Storage Practices Research Articles

Effects of Sustainable Business Networks on the Environmentally Sound Management of Chemicals in Zimbabwe

Despite the formulation of policy frameworks and awareness on hazardous chemical management, practical implementation at organisational level remains a challenge in Zimbabwe. Participation in inter-organisational networks has been shown to have a catalytic role in some contexts. Sustainable business networks such as the Business Council for Sustainable Development Zimbabwe (BCSDZ) have undertaken programmes to promote safe chemical management and chemical leasing. This research paper assesses the effects of sustainable business networks on circular economy (CE) through implementation of safe chemical management and chemical leasing programmes in Zimbabwe. The research paper is based on forty (40) companies drawn from the industrial, manufacturing and mining sectors in Zimbabwe. A total of 50% of the companies assessed were selected because they participated in the safe chemical management programme called responsible production toolkit training and chemical leasing training during the period of 2018 to 2023, whilst the other 50% selected were not participants in any chemical management initiative to provide a comparison group to enable causal inferences. The study employed direct observation of chemical management practices, interviews with key informants and content analysis. Barriers and challenges identified included high chemical intensity, higher proportion of chemical accidents, inadequate provision of personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of clear policies on chemical management, lack of adequate technical capacity on chemical management, use of foreign languages in some material safety data sheets (MSDS), incompatible chemical storage practices, lack of proper labelling of chemicals, inadequate implementation of chemical compatibility charts and inadequate documentation of successful case studies. Implementation of chemical risk assessment increased from 20 to 70% due to network participation. Chemical inventorying implementation increased from 15 to 50% amongst firms that participated in safe chemical management programmes. Chemical labelling practices increased from 55 to 85% due to increased participation in network-induced chemical management programmes. Chemical leasing implementation remained largely unchanged even with access to training. We conclude that network participation enhanced chemical management practices due to the implementation of the responsible production toolkit. However, the impact of network participation on adoption of chemical leasing is low in Zimbabwe due to external contextual factors such as policy, perception, legal and financial barriers.

Gaps in vaccine management practices during vaccination outreach sessions in rural settings in southwestern Uganda

BackgroundOutreach efforts were developed to bolster people’s access to and use of immunization services in underserved populations. However, there have been multiple outbreaks of diseases like measles in Uganda, prompting policy makers and stakeholders to ask many unanswered questions. This research study was created to uncover the discrepancies between vaccine management practices at immunization outreach sessions in rural South Western Uganda compared with existing standards.MethodsThe observational qualitative study, was done in 16 public health facilities across four districts of Uganda. Data were collected using in-depth interviews, facility record reviews, and observation. We assessed the vaccine management procedures before immunization session, transportation used, set up at the outreach site, management practices during the outreach session and packing of vaccines - according to World Health Organization immunization practice recommendations. The data were transcribed, coded and categories were formed and triangulated. Themes were generated based on a socio-ecologic framework to gain a better understanding of healthcare provider practices during immunization sessions.ResultsFifty-one individuals were interviewed; four Assistant District Health Officers, four cold chain technicians, 15 focal persons for the Expanded Program on Immunization, and 28 health care providers. The respondents’ mean age was 35, 43 (84.3%) were females and 24 (47.1%) had a diploma. 11 (69%) outreaches were conducted at a distance of 5-12 km from the health facility and 7 (44%) were conducted in a building. For 8 outreaches (50%) health facility staff did not check the vaccine vial monitor status before the outreach while 12(75%) did not keep the vaccine hard lid cover closed during the sessions. The main areas of concern were insufficient vaccine integrity monitoring, improper handling and storage practices, deficient documentation, and inadequate vaccine transportation. These were similar across immunization outreach sites regardless of vaccine preventable disease outbreaks occurrences. The majority of these gaps were located at the individual level but were enabled by policy/environmental factors.ConclusionsThere are poor vaccine management procedures during outreach sessions contrary to established guidelines. Specific tactics to tackle knowledge deficiencies, health worker attitude, and fewer equipment shortages could improve compliance to guidelines.

Self-medication and medication storage practices among Lira University students in Lira city, Northern Uganda.

