Micro-grid Storage System Research Articles

Iterative Observer-Based Resilient Control for Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids Under FDI Attacks

Iterative Observer-Based Resilient Control for Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids Under FDI Attacks

Energy-Efficient Storage System Optimization and Recent Trends in Enhancing Energy Management and Access Microgrid: A Review

Energy is a vital component of our everyday lives, driving advancements in human development, economic expansion, and efficiency. Implementing sustainable energy storage systems is an economically viable approach to improving energy efficiency and regulating the generation and consumption of power. This study extensively examines energy storage, delving into several techniques, their practical uses, and the most recent progress. It focuses on environmentally sustainable alternatives for the electricity sector, including batteries, flywheels, thermal storage, and pumped hydro storage. The influence of includes compelling case examples, such as using vanadium redox flow batteries in maritime hybrid propulsion systems and advancing portable hydrogen energy storage devices. The results are encouraging, indicating that these technologies have the potential to be adequate replacements for traditional fuel sources, particularly in isolated areas where there is a critical requirement for energy storage. Moreover, this study thoroughly examines the integration options for energy storage in microgrids. It explores the complex aspects of the models, assessment indices, and optimization methods used in designing energy storage systems. This paper explores the capabilities of software used to determine the optimal size for energy storage systems. Furthermore, this study introduces and examines uncertainty analysis in modeling energy storage devices. This state-of-the-art technology has been created to demonstrate the effectiveness of energy storage systems in microgrids, providing crucial data for future progress in the industry.

Adaptation of Microinverter Reference Design for Integration with Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids

The paper presents an adaptation of the microinverter platform from Texas Instruments to incorporate a battery energy storage system (BESS) alongside the development of the BESS system itself. Initially designed for unidirectional power flow between PV panels and an electric grid, the platform required modifications to accommodate bidirectional energy transfer for BESS integration. These modifications encompass software adjustments and hardware enhancements, which are all detailed within the paper. The electrical configuration includes selecting and deploying components such as DCDC power converters, microcontrollers, measured signals, and actuating signals to facilitate battery connection to the platform’s DC bus. Furthermore, a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system is devised for supervisory control and monitoring, with its implementation outlined. Control software tailored for the chosen microcontroller of the DCDC converters is described in terms of structure and functionality. A hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) methodology is employed to validate the proposed modifications and microgrid configuration. Utilizing the real-time simulator OPAL-RT, the paper presents experimental results and their analysis within the considered microgrid environment.

Aging Rate Equalization Strategy for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids

It is urgent to reduce the maintenance burden and extend the service life of recycled batteries used in microgrids. However, the corresponding balancing techniques mainly focus on the state of health (SOH) balancing for unique converter structures or with complex SOH estimators. This paper proposes an aging rate equalization strategy for microgrid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Firstly, the aging rate equalization principle is established based on the relationship among throughput, state of charge (SOC), and injected/output power of a BESS, which is obtained according to the semi-empirical life model of the battery. Second, based on the established principle, the droop coefficients of energy storage systems (ESUs) are designed in the lower-level control, which can ensure the aging rate equalization of ESUs in one. The upper-level control optimizes the output of multiple microgrids. Then, the stability of the proposed aging rate equalization strategy is proven by a small-signal analysis. The performance analysis shows that the proposed aging rate equalization can also realize SOC balance. Finally, the RTLAB hardware-in-the-loop tests are carried out to illustrate the outstanding performance of the proposed strategy for extending the battery service life and ensuring microgrid operation stability.

