Storage Of Breast Milk Research Articles

A new career pathway for new graduate midwives: Barriers or opportunities?

More than 1 million women are under the control of the criminal justice system, representing the fastest growing group of prisoners. Women serving prison sentences most commonly have been convicted of drug‐related offenses followed by nonviolent crimes. It is estimated that 8% to 10% of women entering prison are pregnant. A disproportionally large number of women in prison have a history of physical or sexual abuse, substance abuse, and are mothers of minor children. Statistics indicate the average prison time for women is 12 months; therefore, on average, pregnant prisoners spend 6 to 12 months in prison after the birth of a child, a critical time period in the mothering experience.Breastfeeding offers immunological, developmental, and psychosocial benefits to mother and infant. Additionally, breastfeeding contributes to positive maternal self‐image and development of maternal–infant relationship. Currently, little is known about the experience of mothering while incarcerated or the benefits of breastfeeding in this population.A mother from a local jail delivered a term newborn at an urban medical center. Collaboratively the healthcare team, mother, father, and guards created a breastfeeding and pumping plan supporting the mother's desire to breastfeed. The newborn was discharged with the father who would pick up breast milk daily from the jail to feed the newborn. The jail agreed to allow the mother to pump in her cell and store milk in the medical unit refrigerator. At 10 days of age, the newborn's nutritional needs were met with expressed breast milk.For incarcerated women, pumping and storing breast milk is a simple and uncomplicated way to promote maternal–infant attachment and improve health for mother and infant. Nurses working with mothers who are incarcerated have the opportunity to change the mothering experience for incarcerated mothers and their newborns.

Review of guidelines on expression, storage and transport of breast milk for infants in hospital, to guide formulation of such recommendations in Sri Lanka

BackgroundSick newborns in neonatal units who are unable to breastfeed are fed expressed breast milk. In Sri Lanka, most mothers stay in hospital throughout baby’s stay to provide this milk freshly. In other countries mothers go home, express breast milk at home and bring it to hospital. There are concerns about the safety of transported expressed milk if used in a tropical middle-income country. The aim of this paper is to compare and contrast advice offered by different hospitals and organizations on how to express, store and transport breast milk safely.MethodsWe assessed guidelines used by hospital staff of the four Level 3 neonatal units in Melbourne, Australia, National Health Service UK, guidelines and training manuals of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America, the World Health Organization and an information leaflet from Family Health Bureau, Sri Lanka. Information on breast milk expression, storage and transport provided by the guidelines were tabulated under seven topics: general information; container for milk collection; hand expression; using a pump for expression; storage; thawing / warming; and transport of expressed breast milk. The AGREE II tool was used to assess the guidelines written for hospital staff.ResultsThere was considerable agreement on most recommendations provided by these sources, but no single source covered all topics in full. Most recommend hand expression as the initial method for expressing of breast milk, followed by breast pump use, except the Sri Lankan recommendations which strongly discourages the use of breast pumps. Durations of storage under various conditions are generally similar in the different recommendations. Most guidelines recommend a ‘cool box’ or container with ice or freezer packs for transportation of milk.ConclusionA single document containing recommendations on all aspects of expressing, storing and transporting breast milk should be available for each unit, with the same basic information for mothers and the healthcare staff and further technical details for staff if required. The Sri Lankan recommendations need to be updated based on current worldwide practices and further studies are needed to establish a safe method of transport of expressed breast milk in Sri Lanka.

Effect of Duration and Temperatur Breastmilk Storage and The way of Diluting Breastmilk on Protein and Fat Levels in Breastmilk

