Storage Zone Research Articles

Efficient nitrogen removal from stormwater runoff by bioretention system: The construction of plant carbon source-based heterotrophic and sulfur autotrophic denitrification process

The plant carbon source and sulfur were selected as the denitrification electron donors and filled in the internal water storage zone (IWSZ) of bioretention system to establish excellent mixotrophic denitrification system, which was beneficial to waste recycling and showed very high nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency (approximately 94%). The ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies could reach 79.41%, 85.89%, and 74.07%, respectively. Mechanism study revealed the synergistic degradation effect was existed between acetic acid released from plant carbon source and the generated sulfate, which improved the S/CH3COOH mediated nitrate nitrogen removal reactions. Autotrophic denitrification occurred mainly in the upper layer of IWSZ, and the dominant bacteria were Thiobacillus. While in the lower layer, the dominant bacteria were mainly related to organic matter utilization and heterotrophic denitrification. The abundance of narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ functional genes in the upper layer was significantly higher than the lower layers.

Investigation of occupied/unoccupied period on thermal comfort in Guangzhou: Challenges and opportunities of public buildings with high window-wall ratio

Public buildings generally suffer from many problems due to their high window-wall ratio (WWR), but the unique advantages of this feature are rarely explored. Therefore, indoor thermal comfort during occupancy is studied using WWR as the variable. The thermal environment during unoccupied period is also observed to obtain more key information for improving thermal comfort. In Guangzhou, it is more reasonable for WWR to be 30% without using energy-saving methods or active measures. However, if only the thermal comfort during occupancy is considered, the WWR may be selected smaller, because it ignores heat dissipation and cool storage effect during unoccupied period. In summer, high WWR (>0.7) has more application advantages than the low one (＜0.3). Due to high solar irradiation in winter, high WWR is easy to cause daytime overheating, which can be solved by reasonable shading. When WWR exceeds 0.2, it will cause undercooling at the beginning of occupancy. When WWR is 100%, the time proportion of cool storage zone can reach 31%, and the cooling capacity can be transferred by cool storage materials. Therefore, if reasonable improvement can be adopted, buildings with high WWR will have great potential to achieve year-round thermal comfort.

Biochar and woodchip amended bioreactor extending reactive volume for enhanced denitrification in stormwater runoff

Bioretention has been increasingly used in stormwater runoff treatment. However, its performance was often restricted by poor treatment or even the net leaching of nitrate. To solve this problem, a biochar-woodchip modified bioretention system was developed in this study. The modified system greatly enhanced the nitrogen removal than the conventional sand bioretention system. The nitrate removal efficiency in the modified bioretention system ranges between 46.8 ± 21.1% and 73.6 ± 6.5%, much higher than the conventional system (only −38.6 ± 18.4% and 24.4 ± 6.0%). The nitrogen removal process, pore water variation, and functional gene analysis further demonstrate that the biochar and woodchip amendment extended the reactive volume in the bioreactor, facilitating nitrogen removal in both the upper layer and internal water storage zone (IWSZ). Biochar amendment in the upper layer increased volumetric water content, ammonium adsorption, nitrification, and denitrification. Although a slight amount of ammonium generation was found, woodchip addition greatly enhanced the denitrification rate in the IWSZ. In contrast, the upper layer of the conventional system cannot completely adsorb and transform ammonium. The denitrification performance in both the upper layer and IWSZ of the conventional system was poor as well. And the lack of nosZ in the IWSZ also made it potentially become a nitrous oxide emission source. Overall, the biochar woodchip modified system greatly extended the reactive volume and enhanced nitrogen removal, making it become a promising alternative to conventional sand bioretention system for stormwater runoff nitrogen treatment.