Probabilistic sizing and scheduling co-optimisation of hybrid battery/super-capacitor energy storage systems in micro-grids

While established deterministic capacity planning models for single-component energy storage systems exist, little attention has been given to probabilistic sizing of hybrid energy storage systems (ESSs) using swarm-based meta-heuristic algorithms. This highlights two key research opportunities, namely: (1) studying the impact of preserving model-inherent characteristics and optimising daily system dispatch on narrowing reality gaps in hybrid ESS designs, and (2) the optimal integration of hybrid ESSs into grid-connected micro-grids based on their applications, with potentially significant financial implications for model designs. In response, this paper introduces a novel probabilistic hybrid ESS capacity planning optimisation model based on a state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithm. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the model within a community micro-grid scheme, a case study of an eco-village in Aotearoa New Zealand is presented. The simulation results indicate a ∼4 % and ∼36 % premium above the deterministic results respectively in the most likely case and worst-case probabilistic scenarios. On the other hand, the best-case stochastic estimate of the life-cycle cost of the hybrid ESS is found to be ∼39 % lower than that of the deterministic modelling. Additionally, the economics of temporal energy arbitrage using the battery bank is investigated, indicating that at the current capital cost of stationary LiFePO4 batteries and the present fixed feed-in-tariff (NZ$0.08/kWh), it is not economically viable to cycle the storage for arbitrage reasons alone. In conclusion, this paper highlights the critical need to incorporate probabilistic optimisation techniques and emphasises the importance of sizing and scheduling co-optimisation when designing hybrid ESSs for integration into grid-connected micro-grids.

Modified Biogeography Optimization Strategy for Optimal Sizing and Performance of Battery Energy Storage System in Microgrid Considering Wind Energy Penetration

The nature of renewable energy resources (RERs), such as wind energy, makes them highly unstable, unpredictable, and intermittent. As a result, they must be optimized to reduce costs and emissions, increase reliability, and also to find the optimal size and location for RERs and energy storage systems (ESSs). Microgrids (MG) can be modified using ESSs to gradually reduce traditional energy use. In order to integrate RERs in a financially viable scheme, ESSs should be sized and operated optimally. The paper presents an enhanced biogeography-driven optimization algorithm for optimizing the operations and sizes of battery ESSs (BESSs) taking into account MGs that experience wind energy penetration in a way that migration rates are adaptively adjusted based on habitat suitability indexes and differential perturbations added to migration operators. An optimization problem was applied to a BESS to determine its depth of discharge and lifespan. This paper considers three different scenarios in using simulations and compares them to existing optimization methods for the purpose of demonstrating the effectiveness of the offered scheme. Out of all the case studies examined, the optimized BESS-linked case study was the least expensive. We also show that a BESS must be of an optimum size to function both economically and healthily. For economic and efficient functioning of MGs, it has been shown that finding the optimum size of the ESS is important and potentially extends battery lifespan. The IBBOA obtained a more precise size for BESS’s volume, and the final outcomes are compared in this paper with other methods.

Micro-grid with Vehicle-to-Grid Technology and DC Quick Charging Architecture

Abstract: Batteries from electric vehicles (EVs) can be used as potential energy storage systems in micro-grids. By storing energy when there is an excess (grid-to-vehicle) and supplying energy back to the grid (vehicle-to-grid), they can aid in micro-grid energy management. It is necessary to establish appropriate infrastructure and control mechanisms in order to implement this idea. This study presents an architecture for level-3 EV quick charging in a Vehicle to Grid-Grid to Vehicle system on a microgrid. A DC rapid charging station is modelled as part of a test micro-grid system for connecting EVs. Vehicle to Grid-Grid to Vehicle power transfer is demonstrated through simulation research. According to test results, EV batteries actively regulate power in the micro-grid using Grid to Vehicle and Vehicle to Grid operating modes. The controller provides good dynamic performance in terms of dc bus voltage stability, and the charging station design ensures minimal harmonic distortion of gridinjected current.

Average Current Control with Internal Model Control and Real-time Frequency Decoupling for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids

Among hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), battery-ultracapacitor systems in active topology use DC/DC power converters for their operations. HESSs are part of the solutions designed to improve the operation of power systems in different applications. In the residential microgrid applications, a multilevel control system is required to manage the available energy and interactions among the microgrid components. For this purpose, a rule-based power management system is designed, whose operation is validated in the simulation, and the performances of different controllers are compared to select the best strategy for the DC/DC converters. The average current control with internal model control and real-time frequency de-coupling is proposed as the most suitable controller according to the contemplated performance parameters, allowing voltage regulation values close to 1%. The results are validated using real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL). These systems can be easily adjusted for other applications such as electric vehicles.

Review on Ancillary Services and Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage System in Microgrid

Review on Ancillary Services and Optimal Sizing of Energy Storage System in Microgrid

Review on Recent Strategies for Integrating Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids

Energy security and the resilience of electricity networks have recently gained critical momentum as subjects of research. The challenges of meeting the increasing electrical energy demands and the decarbonisation efforts necessary to mitigate the effects of climate change have highlighted the importance of microgrids for the effective integration of renewable energy sources. Microgrids have been the focus of research for several years; however, there are still many unresolved challenges that need to be addressed. Energy storage systems are essential elements that provide reliability and stability in microgrids with high penetrations of renewable energy sources. This study provides a systematic review of the recent developments in the control and management of energy storage systems for microgrid applications. In the early sections, a summary of the microgrid topologies and architectures found in the recent literature is given. The main contributions and targeted applications by the energy storage systems in the microgrid applications is defined for each scenario. As various types of energy storage systems are currently being integrated for the reliable operation of the microgrids, the paper analyses the properties and limitations of the solutions proposed in the recent literature. The review that was carried out shows that a hybrid energy storage system performs better in terms of microgrid stability and reliability when compared to applications that use a simple battery energy storage system. Therefore, a case study for a DC microgrid with a hybrid energy storage system was modelled in MATLAB/Simulink. The presented results show the advantages of hybrid energy storage systems in DC microgrids.

Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generators and Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids: A Review

This article reviews the main methodologies employed for the optimal location, sizing, and operation of Distributed Generators (DGs) and Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) in electrical networks. For such purpose, we first analyzed the devices that comprise a microgrid (MG) in an environment with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and their modes of operation. Following that, we examined the planning and operation of each DER considered in this study (DGs and ESSs). Finally, we addressed the joint integration of DGs and ESSs into MGs. From this literature review, we were able to identify both the objective functions and constraints that are most commonly used to formulate the problem of the optimal integration and operation of DGs and ESSs in MGs. Moreover, this review allowed us to identify the methodologies that have been employed for such integration, as well as the current needs in the field. With this information, the purpose is to develop new mathematical formulations and approaches for the optimal integration and operation of DERs into MGs that provide financial and operational benefits.

Uses of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids under Unbalanced Inductive Loads and Partial Shading Conditions

Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems are characterized by their high-power density; they are integrated into high-energy density storage systems, such as batteries, to produce hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), resulting in the increased performance of renewable energy sources (RESs). Incorporating RESs and HESS into a DC bus to obtain a DC microgrid concept is considered a more attractive option for solving system reliability and stability issues. In this paper, we focus on employing SMES systems based on their characteristics of a fast response and high efficiency, which contribute to increased battery lifespan, and reducing the mismatch between the energy supplied by the renewable energy source and the load demand by compensating for the effects of partial shading on the PV system on the DC bus side and the imbalance in loads on the other side of the AC bus. The incremental conductance algorithm (INC) is used for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in the PV system. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) is proposed for the generation of control signals for the DC–DC chopper used to charge/discharge the SMES coil. Simulations using MATLAB/Simulink were then carried out to assess the proposed models of the (standalone and grid) connection systems.

Distributed secure sampled-data control for distributed generators and energy storage systems in microgrids under abnormal deception attacks

In this work, we investigate the active power sharing (APS) and energy balancing (EB) issues between distributed generators (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs) in microgrids with abnormal deception attacks. Firstly, the mathematical model of APS and EB issues under abnormal deception attacks is established, in which attack signals can tamper with the transmitted information and change appropriately with the system’s current state. Next, a distributed secure memory sampled-data controller is designed for APS and EB problems, and the corresponding solving algorithm is given. Furthermore, in order to reduce the conservatism of the results, an improved delay-dependent looped Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is introduced by adding the combination term of time delay and free matrix. Meanwhile, the high dimensional linear matrix inequality (LMI) in the proposed control algorithm is decomposed into several low dimensional LMIs based on the decoupled method. Finally, a simulation experiment in microgrids is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed control scheme.

Battery energy storage performance in microgrids: A scientific mapping perspective

Microgrids integrate various renewable resources, such as photovoltaic and wind energy, and battery energy storage systems. The latter is an important component of a modern energy system, as it allows the seamless integration of renewable energy sources in the grid. The research here presented aimed to develop an integrated review using a systematic and bibliometric approach to evaluate the performance and challenges in applying battery energy storage systems in microgrids. Search protocols based on a literature review were used; this included thematic visualization and performance analysis using the scientific mapping software SciMAT (Science Mapping Analysis Software Tool). The results show that optimization methods in battery energy storage systems are important for this research field. In research works, they are interested in applying methods to reduce costs; this includes considering the state of charge, the degradation rate, and battery life. Developing an optimal battery energy storage system must consider various factors including reliability, battery technology, power quality, frequency variations, and environmental conditions. Economic factors are the most common challenges for developing a battery energy storage system, as researchers have focused on cost–benefit analysis.

Load Frequency Control of Microgrid System by Battery and Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage

Energy security is one of the main factors in the development and diffusion of microgrid applications. In networks operating without storage, the operation of their systems is greatly affected by sudden load demand and intermittent generation fluctuations. The main purposes of using energy storage systems in microgrids are stabilizing the intermittent generation of renewable energy sources locally, to ensure that energy production matches energy demands, participating in the frequency regulation process, maintaining the energy balance between generation and demand in renewable energy microgrids, and increasing energy reliability. This study investigates the frequency and power balance of an isolated microgrid system, by including storage systems (battery and pump-hydro). Realistic data for wind and solar sources are used for the optimal tuning of the proportional-integral controller, using the integral of the absolute error criterion multiplied by time, with a Quasi-Newton method. Simulation studies have been carried out, to investigate the performance of the microgrid system, by including the hydroelectric power plant system with pump storage for 24 h, under various operating conditions. The results reveal that by including the storage units in the system, it exhibits a more consistent and smooth dynamic performance, using renewable energy efficiently.

Analysis of the Application and Control of the Distributed Energy Storage System in Microgrid

Because of the intermittence and randomness of renewable energy and the continuous variability of load. By configuring a certain capacity of energy storage in microgrid, the active and reactive power throughput can be flexibly and quickly adjusted to smooth load fluctuations and reliability of power supply improvement. It can improve the power quality and keep the system stable. Therefore, the application potential of distributed energy storage system in microgrid and distribution system is huge. In terms of give full play to the performance advantages of energy storage through distribution system, it is necessary to study the core technologies of modular integration, topology, capacity design and control of energy storage through distribution system. The feasibility and value of energy storage through distribution system in power system engineering are demonstrated. Based on the analysis of relevant requirements, a energy storage through distribution system based on micro energy storage unit is proposed in this paper. This structure is very suitable for energy storage components to be connected to the micro-grid to achieve plug and play, high efficiency, high reliability and high flexibility of energy storage system applications.

Modeling and Analysis of Voltage Source based Battery Energy Storage System in Microgrid to Improve Power Quality

Rising demand of renewable energy sources based distributed generation poses several challenges in utility grid operation. These shortcomings have been solved by microgrid. Power quality improvement is the main technical challenge in the applications of microgrid. Renewable energy sources can be integrated with microgrid in a better way by introducing a battery energy storage system. Power quality improvement, voltage and frequency regulation and catering the intermittency of renewable energy sources are few advantages of battery energy storage system. Integration of voltage source-based battery energy storage system in solar photovoltaic connected microgrid is presented in this paper. Voltage level between main grid and generation of solar power is maintained with the help of battery energy storage system. Power quality improvement ofintegrated microgrid system is done with control strategy of bidirectional converter used in battery energy storage system. Hysteresis band current controller is used in this paper to control the currents of battery energy storage system. It is a simple as well as robust technique for reduction of total harmonic distortion and voltage profile improvement as shown in the simulation results. Total harmonic distortion of system voltage is reduced 0.20%. This paper also presents the power flow to the loads using hysteresis band current controller and without using hysteresis band current controller. It is also shown by results that 45kVA is the most feasible rating of VS to deal with both linear and non-linear loads. MATLAB/SIMULINK environment is used to model and simulate the overall system performance.

