Storage Monitoring Research Articles

Chaotic Correlation Optical Fiber Liquid Level Sensor

In this work, we give, for the first time to our knowledge, a theoretical model of chaotic delta correlation for detecting Fresnel reflections. Based on this model, a novel optical fiber sensor for remote liquid level sensing is proposed and demonstrated. By using a 13.5 mW chaotic laser with 9 GHz bandwidth and a simply designed sensing unit, proof-of-concept experiments show this type of sensor can conduct remote liquid level sensing with a sensing distance as long as 40 km and a measurement accuracy of around 10 mm. Its theoretical maximum accuracy can be adjusted by changing the bandwidth of the chaotic laser, which can conveniently be achieved by adjusting the power of the feedback beam injected into distributed feedback semiconductor laser diode (DFB-LD). This type of liquid level sensor may have applications involving remote liquid level sensing, e.g., warning of the flood, monitoring of oil storage in tanks, sensing of dangerous chemical liquids, monitoring water-level in nuclear power stations, etc.

Feasibility of Seismic Monitoring of CCS in Perth Basin

This work studies seismic response of injection of super-critical CO2 in Perth Basin, WA for the purpose of CO2 sequestration. We aim to propose the most suitable way of monitoring and verification of such storage. To this end, we generated synthetic seismic datasets based on static geological models reflecting various hypothesis about the subsurface properties and fluid flow simulations for different injection scenarios. We investigated in detail two cases: 1. Reference case – the injected CO2 remains confined in the injection interval, which we aim to characterise quantitatively; 2. Relatively small leakage (~10 kt) into the shaley overburden through a major fault, which we merely aim to detect. Existing theories of fluid substitution predict small seismic contrasts caused by the injection. Effectively, we cannot rely on the time-lapse changes of the reflection strength, which makes conventional surface-based time-lapse seismic inefficient. However, the fluid flow simulations predict that the buoyancy-driven plumes have significant thickness to allow for the robust detection of the time shifts, which makes seismic pull-down effect more efficient for the time-lapse seismic monitoring of the injection. Furthermore, this feasibility study proves high efficiency of a surface-to-borehole monitoring systems. In particular, results of the full-waveform inversion of the synthetic borehole seismic datasets shows that such a system will allow for the quantitative characterisation of the injected plume.

Monitoring of Storage and Transportation Temperature Conditions in Red Blood Cell Units: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The process of storage and transportation of the red blood cells (RBCs) out of the standard temperature range lead to some biochemical reactions. Infusing inappropriately stored RBCs may cause severe complications. The main objective of this study was to investigate the RBC bags' temperature during the transfusion chain including storage, transportation, and transfusion. A cross-sectional study was performedon100 RBC bags that were sent from the blood bank to the cardiac surgical intensive care unit (CSICU) and the operating room (OR). To record the temperature of RBCs, a temperature monitoring device was attached to each bag of RBCs that were transported from the blood bank to the CSICU and the OR. The stored temperature samples in the devices related to different stages were separated. Finally, the normal and non-normal samples of each phase were segregated based on the current guidelines. The results indicated that 10% of 121,262 recorded temperatures samples (per 2min) were out of the standard range. Of these, 65, 17, 13, and 5% of samples were related to the blood bank, the OR, transportation, and the CSICU, respectively. The minimum and maximum temperatures were 0°C and 19.5°C that were below and above the standard, respectively. In the light of findings of the present study, different stages of blood transportation and storage suffer a number of shortcomings, which are more evident in the blood bank. Thus, it is recommended to better manage blood transfusion chain from the blood bank to hospital wards so as to avoid the inadvertent and undesirable consequences of blood transfusion. Because various judgments made by the personnel about the status of blood bags are subjective, a temperature monitoring device can be employed to better monitor the blood transfusion process and compensate for the errors unnoticed by the personnel.