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Buoyancy Ratio and Dufour Parameter on Thermosolutal Convection in a Square Salt Gradient Solar Pond

Revise the abstract as follows: This work aims to investigate numerically the influence of the buoyancy ratio and the Dufour parameter on thermosolutal convection in a square Salt Gradient Solar Pond (SGSP). The absorption of solar radiation by the saline water, the heat losses and the wind effects via the SGSP free surface are considered. The mathematical model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations used in synergy with the thermal energy equation. These equations are solved using the finite volume method and the Gauss algorithm. Velocity-pressure coupling is implemented through the SIMPLE algorithm. Simulations of the SGSP are performed for three values of buoyancy ratio (N = 1, 2 and 10), three values of Dufour parameter (Dƒ = 0, 0.2 and 0.8) and some sample meteorological data (Tangier, Morocco). Results show that the highest dimensionless temperature of the storage zone is found for N = 10. In the same zone and for the same value of N, the dimensionless salt concentration decreases very slightly versus time (unlike for N = 1 or 2). Moreover, increasing Df from 0 to 0.8 causes a decrease in the dimensionless temperature of the SGSP storage zone and this decrease is more pronounced for N = 1 and N = 2.

Numerical investigation of solar energy storage by a salt gradient solar pond in several Moroccan cities

Numerical investigation of solar energy storage by a Salt Gradient Solar Pond (SGSP) in several Moroccan cities (Marrakesh, Ouarzazate, Tangier and Ifrane) is presented in this paper. For this purpose, the SGSP considered is assimilated to an open parallelipedic cavity in which the vertical and bottom walls are thermally insulated. The one-dimensional numerical model developed in Python programming language is based on the energy balance of each SGSP zone in which the heat losses via the SGSP free surface are retained. The numerical results obtained from the model developed are satisfactorily compared and validated against those obtained experimentally and numerically from a literature study. According to the results of one year of the SGSP operation, the storage zone temperature and the energy stored in the SGSP located in Ouarzazate city are the highest and reach maximum values in July (about 128 °C and 146 MJ respectively). Moreover, comparisons between different mass flow rates (0.01 Kg/s, 0.05 Kg/s and 0.09 Kg/s) of heat exchanger placed in the storage zone show that the optimal one is 0.09 Kg/s as it ensures the maximum energy extraction.

Analysis of microbiota structure in cooked ham as influenced by chemical composition and processing treatments: Identification of spoilage bacteria and elucidation on contamination route

Spoilage in cooked ham is one of the main challenges where microbial contamination can play a fundamental role. This study aimed to characterize pork-cooked ham's microbial community changes among different food production conditions (formulation and processing) using 16S rRNA sequencing and also to investigate the spoilage bacteria in order to elucidate their contamination route. Samples of three pork-cooked ham references with and without post-pasteurization treatment and in contact with the slicing-packaging conveyor belt and slicer and packager surfaces were performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In order to clarify the contamination route, surfaces were sampled by conventional microbiological methods. Results showed that Leuconostoc spp. was the principal genera in spoiled cooked ham and had no relation neither to formulation nor contact with the slicing-packaging conveyor belt. The contamination route found for Leuconostoc spp. was associated with the storage and packaging zone. In addition, the calculated shelf-life decreased to 57.5% independently of the environment interaction minimization when ham casing permeability was changed and linked to contamination of spoilage bacteria during the slicing and packaging process. This research illustrates how the combined approach provides complementary results to implement suggestions in the facility to reduce the cross-contamination with spoilage bacteria. It also generates tools to comprehend and propose transference models understanding the environmental and intrinsic factors related to microbial transfer rate.

АЛГОРИТМ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ РАСПИСАНИЯ ЗАДАНИЙ НА ХИМИЧЕСКОМ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕ

The article describes an algorithm for optimizing the schedule of tasks in production. Based on the shift plan (cooking schedule) and specifications of orders uploaded by the user from files, the system makes a schedule consisting of tasks "Feeding to the weighing zone", "Weighing", "Moving to the temporary storage zone", "Feeding to the reactor". The development was carried out as part of an order from Unilever

Logistic models to minimize the material handling cost within a cross-dock.

Retail supply chains are intended to empower effectiveness, speed, and cost-savings, guaranteeing that items get to the end client brilliantly, giving rise to the new logistic strategy of cross-docking. Cross-docking popularity depends heavily on properly executing operational-level policies like assigning doors to trucks or handling resources to doors. This paper proposes a linear programming model based on door-to-storage assignment. The model aims to optimize the material handling cost within a cross-dock when goods are unloaded and transferred from the dock area to the storage area. A fraction of the products unloaded at the incoming gates is assigned to different storage zones depending on their demand frequency and the loading sequence. Numerical example considering a varying number of inbound cars, doors, products, and storage areas is analyzed, and the result proves that the cost can be minimized or savings can be intensified based on the feasibility of the research problem. The result explains that a variation in the number of inbound trucks, product quantity, and per-pallet handling prices influences the net material handling cost. However, it remains unaffected by the alteration in the number of material handling resources. The result also verifies that applying direct transfer of product through cross-docking is economical as fewer products in storage reduce the handling cost.

