Storage Treatment Research Articles

Application analysis of nanomaterials in energy storage and sand treatment

In view of the problems of nanomaterials in the field of energy storage and pollution removal, energy storage composite nanomaterials were proposed in the study, including Fe3O4 Fe3O4@C (MFC), Fe3O4@PANI, Fe3O4@C @PANI core–shell nanomaterials. The experimental design includes the preparation of electrode in energy storage, characterization of electrode materials, electrode cyclic voltammetry test, electrode charge discharge test, and the preparation of catalyst, catalyst characterization, and factors affecting the removal effect in the soil pollutant removal experiment. The preparation process of catalyst for pollution removal was given, including nano ferric oxide and Pd loaded composite. The energy storage performance analysis shows that the four Fe3O4 nanocomposites all contain Fe3O4, and the corresponding diffraction peaks appear at six positions of 30.2°, 35.5°, 43.1°, 53.8°, 57.3° and 62.9° respectively. The electrochemical test results show that Fe3O4 Fe3O4@C (MFC), Fe3O4@PANI, Fe3O4@C @PANI has high electrochemical performance basis and high capacitance. The removal effect analysis shows that the optimal value of the reaction rate constant is 2.1635, the optimal current value is 40 mA, and the optimal pH value is 3.0. The experimental results verify that the composite nano materials with FeCl3.6H2O as the iron source can be used as better capacitor materials and have excellent application prospects. At the same time, the pollution removal results show that Pd-Fe3O4 has incomparable advantages compared with other materials, and has high reliability and effectiveness.

Freshness Preservation Effects of Hypobaric Storage on Red Pepper

As the third technological revolution of food preservation technology, decompression storage is non-polluting and simple to operate. High security advantages. VC is an indispensable nutrient in human life activities, and the human body cannot synthesize it by itself, but can only source and food. The vitamin C content of red pepper ranks first in vegetables, because it is ripe in summer, it is not resistant to storage, so it is necessary to extend the storage time of red pepper through certain methods. To study the effects of hypobaric storage treatment on the postharvest storage of red pepper, the experiment of red pepper was carried out. The effects of hypobaric storage on the appearance, water loss rate and VC content were analyzed. 2,6-dichloroindophenol standard solution was involved, and the content of VC in red pepper was collected. Three methods, that is, 48h hypobaric storage+ refrigerator refrigeration, 24h hypobaric storage+ refrigerator refrigeration and refrigerator refrigeration were taken. The VC contents were 109mg/100 g, 138 mg/100 g and 96 mg/100 g respectively after the experiment. However, after boiling water treatment, the content were 99mg/100 g, 129g/100 g and 90g/100 g, respectively. 24h hypobaric storage+ refrigerator refrigeration was much better in the comparison. Hypobaric storage can significantly maintain the appearance of red pepper, delay the reduction of VC content, and reduce the weight loss. The results showed that hypobaric storage had a significant effect on the freshness preservation of red pepper.

Impact of Milk Storage and Heat Treatments on In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Soft Cheese.

Cheese is an important source of protein in the human diet, and its digestibility depends on its macro and microstructure. This study investigated the effect of milk heat pre-treatment and pasteurization level on the protein digestibility of produced cheese. An in vitro digestion method was used considering cheeses after 4 and 21 days of storage. The peptide profile and amino acids (AAs) released in digestion were analyzed to evaluate the level of protein degradation following in vitro digestion. The results showed the presence of shorter peptides in the digested cheese from pre-treated milk and 4-day ripening while this trend was not observed after 21 days of storage, showing the effect of storage period. A significantly higher content of AAs was found in digested cheese produced from milk subjected to a higher temperature of pasteurization, and there was a significant increase in total AA content in the cheese after 21 days of storage, confirming the positive effect of ripening on protein digestibility. From these results emerges the importance of the management of heat treatments on the digestion of proteins in soft cheese.

Surface Reconstruction of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals by the Ligand Engineering Approach for Achieving High Quantum Yield and Improved Stability.

Oleylamine/oleic acid (OAm/OA) as the commonly used ligand is indispensable in the synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). Unfortunately, poor colloidal stability and unsatisfactory photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) are observed, resulting from a highly dynamic binding nature between ligands. Herein, we adopt a facile hybrid ligand (DDAB/ZnBr2) passivation strategy to reconstruct the surface chemistry of CsPbBr3 NCs. The hybrid ligand can detach the native surface ligand, in which the acid-base reactions between ligands are suppressed effectively. Also, they can substitute the loose capping ligand, anchor to the surface firmly, and supply sufficient halogens to passivate the surface trap, realizing an exceptional PLQY of 95% and an enhanced tolerance toward ambient storage, UV irradiation, anti-solvents, and thermal treatment. Besides, the as-fabricated white light-emitting diode (WLED) utilizing the PNCs as the green-emitting phosphor has a luminous efficiency around 73 lm/W; the color gamut covers 125% of the NTSC standard.