A cryogenic sensor based on fiber Bragg grating for storage monitoring of liquefied natural gas

Condition monitoring is critical for the safe usage of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). Temperature distribution is an important index of LNG storage and it can reflect the tendency of heat leakage and the situation of evaporation. However, traditional electric sensor may cause explosion due to spark. In this paper, a cryogenic sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is developed in which the fiber with pre-tensile force is adhered onto temperature-sensitive metal. The liquefied nitrogen (LN2) is used to test the designed sensor instead of LNG for safety consideration. By setting every 10 K as a testing point from 83 K to 193 K, the experimental investigation reveals that there is a positive linear relation between the reflected wavelength and the testing temperature. By using multiple linear functions to fit experimental data, the maximum measuring error of FBG sensor is less than ±0.35 K, which indicates the usability of this sensor in LNG storage. Finally, an experiment of temperature stratification is performed to validate usability of FBG sensor for LNG monitoring. The results indicate that the designed FBG sensor has enough accuracy to reveal LNG rollover and it has similar dynamic performance with RTD sensor.

A Descriptive Study Identifying Gaps in the Effective Implementation of Mercury-containing Device Phase-out in Selected DOH-retained Hospitals

Background and Objective. After the 2008 phase-out of mercury-containing medical devices, the implementation status was evaluated by this study to know the program effectiveness in removing mercury exposure risks in health facilities.
 Methods. A cross-sectional survey was done to determine the amount of mercury stored in ten selected Department of Health (DOH)-retained hospitals. Key informant interviews were also performed with Pollution Control Officers to determine their program implementation status, strengths, and areas for improvement.
 Results and Discussion. All hospitals initiated the mercury minimization program but none has fully implemented it. The total amount recorded is 213.5 kg for mercury-containing materials. A discrepancy of 31.4% exists compared to the initial 2008 inventory of 312.7 kg. The main strength identified by the key informants was the one-time collection of mercury devices in hospitals. Hospitals need administrative and logistic support to properly implement mercury phase-out, particularly on monitoring of temporary storage. Disposal protocols should also be created to fully eliminate mercury exposure in the hospitals.

Merging Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) Imagery and Echo Soundings with an Adaptive Sampling Technique for Bathymetric Surveys

Bathymetric surveying to gather information about depths and underwater terrain is increasingly important to the sciences of hydrology and geomorphology. Submerged terrain change detection, water level, and reservoir storage monitoring demand extensive bathymetric data. Despite often being scarce or unavailable, this information is fundamental to hydrodynamic modeling for imposing boundary conditions and building computational domains. In this manuscript, a novel, low-cost, rapid, and accurate method is developed to measure submerged topography, as an alternative to conventional approaches that require significant economic investments and human power. The method integrates two types of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) sampling techniques. The first couples a small UAS (sUAS) to an echosounder attached to a miniaturized boat for surveying submerged topography in deeper water within the range of accuracy. The second uses Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to cover shallower water areas no detected by the echosounder where the bed is visible from the sUAS. The refraction of light passing through air–water interface is considered for improving the bathymetric results. A zonal adaptive sampling algorithm is developed and applied to the echosounder data to densify measurements where the standard deviation of clustered points is high. This method is tested at a small reservoir in the U.S. southern plains. Ground Control Points (GCPs) and checkpoints surveyed with a total station are used for properly georeferencing of the SfM photogrammetry and assessment of the UAS imagery accuracy. An independent validation procedure providing a number of skill and error metrics is conducted using ground-truth data collected with a leveling rod at co-located reservoir points. Assessment of the results shows a strong correlation between the echosounder, SfM measurements and the field observations. The final product is a hybrid bathymetric survey resulting from the merging of SfM photogrammetry and echosoundings within an adaptive sampling framework.

Objective impacts of tadalafil on storage and voiding function in male patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: 1-year outcomes from a prospective urodynamic study.