Golden zone storage assignment and picking performance: An empirical analysis of manual picker-to-parts OP systems in grocery retailing

Manual picker-to-parts order picking (OP) systems are usually laborious and cost-intensive. Nevertheless, they are still predominant in warehouse operations of traditional brick-and-mortar grocery retailers. Storage assignment strategies are highly relevant for the outcomes of OP systems. Aspiring to improve picking performance and worker health, the concept of golden zone storage assignment is frequently applied in practice. This assignment strategy includes the placing of high-demand stock-keeping units at the height between the picker's waist and shoulders. Although simulation approaches indicate a positive impact of golden zone storage on the outcomes of OP systems, empirical evidence remains scarce. Therefore, we test this assumption with an empirical setting, including 1,570,049 picks performed by 156 order pickers in one warehouse operated by a large German brick-and-mortar grocery retailer. We apply a log-logistic accelerated failure time model and incorporate human factors through a mixed-effects model allowing one regression line per order picker. Our findings offer counter-intuitive insights because we find that golden zone storage assignment decelerates the picking process by 2.55% compared to ground-level picks. From a managerial viewpoint, our findings highlight the conflicting relation of economic- and ergonomic-driven evaluations for labor-intensive OP systems. Results call for a more differentiated typology of golden zone storage, including the depth of rack picking locations.

Variation of Stem Radius in Response to Defoliation in Boreal Conifers

In the long term, defoliation strongly decreases tree growth and survival. Insect outbreaks are a typical cause of severe defoliation. Eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) outbreaks are one of the most significant disturbances of Picea and Abies boreal forests. Nevertheless, in boreal conifers, a 2-year defoliation has been shown to quickly improve tree water status, protect the foliage and decrease growth loss. It suggests that defoliation effects are time-dependent and could switch from favorable in the short term to unfavorable when defoliation duration exceeds 5–10 years. A better understanding of the effect of defoliation on stem radius variation during the needle flushing time-window could help to elucidate the relationships between water use and tree growth during an outbreak in the medium term. This study aims to assess the effects of eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) defoliation and bud phenology on stem radius variation in black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] in a natural stand in Quebec, Canada. We monitored host and insect phenology, new shoot defoliation, seasonal stem radius variation and daytime radius phases (contraction and expansion) from 2016 to 2019. We found that defoliation significantly increased stem growth at the beginning of needle flushing. Needles flushing influenced the amplitude and duration of daily stem expansion and contraction, except the amplitude of stem contraction. Over the whole growing season, defoliation increased the duration of stem contraction, which in turn decreased the duration of stem expansion. However, the change (increase/decrease) of the duration of contraction/expansion reflects a reduced ability of the potential recovery from defoliation. Black spruce showed significantly larger 24-h cycles of stem amplitude compared to balsam fir. However, both species showed similar physiological adjustments during mild stress, preventing water loss from stem storage zones to support the remaining needles’ transpiration. Finally, conifers react to defoliation during a 4-year period, modulating stem radius variation phases according to the severity of the defoliation.

ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИЯ ГОРОДА БИРОБИДЖАНА С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ МУЛЬТИСПЕКТРАЛЬНЫХ ДАННЫХ

The urban greenness distribution between functional areas of a medium-size city Birobidzhan was assessed. To this end, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values were calculated based on Sentinel 2 multispectral imaging. Birobidzhan is characterized by a large scatter of NDVI values (from –0.5 to +1). Areas with high levels of greenery are prevalent. They are found in different types of functional zones, but are specific mainly to natural recreational, agricultural, and individual build-up zones as well as to special areas. The spatial distribution of green infrastructure is highly contrast. The downtown part as well as the industrial and storage zones feature a combination of built-up areas with dense woody vegetation, which is often represented by fragments of preserved natural vegetation. In addition, a feature of the contrast is that low level of tree greenness is characteristic for the built-up districts of the city. Thus, in the city of Birobidzhan, ecological functions are largely performed by the natural vegetation present in the natural recreational zones on 70% of the city's area.