Influence of foliar spray and post-harvest treatments on head yield, shelf-life, and physicochemical qualities of broccoli.

Rapid senescence is the key factor in the deterioration of post-harvest shelf-life in broccoli heads. This study evaluates the head yield and its related traits, and physicochemical attributes of broccoli under four foliar sprays of mineral nutrients (B, Zn, Mo, and B + Zn + Mo) with control. The interaction effects of shelf-life and physicochemical attributes of broccoli for these five pre-harvest and five post-harvest storage treatments (LDP bag, HDP vacuum pack, 2% eggshell powder solution, 2% ascorbic acid, and control) both at cold storage and room temperature were evaluated with three replications. The significantly higher marketable head yield of 28.02 t ha-1, maximum gross return [(Bangladesh Taka (BDT 420300 ha-1)], net return (BDT 30565 ha-1), and maximum benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 3.67 were obtained from the pre-harvest foliar application of B + Zn + Mo in broccoli. Pre-harvest foliar spray of combined nutrient B + Zn + Mo and post-harvest treatment high-density polyethylene (HDP, 15 μm) vacuum packaging efficiently improve post-harvest physicochemical attributes, viz., compactness, green color, texture, carbohydrates, fats, energy, antioxidants, vitamin C, and total phenols in broccoli head compared to the rest of the treatment combinations. In addition, this treatment combination also confirmed a maximum shelf-life of 24.55 days at cold storage [relative humidity (RH) 90-95% and 4°C] and 7.05 days at room temperature (RH 60-65% and 14-22°C) compared to the rest of the treatment combinations. Therefore, we recommend a pre-harvest foliar spray of combined nutrient elements B + Zn + Mo and an HDP (15 μm) vacuum post-harvest packaging for the maximum benefits for both farmers and consumers to get the best head yield, anticipated physicochemical attributes, and maximum shelf-life of broccoli.

Superficial scald induction in ‘Granny Smith’ apples subjected to different storage treatments

Superficial scald induction in ‘Granny Smith’ apples subjected to different storage treatments

Relationship of Improving Triticale Stored Seed Field Emergence by α-Amylase Enzyme on some Growth Characteristic and Biological Yield

A field experiment was carried out at the Research Station of the Field Crops Department - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for the season 2021-2022. The experiment aimed to test the stimulating efficiency of stored triticale seed (Farah variety) by using water and alpha-amylase (α-amylase) enzyme. The experiment was carried out using a split plots arrangement, and the treatments were distributed according to a randomized complete block design in three replications. The main plots contained seed storage treatments for 6 months, 1.5, and 2.5 years, and the subplots treatments included seed stimulation treatments with distilled water, and concentrations of 1 and 2 mg L-1 in addition to the control treatment (dry seeds). The results showed a significant decrease in the percentage of emergence, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), biological yield, and harvest index by increasing the storage period which did not affect the chlorophyll index in leaves significantly. Stimulation with the concentration of 1 mg L-1 recorded the best improvement in the characteristics of emergence percentage (88.77%), crop growth rate (0.02395 gm day-1), and harvest index (38.80 %). Stimulated seeds with a concentration of 2 mg L-1 gave the highest biological yield of 15.108 tons ha-1. However, it did not differ significantly from the stimulation treatment of 1 mg L-1. Stimulation factors did not affect the net assimilation rate and chlorophyll index. The interaction between factors was not significant according to the analysis of variance with the exception of the trait of biological yield, and the best interaction was between storage treatment for 6 months and concentration of 1 mg L-1 in most of the traits under study.