Optimal Sizing and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids for Operating Cost Minimization

Microgrids are one of the best solutions to present energy crisis, where the expansions of distributed networks are not feasible. This is achieved with penetration of renewable energy sources along with suitable selection of Energy Storage Systems (ESS).The load demand can be supported with microgrid in the grid connected mode or autonomous mode by suitable sizing of DGs and BESS. Sizing of suitable ESS in terms of its capacity or discharge helps in shaving the peak demand and also maximizes the benefits related to their use. Various advantages to end-users can be provided by microgrid with ESS, like improvement in energy efficiency, minimizing overall energy consumption through distributed generations (DGs) and increasing reliability of power supply to the customers. All these advantages can be achieved by obtaining the optimal microgrid operating cost with ESS. One of the challenging tasks in Microgrids is obtaining optimal energy utilization of DGs to meet the load demand. This can be achieved through proper energy management in the microgrid by obtaining optimal power allocations of DGs and ESS. This paper presents an algorithm for microgrid operating cost minimization for 24 hrs time horizon with optimal power allocation of DGs considering randomness in DGs, with and without BESS. Accelerated particle swarm optimization (APSO), Jaya optimization (JAYA) technique and Linear programming based interior point algorithm (LP-IP) have been applied to minimize the operating cost of microgrid with optimal Energy management while selecting proper size of BESS. Simulation results obtained by PSO, APSO, JAYA and LP-IP solver based algorithms are compared for BESS size and microgrid operating cost for 24 hrs. Results of LP-IP solver based optimization algorithm are proved to be the most effective of all other algorithms in terms of cost reduction. Optimal sizing of BESS with energy management of DGs and BESS reduces the operating cost of microgrid meeting the load criteria.

An Approach to Describe Lead-Acid Batteries Lifetime By Combining Electrochemical and Electric Models

In this work, a model for lead-acid batteries that combines electric and electrochemical models is proposed and analyzed with respect to experimental data extracted from Huatacondo power plant in Chile. Using experimental overpotential versus current curves, our approach combines the Butler-Volmer equation with an electric model developed by Schiffer et al [1] to predict performance and quantify ageing mechanisms, which determine battery internal resistances and capacity for discharge cycles, based on phenomenological basis through Butler-Volmer ans Shiffer models. A good correspondence between voltage-current curves and experimental data was obtained especially at low currents (activation zone). Our approach shows that overpotentials at discharge times in which State-of-Charge (SoC) is above 0.8 (one hour approximately) are mainly due to gas production (gassing current) and degradation of active mass. 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Life Cycle Assessment for Supporting Dimensioning Battery Storage Systems in Micro-Grids for Residential Applications

The current EU energy and climate policy targets a significant reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the forthcoming years. Carbon pricing, embedded in the EU emissions trading system, aims at achieving emission reductions in a more evenly spread way and at the lowest overall cost for society, compared with other environmental policy tools, such as coal or electricity taxes, or incentives such as subsidies on renewables. Still, the implementation of the decarbonization policy depends on several technical parameters such as the type, size and connectivity of the energy system as well as economic restrictions that occur. Within this paper, an optimization tool will be presented, focusing on cleaner energy production and on the control and reduction of environmental impact regarding energy storage solutions. Various types of batteries are examined and evaluated towards this direction. Emphasis is given to setting new criteria for the decision-making process, considering the size of battery storage and the selection of the battery type based on the environmental impact assessment parameter. The objective function of the system is formulated so as to evaluate, monitor and finally minimize environmental emissions, focusing mainly on carbon emissions. Optimization is carried out based on mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). Two of the main battery types compared are lead–acid and lithium-ion; both of them result in results worth mentioning regarding the replacement impact (seven times during system lifetime for lead–acid) and the total environmental impact comparison (lithium-ion may reach a 60% reduction compared to lead–acid). Case studies are presented based on representative scenarios solved, which underline the importance of choosing the appropriate scope for each case and demonstrate the potential of the tool developed, as well as the possibilities for its further improvement.