Analysis of Storage Effects in the Recirculation Zone Based on the Junction Angle of Channel Confluence

In this study, numerical simulations using the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model were conducted to elucidate the effects of flow structures in the recirculation zone on solute storage based on the junction angle. Numerical simulations were performed at a junction angle of 30° to 90° with a momentum flux ratio of 1.62. The simulation results revealed that an increase in the junction angle caused the recirculation zone length and width to increase and strengthened the development of helical motion. The helical motion increased the vertical gradient of the mixing layer and the mixing metric of the dosage curves. The recirculation zone accumulated the solute as a storage zone, which formed a long tail in the concentration curves. The interaction between the helical motion and recirculation zone affected the transverse mixing, such that the transverse dispersion had a positive relationship with the helical motion intensity and a negative relationship with the recirculation zone size. Transverse mixing exhibited an inverse relationship with the mass exchange rate of the recirculation zone. These results indicate that the transverse dispersion is replaced by mixing due to strongly developed storage zones.

Monitoring Brine Leakage From Deep Geologic Formations Storing Carbon Dioxide: Design Framework Validation Using Intermediate‐Scale Experiment

AbstractMonitoring brine leakage from CO2 geological storages (CGS) is necessary to protect shallow aquifers against contamination. A framework for designing CGS monitoring systems that optimally use both easily available shallow zone data and hard‐to‐obtain deep zone observations is developed and validated. This framework is based on calibrating a transport model using monitoring data to determine leakage source conditions and then predict the subsequent brine plume that potentially contaminates shallow aquifers. As cost considerations are expected to limit monitoring deep formations, the framework is developed to minimize the number of deep observation points (e.g., deep sensors). The best monitoring locations that yield the most worthful data for reducing predictive uncertainty is selected by integrating linear uncertainty analysis with Genetic Algorithm under this framework. Due to practical challenges, testing such a framework in the field is not feasible. Thus, the framework was tested in an intermediate‐scale soil tank, where monitoring data on brine leakage plume development from the storage zone to the shallow aquifer were collected. Predictions made by a transport model calibrated on these data were then compared with experimental measurements to evaluate data informativity and thus validate the framework's applicability. The results demonstrate the framework ability to select the optimum monitoring locations for leakage detection and model calibration. It was also found that not only deep observations, but also shallow zone data are worthful to determine source conditions. Moreover, the results showed the possibility of identifying the likely areas to be impacted in the shallow aquifer using early stage monitoring data.

A new 1D velocity model and absolute locations image the Mayotte seismo-volcanic region

In May 2018, a seismically quiet region of the Indian Ocean awoke. More than 130 magnitude 4+ earthquakes were recorded in the first month, including a MW 5.9 event on May 15th, 2018. This seismic activity was later identified as being related to an exceptional underwater volcanic eruption offshore Mayotte island, which had emitted more than 6.5 km3 of lava by the time of writing. To better constrain the geodynamic processes responsible for the seismic and volcanic activity, a new network of ocean-bottom seismometers and land stations has been deployed around the seismically active region since February 2019. We present here an improved 1D velocity model for the active area and relocations of manually-picked earthquakes using this new model. The best-constrained events image detailed structures within two clusters of seismic activity east of Mayotte. The westernmost, proximal cluster, close to Mayotte's Petite-Terre island, has a “donut” shape horizontally and an “hourglass” shape in depth. The events distribution suggests the presence of a magma reservoir at around 27 km depth, with earthquakes focused along its sides, and a collapsing system underneath, related to the drainage of another, deeper magma storage zone. The distal cluster, focused 30–50 km offshore of Petite-Terre island, highlights the propagation of a dike between 45 and 25 km depth, aligned towards the new volcanic activity on the seafloor. We interpret this cluster as the fluid pathway towards the new volcano and nearby active seafloor lava fields. The improved velocity model also permits more robust daily monitoring of the seismicity using land stations, allowing local authorities to better assess seismic and volcanic hazards and to communicate them to the island's population.