Conserving Animation Cels: Reattaching Loose Paint Without Adhesive

ABSTRACT A collaborative research project between the Getty Conservation Institute and the Walt Disney Animation Research Library investigated storage and conservation treatment strategies for animation cels. Animation cels are transparent plastic sheets inked on the front and painted on the reverse. Common damage observed on aged cels is cracking, loss of adhesion, dislocations, and losses of the paint. In practice, flaking paint of animation cels is often removed and repainted rather than consolidated. Being reverse painted, paint consolidation of animation cels adds another layer of complexity to established approaches to paint consolidation. One important component of this study has involved developing minimally invasive treatments for reattaching delaminating paints, which involved studying paint condition, characteristics, and properties. This paper presents recent innovations in paint reattachment that rely on the intrinsic hygroscopic properties of the cel paint formulations. The new treatment is a multi-step approach that manipulates paint properties by using precise levels of relative humidity, established within a humidity chamber, in order to reactivate the paint and reattach it. A major advantage of this method is that a consolidant is not necessary. Method development and a case study procedure are presented in depth. The method developed is effective for cel paints with the same or similar formulations.

Changes in chemical characteristics and modeling sensory parameters of stored pecan nutmeats.

Pecan is a major specialty crop produced in the United States. Sensory evaluation and chemical analyses of pecan nutmeats are integral components of shelf life and have been employed to investigate changes during storage, but there remains a lack of knowledge regarding storage stability. Specifically, the association between shelf life and chemical characteristics has not been investigated. We aimed to investigate the chemical changes in pecan nuts during a range of storage treatments (temperature, relative humidity, packaging material, and modified atmosphere). The results of the chemical analyses were used to build a volatile compound-based sensory prediction model. The work has utility as a rapid method to measure lipid oxidation in pecan, which is of value to the pecan industry. The research also determined a possible association between pecan nut volatile compounds and sensory attributes of pecans, and their perception by human subjects. Building a sensory-based prediction model would reduce dependency on expensive and time-consuming sensory methods.

Profiling of carbonyl compounds in fresh cabbage with chemometric analysis for the development of freshness assessment method

Abstract The aim of this study was to screen the distribution of carbonyl compounds (CCs) in fresh cabbage as a sample model of multi-layered leafy vegetables for discovering the universal freshness marker of fresh produces. The distribution of CCs was observed in the three outer leaf layers of the cabbage. The profile of CCs in each leaf will guide the selection of which leaf is the appropriate part to be used to further discover a freshness marker of cabbage during storage treatment at the postharvest stage. The carbonyl compounds in each leaf were extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (2:1). The extracted CCs from samples were derivatized with dansyl hydrazine. A high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer with multiplexed multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) was used for the comprehensive detection of carbonyl compounds. More than 400 peaks were observed in the MRM chromatogram from all leaves. The distribution of m/z values that represent CCs were analyzed employing the principle component analysis-discriminant analysis by relating it to the leaf position. The distribution of CC was different for each leaf where the leaves of the second and third layers were similar and significantly different from the leaves of the first layer. The accumulation of trans-2-hexenal was dominant in the first layer; therefore, the utilization of the first layer is not suitable as the part of the sample to discover the freshness marker of multi-layered leafy vegetables.

Structure and Spesific Absorption Rate Identification of Mn<sub>0.25</sub>Fe<sub>2.75</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/NiCo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Magnetic Nanocomposites

Magnetic nanoparticles are a potential material that can be used in a few fields of nanotechnology such as absorbent, catalyst, energy, storage, biomedical, and cancer treatment. Every nanoparticle has different properties, so they will appear unique when two magnetic materials were composited into one unit. Mn0.25Fe2.75O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized by using simple coprecipitation and sonication methods. To determine the nanostructure and Specificesific Absorption Rate (SAR) value of sample, Mn0.25Fe2.75O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposites were successfully characterized by using XRD, SEM, and Magneto-thermal instrument, respectively. Based on the data analysis, the XRD profile of Mn0.25Fe2.75O4/NiCo2O4 combining from two phase of Mn0.25Fe2.75O4 and NiCo2O4. By using the Debye Scherer equation, the particle size of Mn0.25Fe2.75O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposites is about 10.64 nm and presentage of crystallinity is 67.66%. SEM characterization shows that there is agglomeration in the nanocomposites due to the large surface energy between the particles. Properties of superparamagnetic was observed by using VSM, saturation magnetization 17.79 emu/gr and coercivity about 0,15 T. Furthermore, SAR value of Mn0.25Fe2.75O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposite revealed the optimum value with 0.343 Watt every gram.

Muscarinic receptor activation overrides boundary conditions on memory updating in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent manner.