To investigate the 1-year effects of tadalafil on storage and voiding function in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) based on a urodynamic study. In a one-armed, prospective study, 105 untreated outpatients with LUTS/BPH received 5mg tadalafil every day for 12months. Subjective symptoms and objective findings on voiding and storage functions, obtained through urodynamic studies that included cystometry and pressure flow study, were evaluated before, at 3months, and at 12months of treatment. The analysis included 94 patients with a mean age of 70.7years and a mean prostate volume of 44.5mL. Subjective symptom parameters of LUTS were significantly ameliorated after 3months, and progressively improved until study conclusion. Similarly, monitoring of storage and voiding functions revealed significant improvements after 3months that continued to improve until 12months. In 49 patients who revealed detrusor overactivity during cystometry at the baseline assessment, uninhibited detrusor contractions disappeared in 15 (30.6%) patients after 3months (p = 0.02), and in 22 (44.9%) after 12months (p < 0.001). Mean maximum flow rate significantly increased by 2.9mL/s during the 12-month treatment (p < 0.001), whereas mean bladder outlet obstruction index significantly decreased from 59.5 at baseline to 45.7 at 3months (p = 0.001), and to 42.9 at 12months (p < 0.001). Tadalafil significantly improved storage and voiding functions, along with LUTS, in patients with LUTS/BPH during a 1-year treatment.

THE USE OF WIND-HYDROGEN UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY PLANT IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The paper presents the project of the autonomous power complex on the basis of wind-power plant and hydrogen module with a capacity in 3 kW with further replication to 50 kW and shows the possibilities of operation of the present plant in different climatic conditions of Russia: Siberia, the Far East, the Northern Caucasus, Krasnodar territory, and also for universal use in climatic zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, deserts of Africa and the isolated islands with typical destructive sea salt fogs.This paper carries out the study, comprehensive analysis and comparison of known types and classes of wind plants, as a result of which the authors have developed an innovative multi-tier scalable vertically-axial wind power plant. This unit is used as the main power source, the uninterrupted part of which is based on a cyclically operating hydrogen module, contains an electrolytic cell, a fuel cell system and a hydrogen storage device with a communication and control system. The components of the power plant developed by the authors’ team operate at a single DC voltage and can be connected to a common bus bar with an increase of power in this complex. Flexible control algorithms allow optimizing the operation of the power complex to reduce the start-stop frequency, thereby increasing both the service life and time intervals between maintenance. Remote control provides monitoring and management of electricity output processes and hydrogen storage with the help of Internet technologies in long-term modes.The study has shown that this equipment is long-lived, reliable and environmentally friendly, and the system is modular and flexible because it is easily scaled under consumer’s control including the personal power consumption and small business. Moreover, the developed power plant is accessible in purchase, mounting and operation for remote energy consumers as far as the assessed value of equipment is correlating with the cost of power line installation and the operation of equipment does not require large engineering and technological skills.

The application of multi-mission satellite data assimilation for studying water storage changes over South America

Constant monitoring of total water storage (TWS; surface, groundwater, and soil moisture) is essential for water management and policy decisions, especially due to the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic factors. Moreover, for most countries in Africa, Asia, and South America that depend on soil moisture and groundwater for agricultural productivity, monitoring of climate change and anthropogenic impacts on TWS becomes crucial. Hydrological models are widely being used to monitor water storage changes in various regions around the world. Such models, however, comes with uncertainties mainly due to data limitations that warrant enhancement from remotely sensed satellite products. In this study over South America, remotely sensed TWS from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission is used to constrain the World-Wide Water Resources Assessment (W3RA) model estimates in order to improve their reliabilities. To this end, GRACE-derived TWS and soil moisture observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) are assimilated into W3RA using the Ensemble Square-Root Filter (EnSRF) in order to separately analyze groundwater and soil moisture changes for the period 2002–2013. Following the assimilation analysis, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)’s rainfall data over 15 major basins of South America and El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) data are employed to demonstrate the advantages gained by the model from the assimilation of GRACE TWS and satellite soil moisture products in studying climatically induced TWS changes. From the results, it can be seen that assimilating these observations improves the performance of W3RA hydrological model. Significant improvements are also achieved as seen from increased correlations between TWS products and both precipitation and ENSO over a majority of basins. The improved knowledge of sub-surface water storages, especially groundwater and soil moisture variations, can be largely helpful for agricultural productivity over South America.