Self-medication (SM) is a global public health concern, particularly prevalent in developing nations. It involves the consumption of drugs without professional guidance, encompassing both over-the-counter and prescription medicines. Responsible SM can alleviate healthcare burdens, reduce costs, and empower individuals to manage minor ailments independently. However, improper SM practices can lead to adverse effects, contribute to antimicrobial resistance, and pose various health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SM and related practices of storing medications among students at Lira University, located in Lira City West Division, Northern Uganda. This study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional design, focusing on students from various faculties. The sample size comprised 422 students, determined using the Kish Leslie formula. Data collection involved the administration of self-administered questionnaires, and subsequent data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. The study involved participants from Lira University, primarily women (51.2%) with an average age of 23.82. A majority were Christians (59.7%) and single (87.9%). Most were from the Faculty of Health Sciences (63.7%), with third-year students being the largest group (48.3%). Regarding SM, 74.2% practiced SM, with antibiotics (69.2%) and tablets (69.2%) being commonly self-administered. In terms of medication storage, 93.4% kept medicines at home, mostly in cupboards (76.5%), but many were unsure about proper storage practices. Participants exhibited good knowledge of SM's risks and measures to reduce them. There was a significant association between the faculty of study and SM practices (p = 0.015), while other demographic factors showed no significant associations. This study sheds light on the prevalent SM practices among students at Lira University in Northern Uganda. Notably, antibiotics were frequently self-medicated, raising concerns about antibiotic resistance. Additionally, medication storage practices emphasize the need for proper education on storage guidelines. However, the participants exhibited good knowledge of the risks associated with SM, suggesting the potential for effective awareness campaigns. The study recommends targeted health education programs, stricter regulations on medication sales, improved healthcare access, proper medication disposal, further research on the factors driving SM, collaborative efforts, and monitoring of antibiotic use to address this public health issue effectively.

Stem Cell Utilization in the Era of Novel Therapies for Multiple Myeloma

Introduction: Stem cell collection is recommended for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) deemed eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Standard practice at most institutions is to collect an adequate number of stem cells for at least 2 ASCTs, but the benefit of maintaining extra stem cells in storage for future use beyond an initial ASCT warrants re-evaluation in the current era of novel therapies and evolving MM clinical practice. To address this, we reviewed the utilization rates and indications for the use of stored stem cells (SSC) at our institution. Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective study of 1470 patients with NDMM who collected sufficient stem cells for at least 2 ASCTs and underwent at least one ASCT at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between January 2007 and December 2022. From this cohort, we assessed rates of stem cell utilization for second, non-tandem (salvage) ASCT and/or stem cell boost over time and determined progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) from the time of salvage ASCT using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The median patient age atinitial ASCT was 61 years (range 24-81), with 58% male, 25% International Staging System stage III, and 42% (542/1283) with at least one high-risk cytogenetic alteration. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, either with or without plerixafor, was used for stem cell mobilization in 70% (834/1193) of patients, with the remaining patients undergoing chemotherapy-based mobilization, including high-dose cyclophosphamide (15%) or other multiagent chemotherapy regimens (15%). The median total CD34 + cell collection yield was 10.3 × 10 6/kg (interquartile range, IQR, 8-13). During the entire study period, SSC were used for 14.6% (214/1470) of patients, with 11.2% (n=165) for a salvage ASCT and 2.1% (n=31) for a stem cell boost. Seven patients received both a salvage ASCT and a boost. An additional 25 patients had upfront tandem ASCT (none since 2015) and were excluded from this analysis. Notably, from 2019 to 2022, the annual utilization of salvage ASCT increased compared to pre-2019 levels (median=21, range 11-27 vs. pre-2019 median=7, range 4-12), as did stem cell boosts (median=4, range 1-6 vs. pre-2019 median=1, range 0-3), despite a decline in numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure 1). The median age at SSC use was 61 years (range 29-78). The median number of prior lines of therapy (LOT) before the use of SSC was 4 (IQR: 2-7) for salvage ASCT and 6 (IQR: 1-6.5) for boosts. The median infused stem cell dose (CD34+ cells/kg) was 4.4 × 10 6 (range 3.2-5.7) for salvage ASCT and 3.1 × 10 6 (range 2.2-3.6) for boosts. The median PFS after salvage ASCT was 16 months (95% confidence interval, CI, 12-21), and the median OS was 37 months (95% CI 29 - 53). On multivariable analyses, receipt of fewer lines of therapy was the sole favorable prognostic factor for PFS and OS. Among patients with ≤ 3 prior LOT, the median PFS after salvage ASCT was 32 months (95% CI 22-42), while those with > 3 LOT had a median PFS of 8.0 months (95% CI 5.8-12) (Figure 2). Post-treatment therapy after salvage ASCT or stem cell boost most commonly included various MM triplet regimens, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, and bispecific T-cell engagers. Conclusion: While overall rates of SSC utilization at our institution remain low, rates have increased in recent years, as both salvage ASCT and stem cell boosts provide effective platforms for treating disease and treatment-related refractory cytopenias as a bridge to next therapy for patients with advanced MM. Ultimately, institutional practices for stem cell collection and storage require optimizing the balance of clinical utility with resource allocation and costs of maintaining SSC.

Trends in soil organic matter and topsoil thickness under regenerative practices at the University of Washington student farm.

Conventional methods of agriculture, especially tillage, are often accompanied by soil degradation in the form of erosion and organic matter depletion. Regenerative agricultural methods seek to repair soil ecosystems by building topsoil and soil organic matter (SOM), decreasing reliance on chemical fertilizers and increasing both water retention capacity and the diversity and quantity of soil microbial and fungal communities. The University of Washington (UW) student farm is an organic and regeneratively managed site on the UW Seattle campus. Over the past 20 years the farm gradually expanded so locations on the farm encompass both unimproved topsoil and soils managed regeneratively for periods of 5 to 20 years. This arrangement allows a time-trend analysis of soil development under regenerative methods. Measurements of topsoil thickness (defined as the distance from the ground surface to the base of the soil A horizon) and organic matter content were collected across 14 distinct plots on the farm to quantify trends over time and estimate net change in SOM (and soil organic carbon, or SOC). While SOM content weakly increased by 0.5% per year, topsoil thickness exhibited a significant linear increase of 0.86 cm per year. Over a twenty-year period under the management practices of the UW Farm total organic carbon storage in soils, determined using topsoil thickness, density, and SOC content, increased by between 4 and 14 t ha-1 yr-1. The general increases in topsoil thickness, SOM content, and total soil carbon demonstrate the potential of soil-health-focused practices to help maintain a productive and efficient urban growing space.

Blowing the Rust off Machine Storage Practices: Proper Equipment Protection

Electrical equipment placed in storage—whether it be on or off site—is there for one primary purpose. It needs to be available for quick installation when the equipment currently operating the process goes down for any reason. Like everything else, proper maintenance is required to ensure the reliability and operability of the equipment. Unfortunately, maintaining equipment that is not actually producing revenue is something oft overlooked. Maintaining reliability of equipment begins the moment a facility takes ownership and continues for the life of said equipment. The best maintenance programs should include the maintenance of stored equipment to not only extend equipment life but also reduce labor and material costs.

Law enforcement and firearms: understanding firearm ownership and storage habits

ObjectiveThis study seeks to better understand firearm ownership among law enforcement officers (LEO), with the goal of informing future firearm injury and suicide prevention efforts. We describe the frequency and...

Storage of Compressed Natural Gases

The article analyzes the modern theory and practice of transportation and storage of compressed natural gas. The expediency of the inclusion of a floating storage berth for the loading of gas carriers and container ships into the infrastructure of marine transportation of compressed natural gas is considered. Requirements for storage berth are formulated. It is shown that without using a marine mooring storage facility, the loading time of a gas carrier will considerably increase, and the economic efficiency of compressed gas transportation will lower due to the considerable time of loading and unloading of a gas carrier. The construction of a storage berth is proposed, and calculations of storage parameters and calculation of its buoyancy are made. The possibility of using the REFPROP vs. 9.1 software package to automate the selection of the composition of a multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture for further use at the selected range of temperatures and pressures is substantiated. The use of the system is considered in the example of phase equilibrium of a multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture.

Preventable tragedies: findings from the #NotAnAccident index of unintentional shootings by children

BackgroundBetween 2015 and 2021, 3,498 Americans died from unintentional gun injuries, including 713 children 17 years and younger. Roughly 30 million American children live in homes with firearms, many of which are loaded and unlocked. This study assesses the scope of unintentional shootings by children 17 and younger in the US and the relationship between these shootings and state-level secure storage laws.MethodsDemographic and injury data of both perpetrators and victims of unintentional shootings by children 17 and younger in the US from 1/1/2015–12/31/2021 were extracted from the #NotAnAccident Index. The #NotAnAccident Index contains media-report data, which is systematically flagged through Google Alerts. We describe characteristics of incidents and examine incident rates over time. The association between state-level secure storage laws and rates of unintentional shootings by children is assessed in multivariate negative binomial regression models.Results2,448 unintentional shootings by children resulted in 926 deaths and 1,603 nonfatal gun injuries over a period of seven years. Most perpetrators (81%) and victims (76%) were male. The mean age was 10.0 (SD 5.5) for shooters and 10.9 (SD 8.1) for victims. Children were as likely to shoot themselves (49%) as they were to shoot others (47%). The majority of victims were under 18 years old (91%). Shootings most often occurred in or around homes (71%) and with handguns (53%). From March to December 2020, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic, incidents increased 24% over the same period in 2019, which was driven largely by an increase among shooters ages 0–5. Depending on the type of law, rates of unintentional shootings by children were 24% to 72% lower in states with secure storage laws, compared to states without such laws.ConclusionsUnintentional shootings by children are on the rise, particularly among children 0–5 years old, but are preventable tragedies. Our results show that secure firearm storage policies are strongly correlated with lower rates of unintentional shootings by children. Firearm storage policies, practices, and education efforts are needed to ensure guns are kept secured and inaccessible to children.

Food Safety Practices during Hajj: On-Site Inspections of Food-Serving Establishments.

The presence of crowds during Hajj increases the risk of foodborne infection. Yet, research on the practices of food handlers during Hajj is limited. This study aimed to assess compliance with food safety practices and its associated factors during Hajj 2022. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Mecca and Madinah before and during Hajj 2022 and involved 195 food-serving establishments (FSEs) contracted for Hajj catering. Collected data included visit time, establishment location, licensure, whether food handlers had food safety training (professional training), and whether FSEs were under supervision from a consulting office (professional supervision). The included FSEs were 168/195 (86.2%). Two-thirds of FSEs surveyed (113, 67.3%) were under professional supervision, and 91 (54.2%) hired trained food safety workers. Compliance rates varied between outcomes (72.67 ± 17.21% to 88.3 ± 18.8%). Compared to Mecca, Madinah FSEs were more adherent to cleanliness (80.5 ± 27.9% vs. 91.5 ± 19.9%, respectively, p = 0.006). FSEs with trained workers were more likely to comply with proper food safety practices compared to those with untrained workers: cleanliness (OR: 7.2, 95% CI [2.6-20.23], p < 0.001); workers' commitment to health requirements (OR: 2.8, 95% CI [1.1-6.9], p = 0.025); handling of refrigerated and frozen food (OR: 5.27, 95% CI [1.83-15.20], p = 0.004); and food storage practices (OR: 12.5, 95% CI [2.0-12.5], p < 0.001). The role of professional training in increasing food safety practices compliance was highlighted. FSEs in Madinah were more compliant with food safety practices than those in Mecca. Therefore, Mecca FSEs may need stringent safety measures.

A Study On Storage Of Maize Among Tribal Farm Families Of Rajasthan

The study was conducted on storage of maize among tribal farm families of Rajasthan. The data were collected from 90 farm families selected randomly. Information regarding storage practices of maize was collected through structured interview schedule from the head of the family. Information on storage practices was gathered from families of three land size categories i.e. large, small and marginal. The study reveals that the respondents were using mud kothi (54.5%), metallic kothi (44.4%) and nylon bags (1.1%) as storage structures. Majority of the respondent (60%) were mixing dry neem leaves storage followed by chemical insecticides (23.3%) and ash (13.3).

The profile of cold chain management of vaccines in primary healthcare centre in Kupang, Indonesia

Background: Vaccine quality is strongly influenced by the cold chain application in vaccine storage and distribution at the Primary Healthcare Center. Objective: This study aimed to describe the cold chain management in storing and distributing vaccines at the Primary Healthcare Centre in the Kupang City area. Method: This study was a cross-sectional study. The data collection instrument used a checklist sheet containing 27 vaccine storage parameters and 8 (eight) vaccine distribution parameters. The research look at the vaccine storage and distribution. The sample uses the entire population, namely 11 Primary Healthcare Centre in the City of Kupang. Result: It was found that 19 vaccine storage criteria had been implemented in all Primary Healthcare Centre. Eight storage criteria had not been implemented in all Primary Healthcare Centre. Furthermore, in the distribution practice category of eight criteria, five of them had been implemented by all Primary Healthcare Center, while three criteria had not been met. Practice that need to be improved were in thermometer calibration, availability of storage and distribution SOPs, validation of delivery equipment, availability of storage room air circulation equipment. Conclusion: To conclude, the implementation of cold chain in vaccine storage and distribution practices in 11 sub-district healthcare centers was not optimal, therefore it needs to be improved.

Impact of storage technologies and duration on insect pest population, post-harvest losses, and seed quality of stored chickpea in Ethiopia.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important winter season food legume in Ethiopia. Despite being a major producer and consumer of chickpeas, Ethiopia experiences lower yields due to biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly insect pest infestations during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of different storage technologies and durations on the losses of stored chickpea seeds in terms of both quantity and quality. The experiment involved five storage technologies and three durations, spanning a period of 6 months, with data collected at 2-month intervals. The results showed that the Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) and Super GrainPro (SGP) bags effectively maintained intergranular temperature, seed moisture content, and relative humidity throughout the storage period, followed by the modified hermetic metal silo. In contrast, traditional bags exhibited a significant increase in these parameters. The PICS and SGP bags also exhibited the lowest numbers of total insect pests after 6 months, while the jute bags had the highest infestation. Common insect species found in the stored chickpea seeds were Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), and Tribolium confusum (duVal). Furthermore, hermetic bags (PICS and SGP) demonstrated the least grain damage and weight loss, while jute bags had relatively higher values. Seed viability was well maintained in hermetic bags but significantly decreased in traditional bags. Overall, hermetic storage technologies, such as the PICS and SGP bags, effectively suppressed insect development, reduced losses, and preserved seed viability without the need for insecticides. It is recommended that farmers use these hermetic storage bags after proper drying to enhance food security and income generation. By implementing these recommendations, Ethiopia can enhance its chickpea storage practices, reduce post-harvest losses, and contribute to improved food security and economic sustainability in the chickpea sector. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Monitoring of Seasonal Under-Vine CO2 Effluxes in a Vineyard under Different Fertilization Practices

Soil CO2 efflux is a pivotal component of agro-ecosystem C budgets. It is considered a proxy indicator of biological activity and a descriptor of soil quality that is strongly linked to agricultural soil management. We investigated the effects of soil fertilization practices (organo-mineral (OMN) versus chemical (C)) on soil under-vine CO2 efflux (TSR) in an Italian rainfed vineyard (cv Chardonnay). The TSR was measured using the chamber technique as follows: a close multi-chamber system (prototype) was placed under a vine. Data (CO2, temperature, and moisture) were acquired hourly during two consecutive years (2021 and 2022) from flowering to berry ripening. Physical–hydrological soil parameters were determined, and the seasonal trends of the TSR, soil temperature, and soil moisture were assessed. The TSR measurements fluctuated for the 2021 season, ranging from 1.03 to 1.97 µmol CO2∙m−2∙s−1 for the C treatment, while for the OMN treatment, the TSR measurements ranged from 1.24 to 1.71 µmol CO2∙m−2∙s−1. Extreme weather conditions (2022) highlighted the differences between the two agronomical practices, and a decoupling was found between the TSR and the soil water content, with the TSR being controlled primarily by the soil temperature. At the daily scale, the findings showed that the TSR reached its minimum in the early morning hours (5:00–8:00). The results promote organic–mineral nutrition as an improved practice for soil carbon storage (restoration of the organic fraction) by reducing the TSR, permitting the preservation of soil quality and stabilizing the hydrological traits by preserving the biotic activities.

Regional differences in firearm ownership, storage and use: results from a representative survey of five US states

BackgroundFirearm access and storage practices influence risk for injury and death; however, prior research has considered only national and regional differences on these variables, overlooking state-level differences.ObjectivesTo analyse and describe...

Iatrogenic Injury During Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography: Implications for Medical Equipment Storage.

Medical equipment failure is an underappreciated source of iatrogenesis. The authors report a successful root cause analysis and action (RCA2) to improve compliance and decrease risks to patients during cardiac anesthesia care. A quality and safety team of five content experts performed an RCA2 after an iatrogenic injury with transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) probe insertion. The team used a fishbone diagram to identify causes and performed a Gemba walk to discuss probability of the different causes with key stakeholders. The team reviewed hospital policies and procedures as well as manufacturer manuals regarding best practices for maintenance and storage of TEE probes. The team created a corrective action plan centered on purchasing larger TEE storage cabinets, education of those who handle TEE probes, and implementing standard operating procedures. Effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated by analyzing frequency of TEE probe maintenance. The study period ranged from July 2016 to June 2021. TEE probes required maintenance 51 times, of which 40 (78.4%) occurred prior to the larger storage cabinet purchase, and 11 (21.6%) afterward. The number of TEE probes requiring maintenance per quarter was 4.4 (standard deviation [SD] 2.5) during the preintervention period and 1.0 (SD 1.0) during the postintervention period (mean difference 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.0-5.9, p = 0.0006). An extensive RCA2 resulting in a corrective action plan centered on compliance with manufacturer recommendations for storage of TEE probes resulted in fewer maintenance requests, which decreased the risk of iatrogenic patient injury from TEE probe failure during cardiac anesthesia care.

4.53 The Associations of PTSD and Family Composition With Firearm Ownership and Unsafe Firearm Storage Practices Among Military Servicemembers and Veterans

4.53 The Associations of PTSD and Family Composition With Firearm Ownership and Unsafe Firearm Storage Practices Among Military Servicemembers and Veterans

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS OXYTOCIN STORAGE AMONG PHARMACISTS IN RWANDA

Oxytocin is a crucial medication for preventing postpartum hemorrhage, a leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Poor storage and administration can lead to reduced efficacy and harm to both mothers and newborns. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of oxytocin storage among pharmacists in Rwanda.

Firearm Safety &amp; Mental Health: A Call to ARMS (Assess and Reduce Means to Suicide)

Firearm violence is a significant public health problem. Public opinion data suggests that most Americans support evidence-based policies that can help reduce firearm violence. Even without national policy changes, nurses can refocus the conversation and make a lasting impact by acting now. Suicide is the leading cause of firearm-related deaths. Unsafe firearm storage is associated with a higher risk for self-directed violence. Nurses are uniquely positioned to promote a safety culture around firearms and safe storage practices. Nurses can assess, screen, and provide education to patients that can help decrease deaths related to firearms. This article explores how the attributes of cultural humility provide an outline and framework that can enable nurses to respond to the risk of firearm violence and take up a call to ARMS – Assess &amp; Reduce Means to Suicide.

Smart food grain storage system using Internet of Things (IoT): A Review

India is one of the largest producers of food grains in the world. The country has a diverse agricultural sector that produces a wide range of crops, including rice, wheat, maize, pulses (such as lentils and chickpeas), and oilseeds. Rice and wheat are considered essential for ensuring food security in India. India has an extensive network of food grain storage infrastructure to cater to its significant agricultural production. The storage infrastructure in India is primarily managed by the Food Corporation of India (FCI), state government agencies, and private sector entities. Some of food grain storage infrastructure in India are warehouses, covered storage structures (silos), mandi storage facilities (temporarily store grains) and strategic reserve (buffer stock for food security). Private sector entities are increasingly investing in the modern storage facilities including temperature-controlled warehouses and automated storage systems, to improve storage capacity and reduce post-harvest losses. India faces challenges in effectively managing and maintaining the quality of stored food grains. Issues such as inadequate storage capacity, insufficient maintenance, lack of proper pest control measures, and logistical constraints contribute to post-harvest losses. The government and other stakeholders are continuously working on improving storage infrastructure and implementing technological solutions to address these challenges that tiggers for spoilage, mold growth, insect infestation and excessive drying. The real time monitoring and controlling of these factor during the storage period is a cumbersome task and needs advanced techniques. In this aspect Internet of Things (IoT) offers numerous benefits to food grain storage systems including real-time monitoring, early warning systems, optimal environmental conditioning, energy efficiency, inventory management, traceability and predictive analytics. By leveraging IoT technology, the industry can improve storage practices, reduce losses, ensure food safety, and enhance the overall efficiency of grain storage operations.