Long-term memory storage is a dynamic process requiring flexibility to ensure adaptive behavioural responding in changing environments. Indeed, it is well established that memory reactivation can "destabilize" consolidated traces, leading to various forms of updating. However, the neurobiological mechanisms rendering long-term memories labile and modifiable remain poorly described. Moreover, boundary conditions, such as the age or strength of the memory, can reduce the likelihood of this destabilization; yet, intuitively, these most behaviourally influential of memories should also be modifiable under appropriate conditions. Here, we provide evidence that salient novelty at the time of memory reactivation promotes integrative updating of resistant object memories in rats. Furthermore, blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs; with pirenzepine) or disruption of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) with KN-93, a Ca2+/CaM-binding molecule that inhibits calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activation, in perirhinal cortex (PRh) prevented novelty-induced destabilization and updating of resistant object memories. Finally, PRh M1 mAChR activation (with CDD-0102A) was sufficient to destabilize resistant object memories for updating, and this effect was blocked by KN-93, possibly via inhibition of CaMKII activity. Thus, mAChRs and activation of CaMKII appear to interact as part of a mechanism to override boundary conditions on resistant object memories to ensure integrative modification with novel information. These findings therefore have important implications for understanding the dynamic nature of long-term memory storage and potential treatments for conditions characterized by maladaptive and inflexible memories.

Preliminary study on Bioassay of Capparis spinosa L. seed extract and seed germination.

The present study explored the germination inhibitors present in the seeds of Capparis spinosa L., a plant species that is known for its ecological significance in preventing wind erosion and fixing sand in desertified areas. Additionally, its roots, leaves, and fruits possess medicinal properties, and are used to treat a range of ailments such as rheumatism, tumors, and diabetes. However, the plant's low germination rate under natural conditions is a major limitation. We aimed to improve the germination of C. spinosa seeds by investigating the effects of various infusions of caper seeds on the germination and seedling growth of Chinese cabbage seeds. A range of chemical reagents, hormonal immersions, and sand storage treatments were used to determine the differences in the germination rate of C. spinosa seeds. Our results revealed that among the various water extract concentrations tested, 100% water extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of the cabbage seeds, with a germination rate of (70.00 ± 0.09)%. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of cabbage seeds were found to be strongest when treated with the extract solution 1, yielding a germination rate of (83.33 ± 0.02)%. Notably, the leaves of Chinese cabbage seedlings turned yellow-green and yellow after treatment with the extract solution. These findings highlight the potential inhibitory effects of C. spinosa seed extracts on seed germination and growth and suggest that further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms. The results of the germination experiment with methanol extract showed a sharp decline in the germination rate of Chinese cabbage seeds treated with 50% methanol extract, to (4.67 ± 0.02)%. These findings indicate the presence of germination-inhibiting substances in caper seeds. The highest germination potential was observed when the caper seeds were soaked in 30% PEG, reaching 35.00%. The highest germination rate, 19.33%, was observed when the seeds were soaked in 250 mg/L GA3 and 25 mmol/L NaCl. These results suggest that the germination inhibitor present in caper seeds affects the germination of cabbage seeds as well. The highest germination rate was achieved when the seeds were soaked with gibberellin. It is hoped that the research on the germination-inhibiting substances in caper seeds will provide a scientific foundation for improving and refining the artificial propagation and cultivation methods of this species.

The Effect of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere on the Storage of ‘Bartlett’ Pear

Storage trials of 4 and 8 months’ duration, using ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis) fruit treated with and without aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and stored using ultra low oxygen (ULO) storage (1.5 kPa O2) versus dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) (≈ 0.6–0.7 kPa O2) based on chlorophyll fluorescence were conducted over 2 years. AVG applied preharvest and DCA storage produced pears with significantly lower respiration, ethylene, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and ethanol post-storage compared to the other treatment combinations. Lower volatiles reflected a higher level of fruit quality. AVG + DCA also exhibited greater green color and firmness retention than the other treatment combinations. There were few disorders in both years of study, with no correlation with field and storage treatments, with the exception of pear scuffing, which was only present in year 2. The incidence of scuffing was positively associated with both fruit softening and yellowing, with DCA + AVG showing the lowest incidence (10%) and ULO + control, the highest (65%). Softening occurred during the shelf life period, as required, and was not an issue for any treatment combination. However, uneven degreening was a concern for fruit treated with DCA + AVG (mainly when firmness at harvest was > 85 N). Future research on higher maturity levels at harvest or reduced AVG rates could address this concern.

