, compared to the reference samples, but 10% slag causes a decrease in compressive strength of 4.2%. A proportion of 0.25% WFG causes a slight increase in mechanical strength; therefore, 0.25% WFG and 5% slag increased the compressive strength, the maximum value being obtained for a composite with 0.25% WFG, 5% slag, 5% sand and aggregates. Capitalization of WFG and slag resulted in significant economic and environmental benefits by reducing waste storage costs and production costs, and advantages resulted from the new material.

FPSO/LNG hawser system lifetime assessment by Gaidai multivariate risk assessment method

Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) unit being an offshore vessel, storing and producing crude oil, prior to crude oil being transported by accompanying shuttle tanker. Critical mooring/hawser strains during offloading operation have to be accurately predicted, in order to maintain operational safety and reliability. During certain types of offloading, excessive hawser tensions may occur, causing operational risks. Current study examines FPSO vessel’s dynamic reactions to hydrodynamic wave-induced loads, given realistic in situ environmental conditions, utilizing the AQWA software package. Current study advocates novel multi-dimensional spatiotemporal risks assessment approach, that is particularly well suited for large dataset analysis, based on numerical simulations (or measurements). Advocated multivariate reliability methodology may be useful for a variety of marine and offshore systems that must endure severe environmental stressors during their intended operational lifespan. Methodology, presented in this study provides advanced capability to efficiently, yet accurately evaluate dynamic system failure, hazard and damage risks, given representative dynamic record of multidimensional system’s inter-correlated critical components. Gaidai risk assessment method being novel dynamic multidimensional system’s lifetime assessment methodology. In order to validate and benchmark Gaidai risk assessment method, in this study it was applied to FPSO and potentially LNG (i.e., Liquid Natural Gas) vessels dynamics. Major advantage of the advocated approach is that there are no existing alternative risk assessment methods, able to tackle unlimited number of system’s dimensions. Accurate multi-dimensional risk assessment had been carried out, based on numerically simulated data, partially verified by available laboratory experiments. Confidence intervals had been given for predicted dynamic high-dimensional system risk levels.

The addition of ascorbic acid improves the microbiological quality and shelf life of Atlantic mackerel (&lt;i&gt;Scomber scombrus&lt;/i&gt;) fillets stored in ice

Ascorbic acid is one of the most promising additives for improving fish shelf life, but studies on its antimicrobial activity during product storage are limited. In this experiment, we assessed the effect of ascorbic acid on the preservability of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fillets during storage in ice. Fillets were treated to reach an ascorbic acid concentration of 0.30 mg/g (T1) and 0.15 mg/g (T2). Samples were stored in ice at 0°C and analyzed at 0, 2, 7, 9, and 14 days for total viable count, specific spoilage organisms (SSOs), Pseudomonas spp., potentially histamine-producing bacteria (HPB), and Enterobacteriaceae. Growth curves were constructed using the DMfit tool of Combase, and the shelf life was estimated in relation to microbiological limits reported in the literature. Sensory evaluation was performed using a quality index method scheme. At 7 and 9 days of storage, treated samples exhibited bacterial counts from 0.5 to 1.7 Log CFU/g lower than controls, with a logarithmic reduction proportional to the additive concentration. The antimicrobial action appeared to diminish after 14 days. A consistent effect was observed for potentially HPB, with counts of 1.7 Log CFU/g lower in T1 samples compared to controls at 9 days. The moderate effect on SSOs limited the estimated shelf life, as the critical limit was reached after 7 days and 8.4 days (T1 and T2). Ascorbic acid positively impacted the microbiological characteristics of mackerel fillets. Further investigation into the decay dynamics of the additive in fish products during storage is advisable.

A distributionally robust optimization approach for the potassium fertilizer product transportation considering transshipment through crossdocks

Potassium fertilizer is an essential input for agricultural productivity, and plays a critical role in various plant processes, influencing water uptake, enzyme activation, and photosynthesis. The efficient delivery of potassium fertilizer products to the end-users, typically farmers and agricultural enterprises, is of utmost importance. Due to the long traveling distance between the supplier and customers, decision makers of supplier normally set up multiple crossdocks to aid in transition and storage of potassium fertilizer products. In this situation, making an optimal transportation plan as well as the inventory level of crossdocks will directly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of long-distance transportation. In this study, we model this problem as a dynamic transportation problem with transshipment considering the uncertain time-varying customers’ demand. To characterize the demand information, we first construct an ambiguity set of customers’ demand based in limited historical data and then develop a distributionally robust optimization-based (DRO) framework to optimize the transportation plan and related inventory level of crossdocks simultaneously. We also propose a general approach to overcome the computational challenges of DRO by transforming the original DRO into a second-order cone programming based on duality theory. Additionally, we introduce linear decision rules to adjust the optimization strategy based on the new observed demand, thus lead the model to handle the dynamic information flow in real time. In case study, all involved data are collected or derived from a real potassium fertilizer company located at Western China. The results show our model reduces the cost by 18.07% compared to stochastic model (sample average approximation), indicating a significant effectiveness of our model on the improvement of delivery efficiency and cost saving in real dynamic logistic systems. Also, we conclude the managerial insight that decision-makers should develop a comprehensive strategy, including improving communication to ensure order status updates, planning rationally to evenly distribute orders, and proactively allocating resources to meet operational demands.

Do Tasmanian devil declines impact ecosystem function?

Tasmanian eucalypt forests are among the most carbon-dense in the world, but projected climate change could destabilize this critical carbon sink. While the impact of abiotic factors on forest ecosystem carbon dynamics have received considerable attention, biotic factors such as the input of animal scat are less understood. Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii)-an osteophageous scavenger that can ingest and solubilize nutrients locked in bone material-may subsidize plant and microbial productivity by concentrating bioavailable nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus) in scat latrines. However, dramatic declines in devil population densities, driven by the spread of a transmissible cancer, may have underappreciated consequences for soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and forest productivity by altering nutrient cycling. Here, we fuse experimental data and modeling to quantify and predict future changes to forest productivity and SOC under various climate and scat-quality futures. We find that devil scat significantly increases concentrations of nitrogen, ammonium, phosphorus, and phosphate in the soil and shifts soil microbial communities toward those dominated by r-selected (e.g., fast-growing) phyla. Further, under expected increases in temperature and changes in precipitation, devil scat inputs are projected to increase above- and below-ground net primary productivity and microbial biomass carbon through 2100. In contrast, when devil scat is replaced by lower-quality scat (e.g., from non-osteophageous scavengers and herbivores), forest carbon pools are likely to increase more slowly, or in some cases, decline. Together, our results suggest often overlooked biotic factors will interact with climate change to drive current and future carbon pool dynamics in Tasmanian forests.

Differential reliance of CTD-nuclear envelope phosphatase 1 on its regulatory subunit in ER lipid synthesis and storage.

Lipin 1 is an ER enzyme that produces diacylglycerol, the lipid intermediate that feeds into the synthesis of glycerophospholipids for membrane expansion or triacylglycerol for storage into lipid droplets. CTD-Nuclear Envelope Phosphatase 1 (CTDNEP1) regulates lipin 1 to restrict ER membrane synthesis, but a role for CTDNEP1 in lipid storage in mammalian cells is not known. Furthermore, how NEP1R1, the regulatory subunit of CTDNEP1, contributes to these functions in mammalian cells is not fully understood. Here, we show that CTDNEP1 is reliant on NEP1R1 for its stability and function in limiting ER expansion. CTDNEP1 contains an amphipathic helix at its N-terminus that targets to the ER, nuclear envelope and lipid droplets. We identify key residues at the binding interface of CTDNEP1 and NEP1R1 and show that they facilitate complex formation in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate that NEP1R1 binding to CTDNEP1 shields CTDNEP1 from proteasomal degradation to regulate lipin 1 and restrict ER size. Unexpectedly, NEP1R1 was not required for CTDNEP1's role in restricting lipid droplet biogenesis. Thus, the reliance of CTDNEP1 function on NEP1R1 depends on cellular demands for membrane production versus lipid storage. Together, our work provides a framework into understanding how the ER regulates lipid synthesis under different metabolic conditions.

Optimization of activated carbon production from cajuput biomass as a desiccant

Abstract Effective food preservation methods encompass a range of approaches, among which drying stands out for its convenience in storage and distribution. The drying process and subsequent storage of food, however, are significantly influenced by environmental conditions. To address this, the utilization of activated carbon derived from renewable biomass sources emerges as a sustainable solution for moisture sorption applications. This research delves into optimizing the production of activated carbon from cajuput biomass, harnessing its exceptional desiccant properties through the Taguchi method. The study rigorously investigates crucial parameters, namely carbonization temperature (400, 600, 800 °C), carbonization time (1, 2, 3 hours), NaOH concentration (1, 2, 3%), and impregnation time (1, 2, 3 hours). Employing a two-step approach involving carbonization followed by chemical activation with NaOH, the impact of these variables on the activated carbon’s moisture adsorption capacity is comprehensively evaluated. Remarkably, the optimized conditions of carbonization temperature at 400 °C, carbonization time of 3 hours, NaOH concentration of 3%, and impregnation time of 3 hours yield a maximum moisture adsorption capacity of 0.4076 g/g. These findings emphasize the transformative potential of cajuput biomass as a valuable feedstock for producing activated carbon, endowed with remarkable moisture sorption attributes. This cajuput-derived activated carbon presents an alternative desiccant for efficient moisture adsorption in the food drying process and optimal moisture control during food product storage.

Innovative development of the AIC: problems and strategies for their solution

Currently, there are many unresolved problems in agricultural sectors: low level of production and processing of agricultural products, presence of significant number of small-scale farms, financial instability of agricultural entities, insufficient rates of improvement of market infrastructure, which hinders innovative renewal of agricultural sector, and digitalization processes. The goal is to substantiate the strategy for technological modernization of the republic's AIC. The methods are based on scientific research by domestic and foreign scientists, data from the Bureau of National Statistics, Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforming of the RK, scientific institutions, and information from official sources. Results - issues of innovative transformation and use of digital platforms to achieve high efficiency of agro-industrial production and its structural transformations, overcoming challenges and risks that pose threat to the country's agro-industrial complex were studied. Methodological approaches to managing innovation processes are considered, main reasons hindering the achievement of high results in the republic’s agriculture and building its potential are shown: low technical equipment, inefficient use of natural resources, in particular land and water, lack of the necessary system for storage, transportation and sale of products, unattractiveness of this area for investment. Conclusions - analysis of world practice shows that in the context of transition to innovative path of development of agricultural sector, regulatory role of the state, designed to ensure technological progress, increases and becomes a key factor responsible for developing a strategy for creating mechanisms for its implementation and financial support, and formation of a new type of economy. The systematic nature of implementation of innovative projects in agribusiness will help increase the number of jobs and specialists with new competencies.

Expedition of Trichoderma formulations: Production to storage in India-A review

The usage of biopesticides is far less compared to chemical pesticides available in the market. Trichoderma is an effective biocontrol agent with a long history of success stories compared to all other available biocontrol agents. Application of Trichoderma formulation enhances the plant growth and is more effective in managing diseases of crop plants. In India, several popular products derived from different Trichoderma species have found commercial success among organic growers. In India, certain quantity of fruitful produces are from diverse class of Trichoderma hence, it must be commercialized. Many small and medium entrepreneurs have recently started producing biocontrol agents for commercial use, which has led to the introduction of numerous biocontrol products in the global market. This paper aims to review and discuss the carrier materials, mass production techniques, target diseases, recommended dose, application methods, storage and shelf life of Trichoderma formulations. The main obstacle inthe commercialization of bioproducts is reduced shelf life. Therefore, this review will explain the various types of Trichoderma formulations in several substrates and commercial viability of the substrates. Key words: Efficacy, Formulation, Substrates, Shelf life, Trichoderma

Devising technology for extinguishing oil tanks using compressed foam by sub-layer technique

Tank facilities storing various combustible substances are a potential source of danger for the environment and human life. Fires in tanks can occur for various reasons: technical malfunctions, human factors, military operations, natural phenomena. One of the effective methods for extinguishing such fires is "sublayer" extinguishing with the help of foam of low multiplicity. The possibility of "sub-layer" extinguishing with the help of compression foam, which has unique properties, has been considered. The object of this study is the processes of stopping combustion during fire extinguishing in steel tanks for the storage of petroleum products with the use of foaming agents of increased stability, which ensure the generation of compression foam in a "sub-layer" way. A mathematical model of the movement of a submerged non-free jet of foam in the medium of motor fuel is given, which adequately describes the real physical processes that occur during "sublayer" quenching of vertical steel tanks. According to the research, it was established that the use of foam with a multiplicity of 10 (K10) is 1.56 times more effective in serving time than the use of foam with a multiplicity of 5 (K5). From an economic point of view, K10 foam also has greater advantages as the costs of the foaming agent during its generation are 3.1 times lower than when using K5 foam. The simulations demonstrated that the foaming agent consumption of the K10 foam is lower than the foaming agent consumption of the K5 foam and results in a different amount of foam coming to the surface. The simulations also showed that the volume of K5 foam increases proportionally with the feeding time, while the volume of K10 foam increases disproportionally and starts to decrease after half the time. The results from the implementation of the mathematical model were fully consistent with the results from experimental studies on extinguishing a model fire of class B

Развитие логистической инфраструктуры хранения и сбыта скоропортящейся сельскохозяйственной продукции

The article presents the results of an analysis of the logistics infrastructure for storing and marketing agricultural perishable products in the regions of Kazakhstan. The results of a comparative and cluster analysis of the infrastructure of storage and marketing facilities for perishable agricultural products in the amount of 1056 units are presented based on the methods of mathematical statistics and clustering using the SPSS program based on the data provided by the akimats of all 20 regions of Kazakhstan. Problems in the functioning of their infrastructure have been identified. During the analysis, 6 clusters were identified according to the selected indicators. Cluster analysis made it possible to systematize and identify the logistics infrastructure for storage and sales that is most typical for each cluster. Based on the identified problems, the need to develop storage facilities that provide a range of logistics and marketing services, closer interaction between manufacturers, storage facilities and retail trade on the basis of long-term contracts was determined. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, recommendations were proposed for the modernization of existing and construction of new storage facilities, depending on the needs of each region. It is recommended to increase climate-controlled capacity, leading to a reduction in losses of perishable agricultural products and an increase in the efficiency of storage facilities through the construction of modular storage facilities.