Experimental Investigations on Salt Gradient Solar Pond with Additional Non-Convective Zone for Improved Thermal Performance and Stability

Salt gradient solar ponds are to be designed for thermal efficiency and salinity profile stability. As the salt flux moves upward in the pond, the gradient gets destabilized. This is counteracted by intrusion of salt at different levels as and when required. The density of salt is highest at the bottom and minimum at the top. Hence the destabilization effect is more at top that is at the interface of upper convective zone and non-convective zone (NCZ). In order to keep the interface stable, it is desirable to provide a higher slope of salt gradient near it. However, throughout the non-convective zone, it is not feasible to provide higher slope due to solubility limitations. Hence Husain et al (2012) to divide the NCZ into two parts. The top few centimeters may be given a higher slope and the rest of the zone may be given mild slope as usual. Husain et al (2012) have given analysis for the same and found it to be feasible. However, the experimental feasibility of the same needs to be verified. The present work has done an attempt for the same. In this study, an insulated solar pond with a surface area of 1.40 m2and a depth of 1.14 m is built at the SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Jalgaon in the Maharashtra State (India). The three salty water zones (upper convective, non-convective and heat storage) were formed by filling the pond with salty water of various densities. 6 Thermocouples (type Pt100A) (C+0.2%) were used to measure the temperature profile within the pond. A maximum temperature of 47°C was recorded in the heat storage zone in time span considered for study. The results obtained from experimentation is verified with the concept suggested by Hussain et al (2012) it has been found that they are in a good agreement. The influence of varying the thicknesses of the zones present in a salinity gradient solar pond on the temperatures of the upper convective zone (UCZ) and the lower convective zone (LCZ) is investigated. Also, it is found that by adding the additional non convective zone of 50 mm thickness above the UCZ the heat collection capacity of the LCZ is increased noticeably. The study finds that thickness variation of the zones within the pond is a practical feasibility. The system worked for the entire experimental duration effectively without failure.

Impact of Sediment Layer on Longitudinal Dispersion in Sewer Systems

Experiments focused on pollution transport and dispersion phenomena in conditions of low flow (low water depth and velocities) in sewers with bed sediment and deposits are presented. Such conditions occur very often in sewer pipes during dry weather flows. Experiments were performed in laboratory conditions. To simulate real hydraulic conditions in sewer pipes, sand of fraction 0.6–1.2 mm was placed on the bottom of the pipe. In total, we performed 23 experiments with 4 different thicknesses of sand sediment layers. The first scenario is without sediment, the second is with sediment filling 3.4% of the pipe diameter (sediment layer thickness = 8.5 mm), the third scenario represents sediment filling 10% of the pipe diameter (sediment layer thickness = 25 mm) and sediment fills 14% of the pipe diameter (sediment layer thickness = 35 mm) in the last scenario. For each thickness of the sediment layer, a set of tracer experiments with different flow rates was performed. The discharge ranges were from (0.14–2.5)·10−3 m3·s−1, corresponding to the range of Reynolds number 500–18,000. Results show that in the hydraulic conditions of a circular sewer pipe with the occurrence of sediment and deposits, the value of the longitudinal dispersion coefficient Dx decreases almost linearly with decrease of the flow rate (also with Reynolds number) to a certain limit (inflexion point), which is individual for each particular sediment thickness. Below this limit the value of the dispersion coefficient starts to rise again, together with increasing asymmetricity of the concentration distribution in time, caused by transient (dead) storage zones.

Triggering and propagation of exogenous sediment pulses in mountain channels: insights from flume experiments with seismic monitoring

Abstract. In the upper part of mountain river catchments, large amounts of loose debris produced by mass-wasting processes can accumulate at the base of slopes and cliffs. Sudden destabilizations of these deposits are thought to trigger energetic sediment pulses that may travel in downstream rivers with little exchange with the local bed. The dynamics of these exogenous sediment pulses remain poorly known because direct field observations are lacking, and the processes that control their formation and propagation have rarely been explored. Here we carry out flume experiments with the aims of investigating (i) the role of sediment accumulation zones in the generation of sediment pulses, (ii) their propagation dynamics in low-order mountain channels, and (iii) the capability of seismic methods to unravel their physical properties. We use an original setup wherein we supply liquid and solid discharge to a low-slope storage zone acting like a natural sediment accumulation zone that is connected to a downstream 18 % steep channel equipped with geophones. We show that the ability of the self-formed deposit to generate sediment pulses is controlled by the fine fraction of the mixture. In particular, when coarse grains coexist with a high content of finer particles, the storage area experiences alternating phases of aggradation and erosion strongly impacted by grain sorting. The upstream processes also influence the composition of the sediment pulses, which are formed by a front made of the coarsest fraction of the sediment mixture, a body composed of a high concentration of sand corresponding to the peak of solid discharge, and a diluted tail that exhibits a wide grain size distribution. Seismic measurements reveal that the front dominates the overall seismic noise, but we observe a complex dependency between seismic power and sediment pulse transport characteristics, which questions the applicability of existing seismic theories in such a context. These findings challenge the classical approach for which the sediment budget of mountain catchments is merely reduced to an available volume, since not only hydrological but also granular conditions should be considered to predict the occurrence and propagation of such sediment pulses.

A simple low‐cost approach for transport parameter determination in mountain rivers

AbstractA simplified low‐cost approach to experimentally determine transport parameters in mountain rivers is described, with an emphasis on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (DL). The approach is based on a slug injection of table salt (NaCl) as a tracer and specific conductance readings at different locations downstream of the injection spot. Observed specific conductance readings are fit using the advection‐dispersion equation with OTIS‐P, yielding estimates of cross‐sectional area and longitudinal dispersion coefficient for various stream reaches. Estimates of the DL are used to assess the accuracy of several empirical equations reported in the literature. This allowed the determination of complementary transport parameters related to transient storage zones. The empirical equations yielded rather high DL values, with some reaching up an order of magnitude higher to those obtained from tracer additions and OTIS‐P. Overall, the proposed approach seems reliable and pertinent for river reaches of ca. 150 m in length.

Evaluation of humidity retention in refrigerator storage systems by application of a food simulant

Vegetables lose quality after harvest mainly due to water-related weight loss. In households, vegetables are usually stored in refrigerators, typically providing temperatures from 0 – 14°C and relative humidity ranges from 20 – 100 %. Weight loss is related to the storage humidity conditions. As a consequence, storage systems providing humidity-controlled conditions are decisive for the evaluation of the freshness performance of refrigerators. To evaluate the impact of storage zones on the fresh weight loss of stored goods, the international standard IEC 63169:2020 “Electrical household and similar cooling and freezing appliances – Food preservation” has been released. It uses a cellulose based food simulant, overcoming influences of cultivar and post-harvest handling conditions of real vegetables. This publication compares the weight loss of spinach and the food simulant in chilled storage conditions at three ranges of relative humidity. Different cultivars and pre-handling modifications of the spinach were used to determine the impact of product parameters on weight loss. A round robin test was performed to analyse the applicability of the IEC 63169:2020. The results prove the applicability of the standard to analyse the impact of humidity controlled storage on weight loss: It is shown that pre-handling has an impact on spinach's weight loss, which is overcome by the food simulant. For all tested conditions, the weight loss behaviour from spinach and the food simulant is correlating in test durations up to 72 h. The round robin test shows that the test method of IEC 63169:2020 provides repeatable and reproducible results.

Time-lapse borehole gravity imaging of CO2 injection and withdrawal in a closed carbonate reef

Three borehole gravity (BHG) surveys were performed in 2013, 2016, and 2018 to monitor the changes in gravity/density as a result of the injection and withdrawal of carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) into and out of the Dover 33 carbonate reservoir reef in Northern Michigan. The observed gravity changes and inferred density changes have been modeled to determine the flow and storage zones of the injected [Formula: see text] in the reef. The high quality and low level of uncertainty of the data collected make them useful for delineating the [Formula: see text] plume position over time and for identifying the oil sweeping extent and mechanisms in the Dover 33 reef. The time-lapse gravity results indicate the effects of the changing [Formula: see text] mass within the reservoir, consistent with increasing mass from 2013 to 2016 (following [Formula: see text] injection) and a decreasing mass from 2016 to 2018 (after [Formula: see text] withdrawal). Three-dimensional imaging of fluid migrations in the reef has been obtained by coupling the time-lapse BHG results to a 3D porosity and permeability model. This coupled approach allows the evaluation of the volume of the reef affected by the injection of [Formula: see text] between 2013 and 2016, the efficiency of the oil sweeping between 2016 and 2018, and the location of the residual [Formula: see text] plume in the reef after 2018.