GENOTYPES AND STORAGE DURATION EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF CUT FLOWER – GERBERA (GERBERA JAMESONII HOOK)

Studies on cut flowers have occurred, for improving their quality is the main priority. One of the top 10 cut flowers in the world, the gerbera, or Transvaal daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook), is a flowering plant. The presented study aimed to investigate the effect of genotypes, storage duration, and their interactions on the quality of cut flower – Transvaal daisy. Two cultivars of Gerbera (sweet smile and sweet surprise) and their four storage durations underwent examination on the various parameters of vase life and carbohydrates. The results exhibited that the cultivar ‘Sweet smile’ had exceptional values of the studied parameters compared with the cultivar ‘Sweet surprise.’ The treatment of seven days with dry-cool storage proved superior upon 14- and 21-day treatments (11.71, 11.05, and 5.94, respectively) and had the highest positive effects on vase life and flower carbohydrate content compared with the other two storage treatments. The treatment of zero days (non-stored flowers) was significantly superior to seven-day storage. The interactions of cultivars and storage durations gave the highest effect in reducing the depletion of the carbohydrates content in cultivars with zero days, increasing the flower’s vase life. Therefore, the highest values recorded for the cultivar Sweet smile are zero days, followed by seven days of storage, compared with the rest of the treatments.

Development of a new type of household appliances – refrigerators with a heating chamber

The object of this study is absorption-type refrigeration appliances, which allow to expand the functionality of household appliances without additional energy consumption.
 Investigated problem: The aim of this study: firstly, due to the novelty of the proposed technique, it was necessary to show the real possibility of obtaining the temperature level required for technological processes (up to 70 °C); secondly, taking into account the experience gained in experimental studies, it was necessary to propose new designs for solving the problems of refrigeration and heat treatment of food products and raw materials in domestic conditions.
 The main scientific results: It is shown that the development of devices that combine the functions of refrigeration storage and heat treatment of food products, semi-finished products and agricultural raw materials can become a promising area for energy saving in household appliances. In such household combined appliances, the heat released during the implementation of the refrigeration cycle is not immediately removed to the environment, but is transferred to a special heating chamber, while the temperature in the volume of the heating chamber is maintained higher than the air temperature in the room. The effect of energy saving is achieved by expanding the functionality of household appliances without attracting additional energy costs.
 The original designs of combined absorption-type household appliances are proposed, a description of their operation, advantages and disadvantages, and areas of application are given.
 The area of practical use of the research results: In the course of experimental studies, it was shown that the introduction of an additional heating chamber into the structure of household absorption refrigerators, thermally connected with the lifting section by the dephlegmator of the absorption refrigeration unit, does not lead to an increase in energy consumption (according to the test results below than in the standard version by 5 %) and does not impair the performance of the cooling chambers.
 The area of practical use of the research results: household energy-saving appliances.
 Innovative technological product: the use of an evaporation-condensation cycle that provides highly efficient heat transfer at a distance of up to 1 meter from the heat dissipation zone of the refrigeration unit to the usable volume of the heating chamber of the household appliance.

Stability of Anti-Insect Ingredient from Jayanti Plants (Sesbania sesban) for Integrated Control of Cabbage Pest

The specific purpose of this study was to determine the stability of S. sesban insecticide during storage before application and its stability in water during application. The dry powder of S. sesban leaves was extracted using water as the single solvent. Bioassay of S. sesban leaf extract was carried out on cabbage caterpillars (Plutella xylostella larvae) and Diadegma semiclausum imago on cabbage plants using a variation of storage time design. Mortality data of P. xylostella larvae and D. semiclausum imago were respectively processed by probit analysis to determine LC50. The results showed that the insect repellent content of S. sesban leaves was a compound from the saponin group and was unstable during simplicia storage, extract storage and also unstable in water before and during application. Storage of S. sesban leaf simplicia from 1 to 3 months only slightly reduced the lethal toxicity of the extract to P. xylostella larvae (mortality from 95 to 80% or LC50 from 28.82 to 28.83 ppm), but after 6 to 12 months storage, the lethal toxicity decreased drastically (mortality was 12.5 to 1.25% and LC50 was 247.99 ppm until calculated). Storage of S. sesban leaf extract from 7 to 15 days had resulted in a sharp decrease in lethal toxicity to P. xylostella larvae (mortality 70 to 40% and LC50 34.05 to 59.43 ppm) and 30 days storage causes the insect repellent to be inactive. (mortality was only 1.25% and LC50 was unaccounted for). Exposure to a solution of S. sesban leaf extract for 24 to 48 hours caused a decrease in lethal toxicity to P. xylostella larvae (mortality 32 to 28% and LC50 62.63 to 64.85 ppm) and after the solution was stored for 72 hours, the insect repellent was almost no active again (mortality was only 1.25 and LC50 was unstoppable). All storage treatments of insect repellent from S. sesban leaves showed no significant difference in the effect of lethal toxicity on D. semiclausum imago. In all the results of the bioassays, the mortality of D. semiclasum was 0 to 1.25% and each of all LC50(s) was unaccounted for