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best method of nutrition for infant to grow and develop. Changes in social often make women become to work increased from 50.77% (2016) to 50.89% (2017), so they think there is no time to give exclusive breastfeeding to her baby. But with the storage of breast milk, the baby will still get breast milk when the mother is at work. This study aims to determine the effect of duration and temperature of breastmilk as well as how to dilute frozen milk to protein and fat levels. The design of this study was one group pretest-posttest design with the pre experimental study. The data were analyzed by using T-dependent test. The sample of this study is breast milk obtained from 5 breastfeeding mothers in the work area of LubukBuaya Public Health and Laboratory Animal Biotechnology of Andalas University in July in 2017 to May in 2018.There was significant decrease mean of protein and fat content in breastmilk during 5 days storage at refrigerator that mean of protein content 0,50±0,44 g/dL and fat content 2,57±0,45 g/dL statistically (p 0.05). The conclusion, there is no effect of protein and fat content in breast milk storaged for 4 hours in the room temperature, 14 days in freezer (-15 C), 28 days in freezer (-18 C) and how to dilute frozen milk. But there is adecrease on the levels of protein and fat in breast milk in 5-day storage in the refrigerator.

Effect of Duration and Temperatur Breastmilk Storage and The way of Diluting Breastmilk on Protein and Fat Levels in Breastmilk

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best method of nutrition for infant to grow and develop. Changes in social often make women become to work increased from 50.77% (2016) to 50.89% (2017), so they think there is no time to give exclusive breastfeeding to her baby. But with the storage of breast milk, the baby will still get breast milk when the mother is at work. This study aims to determine the effect of duration and temperature of breastmilk as well as how to dilute frozen milk to protein and fat levels. The design of this study was one group pretest-posttest design with the pre experimental study. The data were analyzed by using T-dependent test. The sample of this study is breast milk obtained from 5 breastfeeding mothers in the work area of LubukBuaya Public Health and Laboratory Animal Biotechnology of Andalas University in July in 2017 to May in 2018.There was significant decrease mean of protein and fat content in breastmilk during 5 days storage at refrigerator that mean of protein content 0,50±0,44 g/dL and fat content 2,57±0,45 g/dL statistically (p<0,05). There was no significant decrease in the mean of protein and fat content in breast milk, which was dissolved in refrigerator and warm water is average protein content 0.89±0.46 g/dL and mean fat content 3.21±0.19 g/dL, direct melted breastmilk with mean of protein content is 0.91±0.52 g/dL and mean of fat content is 3.05±0.25 g/ dL statistically (p>0.05). The conclusion, there is no effect of protein and fat content in breast milk storaged for 4 hours in the room temperature, 14 days in freezer (-15 C), 28 days in freezer (-18 C) and how to dilute frozen milk. But there is adecrease on the levels of protein and fat in breast milk in 5-day storage in the refrigerator.

Potential silver nanoparticles migration from commercially available polymeric baby products into food simulants

ABSTRACTIn recent years, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively employed in food packaging systems as a potential antibacterial agent. Although proven to be highly effective, the increased number of AgNP-containing products raises concerns among consumers regarding the migration of AgNPs from the packaging material into foods, which may exert toxic effects. To address this, five baby products were chosen (baby bottle A, baby bottle B, pacifier A, pacifier B and breastmilk storage bag) to investigate AgNPs migration into three food simulants (deionised water, 4% acetic acid (w/v) and 50% ethanol (v/v)) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). As a result, the highest level of migrated Ag was observed for 4% acetic acid in the case of baby bottle B, pacifier A, pacifier B and the breastmilk storage bag, with the detection amount ranging from 1.05–2.25 ng/mL. On the other hand, baby bottle A showed the maximum migration for 50% ethanol due to the polymer nature. Finally, a centrifugal ultrafiltration experiment was conducted to determine the fraction of dissolved Ag in acidic simulant and it was found that migrated Ag was predominantly in Ag+ form, with a small fraction of non-ionic AgNPs. Thus, it has been found that the amount of migrated Ag in baby products was low; however, the migration was dependent on the type of food simulant and polymer nature.

Knowledge of Postnatal Mothers on Breast Milk Expression and Storage in a Selected Hospital of Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada

Breastfeeding has many advantages for mother and the baby. Sucessful initiation of breast feeding is the first step towards good nutrition. Breast feeding is thenatural step after the childbirth and it is a very special gift from mother to her baby. The use of expressed breast milk has been advocated as an effective way of propsepcts of storage of expressed breast milk for any considerable period of time is unavoidable in neonatal units and in many households, especially among working mothers who need to report back to work soon after delivery.

Regulating Milk: Women and Cows in France and the United States

Animal milk, most commonly cow’s milk, is one of the most heavily regulated commodities in both France and the United States. With the increasing popularity of breastfeeding and the possibility of pumping, freezing, and storing breast milk, a cottage industry has emerged for people wishing to buy, sell, or donate milk produced by humans. Yet the legal landscape for human milk remains inchoate, prompting public health officials and medical professionals to call for tighter regulation. Animal and human milk are typically viewed as two distinct substances with little in common beyond a name. In contrast, this Article highlights the analogies between the two liquids as well as the female bodies that produce them. To do so, it draws on historical and comparative perspectives—France and the United States; human milk in the twenty-first century and animal milk in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Similar political forces and cultural norms are at stake in milk regulation then and now, here and there. More precisely, the Article shows that the campaign for increased oversight of human milk is driven by motivations similar to those which inspired cow’s milk reform in the nineteenth century: economics, sexual control, and scientism. Through this regulatory agenda, the providers of milk—human lactating mothers and animal lactating mothers—are commodified in surprisingly analogous ways.

Évaluation de l’effet du travail sur la pratique de l’allaitement maternel

Employment is recognized as a weaning factor in many studies. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of employment on women's breastfeeding (BF) with a duration longer than 6 months in a Moroccan population. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2015 and April 2016 in four hospitals in the region of Rabat-Salé, Morocco. All ages were included with the condition that the woman had at least one living child. A questionnaire-based interview collected data on the duration of BF for each child, breast milk storage practices, woman's opinion on BF, and the perception of work conditions during BF. Factors associated with BF lasting longer than 6 months were analyzed using logistic regression carried out in SPSS 13.0 software. A total of 502 surveyed women were analyzed. The median duration of breastfeeding (exclusive or mixed) in working women was 8 months versus 15 months for those without employment (P<0.001). Only 26% stored breast milk. For working women, BF practiced due to religious conviction or perceived as mandatory were higher than for unemployed women (18% vs 15% and 11% vs. 7%, respectively; P<0.001). Working conditions during BF were perceived as daunting in 61% of cases. In multivariate analysis, factors correlated with prolonged BF longer than 6 months were: (i) early baby initiation to BF (OR=3; 95% CI [1.9-4.6]), (ii) education level: middle and high school (OR=0.1; 95% CI [0.01-0.5]), and (iii) the social status of working women (OR=0.3; 95% CI [0.1-0.6]). Employment has a negative impact on the duration of breastfeeding, work perception, and practices of breastfeeding women.

Knowledge and Attitude about Breast Milk Banking among Final Year B.Sc. Nursing Students

Background: Breast Milk is the first food in life which ensures that infants and young children get a healthy and nutritious start in life. In India, most of the mothers are unaware of expression and storage of breast milk, which leads to inadequate provision of mother’s milk to the baby resulting in disturbed health status of the child as the mother returns to her employment. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and attitude of B.Sc. Nursing students regarding breast milk banking and to determine the association of knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables. Methods: Descriptive design was adopted. Data was collected by using a self-administered questionnaire prepared by the researcher from the 110 final year nursing students studying in three different nursing colleges of Belagavi. The sampling technique used for the study was non-probability sampling technique [purposive] and data was summarized and evaluated by differential and inferential statistics. Results: There was hundred percent response rate. Of the total students, 64% students had average Knowledge, 33% had good knowledge and 3% had poor knowledge. Regarding the attitude, majority of students had positive attitude (88.2%) and (11.8%) had neutral attitude.

Advising women with diabetes in pregnancy to express breastmilk in late pregnancy (Diabetes and Antenatal Milk Expressing [DAME]): a multicentre, unblinded, randomised controlled trial

Infants of women with diabetes in pregnancy are at increased risk of hypoglycaemia, admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and not being exclusively breastfed. Many clinicians encourage women with diabetes in pregnancy to express and store breastmilk in late pregnancy, yet no evidence exists for this practice. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of antenatal expressing in women with diabetes in pregnancy. We did a multicentre, two-group, unblinded, randomised controlled trial in six hospitals in Victoria, Australia. We recruited women with pre-existing or gestational diabetes in a singleton pregnancy from 34 to 37 weeks' gestation and randomly assigned them (1:1) to either expressing breastmilk twice per day from 36 weeks' gestation (antenatal expressing) or standard care (usual midwifery and obstetric care, supplemented by support from a diabetes educator). Randomisation was done with a computerised random number generator in blocks of size two and four, and was stratified by site, parity, and diabetes type. Investigators were masked to block size but masking of caregivers was not possible. The primary outcome was the proportion of infants admitted to the NICU. We did the analyses by intention to treat; the data were obtained and analysed masked to group allocation. This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12611000217909. Between June 6, 2011, and Oct 29, 2015, we recruited and randomly assigned 635 women: 319 to antenatal expressing and 316 to standard care. Three were not included in the primary analysis (one withdrawal from the standard care group, and one post-randomisation exclusion and one withdrawal from the antenatal expressing group). The proportion of infants admitted to the NICU did not differ between groups (46 [15%] of 317 assigned to antenatal expressing vs 44 [14%] of 315 assigned to standard care; adjusted relative risk 1·06, 95% CI 0·66 to 1·46). In the antenatal expressing group, the most common serious adverse event for infants was admission to the NICU for respiratory support (for three [<1%] of 317. In the standard care group, the most common serious adverse event for infants was moderate to severe encephalopathy with or without seizures (for three [<1%] of 315). There is no harm in advising women with diabetes in pregnancy at low risk of complications to express breastmilk from 36 weeks' gestation. Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

DEVELOPMENT OF ANDROID APPLICATION FOR BREASTMILK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Breastmilk Management is one of the ways for working mothers to be able to organize and figure out how breastfeeding (breast milk) to her baby. At work, a working mother can not breast feed directly to the babyso she decided to store breast milk for the baby beforehand. Lack of knowledge of the mother on breastmilk as how much breastfeeding or on expiration of breast milk can result in poisoning the baby. This paper describes the development of an application that can overcome the problems of management of breastmilk called Breastmilk Management applications based on Android. This application has been successfully built, then the application is expected to be used by working mothers who breastfeed so that they can manage breastfeeding and increase knowledge about breastmilk.

Breast Milk Collection and Storage in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Nurses' Knowledge, Practice, and Perceived Barriers.

Temporary storage of human milk under appropriate conditions encourages prolonged breast-feeding. This study aimed to assess neonatal nurses' knowledge and practice, as well as barriers, related to breast milk collection and storage and to investigate the association between nurses' knowledge and practice and other variables. A cross-sectional design was used. Consecutive samplings of 75 nurses were recruited. The questions were based on a literature review of guidelines for collecting and storing breast milk from various sources, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. Nurses' knowledge and practice of breast milk collection and storage were adequate in general, but inadequate in relation to issues such as discarding breast milk, the thawing process, and storage temperatures. Poor practices related to absence of required equipment and unit policy. Barriers were increased workload, inappropriate milk room (i.e., a small room with uncomfortable chairs and no privacy), inactive policy, and inadequate time. Nurses should be orientated to the guidelines and a unit policy to enhance evidence-based practice. J Contin Educ Nurs. 2016;47(12):551-557.

Employers' perspective of workplace breastfeeding support in Karachi, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundBreastfeeding is considered to be an important measure to achieve optimum health outcomes for children, women’s return to work has frequently been found to be a main contributor to the early discontinuation of breastfeeding. The aim of the study is to assess workplace breastfeeding support provided to working mothers in Pakistan.MethodA workplace based cross-sectional survey was conducted from April through December 2014. Employers from a representative sample of 297 workplaces were interviewed on pre-tested and structured questionnaire. The response rate was 93.7 %. Prevalence of workplace breastfeeding facilities were assessed in the light of World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) guidelines.ResultsAmong non-physical facilities, all workplaces offered 3 months paid maternity leave, 45 % of the sites were offering task adjustment to mothers during lactation period. Only 15 % of the sites were offering breastfeeding breaks to working mothers. Physical facilities that include a breastfeeding corner, refrigerator for storing breast milk, breast milk pump and nursery for childcare were provided in less than 7 % of the sites. Multinational organizations provided better support compared to national organizations.ConclusionSupport for continuation of breastfeeding by working women at workplaces is inadequate; hence, women discontinue breastfeeding earlier than planned. Policies need to be developed and enforced, employers and employees need to be educated and supportive environment needs to be created to encourage and facilitate breastfeeding friendly worksite environment.

Safe management of expressed breast milk: A systematic review.

Expressed breastmilk may be contaminated by viruses and bacteria, or lose nutritional value due to maternal transmission, storage, or handling. Babies may also unintentionally receive expressed breastmilk from a different mother. Conduct a systematic review of evidence from countries with incomes comparable to Australia to summarise the evidence around safe management of expressed breastmilk in terms of the risks of pathogen transmission, contamination and nutritional degradation from storage and transport, disinfection and cleaning procedures, and procedures to minimise misdelivery risk. A search of the international literature sought papers published from 2008 until November 2014. The reference lists of included papers were screened for additional studies. Included papers underwent methodological appraisal and data were extracted. Few pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality in developed countries had clear evidence of transmission through breastmilk. Short term storage (up to 96h) at 6.8°C appeared to be safe. Frozen storage was generally safe but results in immunological component degradation. Expert consensus suggests that several acceptable methods of cleaning, including using warm soapy water, or boiling. Breastmilk management policies appear to reduce misdelivery of breastmilk. While there is a generally low risk of pathogen transmission via breastmilk, benefits must be considered against potential disease severity. Short-term refrigeration is generally acceptable for storage and transport. Freezing is often safe but causes degradation of immunological components. Universally, equipment used for expression and storage of breast milk should be well washed and disinfected. Effective breastmilk management policies can reduce risks of misdelivery.

Comparative Analysis of the Physicochemical Parameters of Breast Milk, Starter Infant Formulas and Commercial Cow Milks in Serbia

Summary Data on the physical properties of cow milk and infant formulas are important since they indicate the differences in physicochemical and rheological characteristics and compatibility with natural breast milk. This fact is important not only for quality control but also for the use of these commercial products as infant diet supplements or as complete breast milk substitutes. This study was undertaken to determine refractive index, surface tension, pH, electrical conductivity, viscosity and titratable acidity of the UHT cow milk, starter infant formulas and breast milk of Serbian mothers in order to compare commercial milk formulations with natural human milk. The paper also presents the measured data of some physical parameters of human milk about which there is little information in the literature. It has been also demonstrated how these parameters were changed by freezing and prolonged storage of breast milk. In this study, 8 commercial cow milks, 6 starter infant formulas and 15 different samples of colostrum, transition and mature breast milk were included. The titratable acidity, pH, electrical conductivity, refractive index, viscosity and surface tension were measured by using standardized techniques. It has been found that infant formulas available on the Serbian market differ in physicochemical parameters compared to breast milk. Regarding these parameters, none of the analyzed formulas fully corresponded to breast milk. It has been also shown that measurement of physical parameters is simple and inexpensive way to monitor the milk shelf-life which is important for human milk banks.

Pregnancy and Parenthood among Surgery Residents: Results of the First Nationwide Survey of General Surgery Residency Program Directors

Although family and lifestyle are known to be important factors for medical students choosing a specialty, there is a lack of research about general surgery residency program policies regarding pregnancy and parenthood. Similarly, little is known about program director attitudes about these issues. We performed a cross-sectional survey of United States (US) general surgery residency program directors. Sixty-six respondents completed the survey: 70% male, 59% from university-based programs, and 76% between 40 and 59 years of age. Two-thirds (67%) reported having a maternity leave policy. Less than half (48%) reported having a leave policy for the non-childbearing parent (paternity leave). Leave duration was most frequently reported as 6 weeks for maternity leave (58%) and 1 week for paternity leave (45%). Thirty-eight percent of general surgery residency program directors (PDs) reported availability of on-site childcare, 58% reported availability of lactation facilities. Forty-six percent of university PDs said that the research years are the best time to have a child during residency; 52% of independent PDs said that no particular time during residency is best. Sixty-one percent of PDs reported that becoming a parent negatively affects female trainees' work, including placing an increased burden on fellow residents (33%). Respondents perceived children as decreasing female trainees' well-being more often than male trainees' (32% vs 9%, p < 0.001). Program director reports indicated a lack of national uniformity in surgical residency policies regarding parental leave, length of leave, as well as inconsistency in access to childcare and availability of spaces to express and store breast milk. Program directors perceived parenthood to affect the training and well-being of female residents more adversely than that of male residents.

Effects of Light on Riboflavin and Ascorbic Acid in Freshly Expressed Human Milk

Millions of dollars each year is spent funding dairy research to better understand every aspect of milk processing, storage, handling, and shelf life. The dairy industry has shown that in animal milks vitamin C is photo-oxidized when exposed to light, which can cause a cascade of other nutrients that may be affected. Expressed human breast milk has had limited research published, mainly recommendations for storage duration secondary to bacterial growth, with scant research on nutrient quality during handling compared to the animal models. In this study, freshly expressed human milk was placed in containers of varying color/UV sensitivity and exposed to light over 6 hours. The laboratory analysis showed riboflavin and ascorbic acid concentrations rapidly decreased in clear containers. The containers wrapped in foil and those of amber color appear to have prevented the photo-oxidation of riboflavin and ascorbic acid. The concentrations of riboflavin and ascorbic acid consistently decreased over a relatively short space of time when stored in translucent containers. The control of photo-oxidation is an important component of maintaining nutrient quality, particularly in foods intended for infants. Minimizing light exposure would provide protection to the nutrients that are susceptible to oxidation. More research is needed to update recommendation for handling expressed human milk to ensure integrity of fragile nutrients in expressed human milk. The authors concluded that amber and other darkened containers that can prevent photo-oxidation of the breast milk could prevent degradation of certain nutrients in stored expressed human milk and possibly the shelf-life. While more research is needed to further identify harmful and helpful aspects of breast milk storage, these findings can establish a foundational understanding and new perspective on human breast milk handling.

Got (the Right) Milk? How a Blended Quality Improvement Approach Catalyzed Change

The expression, storage, preparation, fortification, and feeding of breast milk are common ongoing activities in many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) today. Errors in breast milk administration are a serious issue that should be prevented to preserve the health and well-being of NICU babies and their families. This paper describes how a program to improve processes surrounding infant feeding was developed, implemented, and evaluated. The project team used a blended quality improvement approach that included the Model for Improvement, Lean and Six Sigma methodologies, and principles of High Reliability Organizations to identify and drive short-term, medium-term, and long-term improvement strategies. Through its blended quality improvement approach, the team strengthened the entire dispensation system for both human milk and formula and outlined a clear vision and plan for further improvements as well. The NICU reduced feeding errors by 83%. Be systematic in the quality improvement approach, and apply proven methods to improving processes surrounding infant feeding. Involve expert project managers with nonclinical perspective to guide work in a systematic way and provide unbiased feedback. Create multidisciplinary, cross-departmental teams that include a vast array of stakeholders in NICU feeding processes to ensure comprehensive examination of current state, identification of potential risks, and "outside the box" potential solutions. As in the realm of pharmacy, the processes involved in preparing feedings for critically ill infants should be carried out via predictable, reliable means including robust automated verification that integrates seamlessly into existing processes. The use of systems employed in pharmacy for medication preparation should be considered in the human milk and formula preparation setting.

Bebek Dostu Özel Bir Hastanede Doğum Yapan Annelerin, Emzirmeye İlişkin Bilgi Düzeylerinin ve Bebeklerini Emzirme Durumlarının Değerlendirilmesi

Purpose: Intension of this researchis to determine level of breastfeeding knowledge and breastfeeding conditions of mothers which are breed in private baby friendly hospital. Methods: This research contains 383 mother which are breed in a private hospital maternity service and selected 150 mothers with their babies between the dates 01 November 2011 and 29 February 2012. Data were obtained by Interview and Observation Form which is consist 53 question about demographic and obstetric characteristics of mothers and evaluation for knowledge and practices related to breastfeeding and lactation&Breastfeeding Diagnostic Measurement Tool (LATCH) which has developed by Deborah Jensen, Sheila Wallace at Oregon in 1993 to evaluate breastfeeding. Statistical analysis completed by NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) 2007 Statistical Software (Utah, USA) program. Descriptive statistical methods were used to evaluate the data. The significance of the results was evaluated at p<0,05 level. Results: Observed that average of mothers’ age was 29,12±4,35, 89,3% of mothers were have higher education graduates, 46% of mothers were working, 57,3% of mothers were primipara, 82% of mothers were breed C-section. 88% of mothers were completed breastfeeding in first one hour, 96,6% of mothers’ first food that served first was breast milk but despite this 18% of mothers had breastfeed only each baby wants and 31,3% of mothers had breastfeed until baby stop breastfeeding, 40,7% of mothers hold breast by wrong technique (shearing style). 92% of mothers had knowledge about storage of milked breastfeed but 62,6% of mothers had no knowledge about storage of milked breastfeed, 65,3% of the mothers had no knowledge to serve pacifier and 45,3% of mothers had no knowledge that adverse to the affected by give to use feeding bottle. Mothers’ LATCH point average which is indicating the competence of breastfeeding was detected 8,83±1,46, there was statistically relation between scale scores with spouse’s education level and babies' birth weight in positive direction (p=0,011, p=0,005). Conclusion: Percentage of mothers' who starting to breastfeeding; looks high, ability of breastfeeding's enough. These results set thinking that getting effective support about to get starting breastfeeding. But standart of knowledge is defficient for some issues (breastmilk storage time, indication of less saturation, pacifier and feeding bottle utilization efficacy to breastfeeding.) about breastfeeding success. Therefore, potential of haviwng problems about breastfeeding is seems high in after dicharging period because of this reason

Host Defense Proteins in Breast Milk and Neonatal Yeast Colonization.

Colonization increases risk for invasive candidiasis in neonates. Breast milk host defense proteins may affect yeast colonization of infants. This study aimed to evaluate breast milk host defense proteins relative to yeast colonization in infants. Infants admitted for longer than 72 hours to the neonatal intensive care unit at Women & Infants Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island, were eligible. After consent, expressed breast milk and swabs from oral, rectal, and inguinal sites from infants were cultured weekly for 12 weeks, or until discharge, transfer, or death. Breast milk was tested for levels of human lactoferrin, lysozyme, apolipoprotein J, mucin-1, dermcidin, and soluble CD14 using commercial ELISA. Concentrations of these components were compared in breast milk received by infants who were colonized or not colonized with yeast. From an original cohort of 130, 61 infants had samples available for this subanalysis. A convenience sample of stored breast milk was analyzed. Median lactoferrin, apolipoprotein J, and mucin-1 did not differ between colonized and uncolonized groups. Soluble CD14 was higher in the surface-colonized group (1.8 μg/mL, n = 12) compared with the surface-uncolonized group (1.6 μg/mL, n = 12, P = .02). Median lysozyme levels were higher in the surface-uncolonized group (483.0 ng/mL, n = 12) versus the surface-colonized group (298.3 ng/mL, n = 12, P = .04). Median dermcidin levels were higher in the surface-uncolonized group (19.4 ng/mL, n = 12) versus the surface-colonized group (8.7 ng/mL, n = 12, P = .04). This study shows an association between colonization with Candida in neonates and lower levels of lysozyme and dermcidin in received breast milk. Further study is needed to confirm these findings.