A linear array of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe for low-energy gamma rays

Large-area arrays of position-sensitive virtual Frisch-grid CdZnTe (CZT) detectors with enhanced energy resolution and high efficiency have been proposed for spectroscopy and imaging of gamma-ray sources. Here, we present the design and test results of a linear array of such detectors optimized for use in handheld instruments. There are several application areas for such detectors including uranium enrichment measurements, storage monitoring, dosimetry and other nuclear safeguards related tasks. The array configuration provides a large area with minimum number of readout channels, which potentially allows the developers to avoid using ASIC-based readout electronics by substituting it with hybrid preamplifiers followed by digitizers. The array prototype consists of 6 5×7×25 mm3 CZT detectors side-oriented with respect to the source to achieve the maximum area. Each detector is furnished with 5 mm-wide charge-sensing pads placed near the anode. As an option, the pads can be grouped together to reduce the number of readout channels. The same can be done with the cathodes. The pads signals are converted into X–Y coordinates and combined with the cathode signals (for the Z coordinates) to give 3D positional information of each interaction point. This information is used to correct the response non-uniformity caused by material inhomogeneity, which allows the developers to use standard grade (unselected) CZT crystals, while retaining high spectroscopic performance.

Logistics Storage Monitoring Based on Photoelectric Sensor and Radio Frequency Identification

Logistics Storage Monitoring Based on Photoelectric Sensor and Radio Frequency Identification

Foodomics and storage monitoring of three meat cuts by 1H NMR

AbstractThe growth of NMR foodomics is described in the context of a study of beef storage. Thirty samples of three meat cuts (chuck, sirloin, and tenderloin) were analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine the influence of storage period and temperature. 1H showed signals belonging to metabolites namely: acetate, adenosine, adenine, ADP, alanine, betaine, creatine, creatinine, carnosine, fumarate, glycerol, glycine, glutamine, isoleucine, lactate, leucine, methionine, and valine. The score plots (PCA) separated the samples of different storage time, reflecting possible meat degradation. Samples of no storage time (time zero) were grouped in the PC1 and PC2 negatives axis. The score plots suggest that the temperature has a huge influence on the degradation extent and possible influences the growth of the microbial populations.

An Algorithm of Wireless Sensor Monitoring System

In order to realize more intelligent storage monitoring system, the information fusion model of wireless sensor network for storage environment monitoring is studied on the basis of analyzing information fusion technology. By analyzing the structure of storage monitoring system based on wireless sensor network, a two-layer information fusion method is established. The information fusion of homogeneous sensor based on adaptive weighting and the fusion method of heterogeneous sensor based on radial basis function neural network are designed and verified. The experimental results show that the design method can fuse the storage environment information and realize the accurate identification of the environmental state. Therefore, the algorithm can effectively improve the speed of network training, and the classification effect is good. To a certain extent, it can help enterprises to establish a safe and efficient storage system, to enhance the efficiency of enterprise warehousing operations.

The CO2 Capture Project Phase 4 - Storage Monitoring &amp;amp; Verification Program (CCP4-SMV) – Continuing Contributions to CO2 Storage Assurance and Economics

The CO2 Capture Project, currently in its fourth phase (CCP4), is a unique collaborative technology development program initiated in 2000 with participants from corporations, academia, governments, research institutions, policy makers and individual contractors who have come together to advance development of new approaches to capture and store CO2 and improve efficiencies of existing technologies. The overall objectives are to deliver major cost reductions for carbon capture and demonstrate that geological storage is safe, measurable, and verifiable. The 3rd phase of CCP, CCP3, was recognised with a CSLF Global Achievement Award, reflecting CCP’s role as an exemplary model of science-based research, development and demonstration. CCP4 (2015-20) continues to support work in capture and storage at multiple levels of development, spanning concept development to demonstration. CCP4-SMV (storage monitoring and verification) has built on its prior phases in developing CO2 storage assurance technology from modelling / simulation and experiments to field-scale tests. Its current focus is on integrated field tests of cost-effective surveillance technology and evaluating effective responses to unanticipated fluid / pressure migration events (“contingencies”).

The ARGO Project: assessing NA-TECH risks on offshore oil platforms

Analysis of natural and anthRopoGenic risks on Offshore platforms (ARGO) is a 3-years project, funded by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development. The project, coordinated by AMRA, a permanent Research Centre for the development of innovative technologies applied to environmental problems, aims at providing technical-support for the analysis of natural and anthropogenic risks on offshore oil-platforms. ARGO has developed methodologies for the probabilistic analysis of industrial accidents triggered by natural events (NA-TECH) on offshore platforms. The final analysis of the ARGO Project suggest a constant monitoring of exploitation activity, fluids re-injection and storage using high technology networks.

Smoothing‐based compressed state Kalman filter for joint state‐parameter estimation: Applications in reservoir characterization and CO2 storage monitoring

AbstractThe operation of most engineered hydrogeological systems relies on simulating physical processes using numerical models with uncertain parameters and initial conditions. Predictions by such uncertain models can be greatly improved by Kalman‐filter techniques that sequentially assimilate monitoring data. Each assimilation constitutes a nonlinear optimization, which is solved by linearizing an objective function about the model prediction and applying a linear correction to this prediction. However, if model parameters and initial conditions are uncertain, the optimization problem becomes strongly nonlinear and a linear correction may yield unphysical results. In this paper, we investigate the utility of one‐step ahead smoothing, a variant of the traditional filtering process, to eliminate nonphysical results and reduce estimation artifacts caused by nonlinearities. We present the smoothing‐based compressed state Kalman filter (sCSKF), an algorithm that combines one step ahead smoothing, in which current observations are used to correct the state and parameters one step back in time, with a nonensemble covariance compression scheme, that reduces the computational cost by efficiently exploring the high‐dimensional state and parameter space. Numerical experiments show that when model parameters are uncertain and the states exhibit hyperbolic behavior with sharp fronts, as in CO2 storage applications, one‐step ahead smoothing reduces overshooting errors and, by design, gives physically consistent state and parameter estimates. We compared sCSKF with commonly used data assimilation methods and showed that for the same computational cost, combining one step ahead smoothing and nonensemble compression is advantageous for real‐time characterization and monitoring of large‐scale hydrogeological systems with sharp moving fronts.

4D Seismic Monitoring of CO2 Storage During Injection and Post-closure at the Ketzin Pilot Site

At the Ketzin pilot site for geological CO2 storage, about 67,000 tons of CO2 were injected during the period June 2008 – August 2013. Since August 2013, the site is in its post-closure phase. Before and during the injection phase, a comprehensive monitoring programme was established. In the early post-injection phase, a majority of the monitoring activities have continued. The stepwise abandonment of the pilot site, which is planned to be accomplished in 2018, marks also the termination of most monitoring activities. Four 3D seismic surveys were acquired between 2005 and 2015 for characterizing the reservoir structure and its overburden and for monitoring the propagation of the injected CO2 in the storage formation. The first and second repeat surveys revealed the lateral extension of the CO2 plume after injecting 22 and 61 ktons, respectively. In autumn 2015, the third 3D repeat seismic survey, serving as the first post-injection survey, was acquired. The survey was acquired using the same acquisition geometry as for previous surveys, consisting of 33 templates with five receiver lines and twelve source profiles perpendicular to the receiver lines. Seismic processing of the recently acquired data has resulted in preliminary observations which can be summarized as follows: As in previous seismic repeat surveys, a clear CO2 signature is observed at the top of the storage formation. No systematic amplitude changes are observed above the reservoir which might indicate leakage. Compared to the second repeat survey acquired in 2012, the lateral extent of the CO2 plume seems to have been reduced, which may be an indication for ongoing (and relatively fast) dissolution of the CO2 in the formation brine and diffusion into very thin layers indicating pressure release.

2.5D Inversion and Joint Interpretation of CSEM Data at Sleipner CO2 Storage

In this paper, we revisit the marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) data, acquired above the Sleipner CO2 storage, in order to further study the dataset and conclude the feasibility of marine CSEM for offshore CCS monitoring. There are some challenges with respect to CSEM in this particular area: 1) strong airwave influence (due to regional shallow water depth); 2) potential of weak resistivity anomaly; 3) seabed pipeline network; and 4) rather shallow target depth. We are yet able to extract useful information; interpret further the CSEM inversion results by combining seismic data; and to extract the in situ resistivity and saturation of CO2 in the Utsira formation by applying a rock physics model. In addition, to minimize the influence of the seabed pipeline on the CSEM data, we have muted some of data and receivers near the seabed pipeline network. The results show a good agreement with seismic data, and the estimated total mass of CO2 agrees well with the injection data. This current study confirms that the marine CSEM can be an important and essential tool for offshore CO2 storage monitoring, yet not alone but when combined with both seismic and gravity. Finally, near-future large-scale CCS projects in the North Sea would require extensive infra-structures such as seabed pipeline, etc. This study demonstrates that CSEM may work even with such infra-structures in place.

Fluid Distribution Effects on P-wave Velocity of CO2/brine Saturated Rocks: A Comparison Study and Implications for CO2 Storage Monitoring Using Seismic Method

The evaluation of fluid saturation using P-wave velocity is affected by the fluid distribution at mesoscale significantly. Here we present the experimental results of two tests for measuring P-wave velocity under ultrasonic frequencies in two different rocks (one sandstone and one tuff, respectively) during CO2 displacing brine. Both tests were performed under a high injection pressure of 10 MPa in order to control CO2 in a supercritical state. The two rock samples display differences in rock heterogeneity. The sandstone sample shows obvious layered structures with high and low porosity layers, whereas the tuff sample shows a near homogeneous structure. During the dynamic fluid displacements tests, we used X-ray CT technique to image rock interior frequently and then calculated average CO2 saturation near the local wave propagation path. The results show very different saturation-velocity relationships for the two tests. The sandstone sample gives a relationship that is close to Gassmann-Hill limit, whereas the tuff sample gives a relationship located near the Gassmann-Wood limit. Meanwhile, X-ray CT images show the distribution of CO2 in the sandstone sample is more heterogeneous and larger fluid patches are developed in it during CO2 drainage. In contrast, the tuff sample shows the development of very small and dispersed CO2 patches and relatively well mixing state of CO2 and brine in the rock. We then use the random patchy saturation model to interpret the results theoretically. The results indicate that the characteristic patch size is in an order of tens of millimeters in the experiment using sandstone sample, whereas it is smaller than 0.1mm in the experiment using tuff sample. Whether the scale of the strong-contrast heterogeneity created by patchy CO2 saturation is significant to wave velocity is determined by the ratio of patch size and fluid diffusion length (A/L ratio), which is a function of wave frequency and hydraulic diffusion coefficient of the rock. If the scale of the heterogeneity is larger than the fluid diffusion length at a wave frequency, the strain field created by wave propagation cannot be relaxed during a half period and the media shows the stiffening effect–a higher velocity at macroscale. These suggest that one should pay attenuation to the effect of fluid distribution and degree of phase mixing when evaluating fluid saturation from P-wave velocity using seismic methods, if the reservoir develops significant large-scale heterogeneity. Furthermore, the velocity becomes insensitive to saturation changes when CO2 saturation becomes higher than approximately 0.2, if its changes follow the Gassmann-Wood relationship (with small A/L ratio at lower frequencies). In contrast, the velocity remains changing with CO2 saturation at higher CO2 saturation if the changes follow the Gassmann-Hill relationship (with large A/L ratio at higher frequencies). The changes suggest the selection of wave frequency is critical to validly monitor the saturation changes at higher CO2 saturations.

Review of Offshore CO2 Storage Monitoring: Operational and Research Experiences of Meeting Regulatory and Technical Requirements

Legislation for offshore storage has been developing over the last decade or so and is currently most developed in Europe. Although the large-scale operating sites in Europe were started prior to the regulations coming into force, any planned sites will need to meet these regulatory requirements. Our review of monitoring experiences from both the operating sites and research at experimental injection sites and in areas of natural CO2 seepage suggest that broadly, the technical and regulatory challenges of offshore monitoring can be met. A full report reviewing offshore monitoring including tool capabilities, practicalities and costs is available from IEAGHG (released Q1 2016).