Building electrons clouds of redesigned copper oxide nanorods captured on the graphene oxide surface for supercapacitors and energy storage

Supercapacitor and energy storage is the main target of the current work, modified copper oxide nanorods captured on the decorated graphene oxide surface via zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. The various instruments such as potentiostat measures the electrochemical performances as well as the optical activities through the detection of electron transfer. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data utilize to study the supercapacitor's efficiency of the fabricated nanocomposite (NCP) based on copper oxide nanorod (CuO) that accumulates on the graphene oxide (GO) surface. EIS authorize the construction development of the electron transfer and surface modification that supported supercapacitors and energy storage applications. The NCPs capacitance values related to carbon paste electrode (CPE) (26.47 nF/cm2), GO@CuO (11.87 nF/cm2), GO@ZnO (6.44 nF/cm2), GO@CuO.ZnO (21.37 nF/cm2), GO@CuO.TiO2 (21.51 nF/cm2), GO@ZnO.TiO2 (13.79 nF/cm2), and GO@CuO.ZnO.TiO2 (11.3 nF/cm2). At 100 cycles, the capacitance retention ended; it also showed good cycle stability. According to the findings, the manufactured NCPs electrodes are a strong contender for use in manufacturing supercapacitors, energy storage, and water treatment.

Specific wavelength LED light pulses modify vitamin C and organic acids content in raspberry and blackberry fruit during postharvest

ABSTRACT Light-emitting diodes (LED) have emerged as a non-polluting and energy-saving technology in fruit postharvest. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different LED light pulses during raspberries´ and blackberries´ postharvest under cold storage. Fruit was exposed to short LED light pulses (Green, Blue, Red, and Red+Blue) of 15 min every 2 h for 7 and 14 d of storage at 4°C. Raspberries were more susceptible to water loss. Short LED light pulses decreased internal breakdown in raspberries, and minor effects of LED treatments were observed in blackberries. After 7 d of cold storage, in raspberries, Green, Blue, and Red light treatments increased the content of quinic and malic acids, and only Green and Blue LED sources also increased ascorbic acid content. In addition, Blue, Green, and Blue+Red LED light treatments exhibited a higher level of citric acid at 14 d. In blackberries, fruit changes were mainly because of the cold storage. Overall, these results showed that short LED light pulses can extend the postharvest life of raspberries, decreasing internal breakdown and increasing the content of ascorbic acid, suggesting that different Rubus species have distinct physiological processes underlying ripening and light interactions.

Ethylene Signal Is Involved in the Regulation of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Flesh of Postharvest Plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

Ethylene is positively correlated with the anthocyanin accumulation in postharvest plum fruit, but the regulation mechanism has not been fully clarified. In this work, the 'Friar' plum fruit under different storage temperatures (0, 10 and 25 °C) and treatments (100.0 μL L-1 ethylene and 1.0 μL L-1 1-MCP) were applied to study the relationship between anthocyanin accumulation and ethylene signal pathway. The fruits stored at 10 °C had higher ethylene production rate and more anthocyanin in flesh than those stored at 0 °C and 25 °C. Ten ethylene biosynthesis associated genes and forty-one ethylene signal transduction related genes were obtained from the previous transcriptome data. Among them, the expression levels of ethylene biosynthesis associated genes (PsACS1, PsACS4 and PsACO1), and ethylene signal transduction related genes (PsERS1s, PsETR2, PsERF1a, and PsERF12) were markedly higher in the fruits stored at 10 °C than those at 0 °C and 25 °C. Exogenous ethylene treatment enhanced while 1-MCP treatment inhibited the anthocyanin accumulation in the flesh under storage at 10 °C. In addition, exogenous ethylene treatment markedly increased the expression levels of PsACS1, PsACS4, PsACO1, PsETR2, PsERF1a, and PsERF12 in the flesh once it turning red, as well as the anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes (PsPAL, PsCHS, PsF3H, PsDRF, PsANS, PsUFGT and PsMYB10), whereas 1-MCP treatment manifested the contrary effects. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between genes expression related to ethylene signal pathway and anthocyanin biosynthesis, except for PsERF11. In conclusion, ethylene signal pathway is involved in the flesh reddening by up-regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes.