Storage Lengths Research Articles

The Effect of Seaweed Addition and Different Storage Time on Total Lactic Acid, Viscosity, and Syneresis of Goat Milk Yogurt with Spirulina platensis

Abstract Yogurt was a product from pasteurized milk that fermented. The aims of this research was to examine the impact of seaweed addition during different storage lengths of time. on total lactic acid, viscosity, and syneresis tests of goat’s milk yogurt with Spirulina platensis. The completely randomised (CRD) factorial pattern (3 × 3), with three replications for each, was used in the research design. The addition of seaweed (0%, 5%, and 10%) was the first factor. The second factor was storage time (0, 8, 16 days). Analyse the data used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if a significant treatment effect was discovered used the Duncan test. The analysis showed no interaction (P>0.05) between adding seaweed and different storage times on total acids, viscosity, and syneresis. The addition of seaweed concentration significantly affect on viscosity, syneresis (P<0.05) but not significantly affect on total lactic acid (P>0.05). Storage time significantly affect total lactic acid, viscosity, and syneresis (P<0.05). Adding Spirulina platensis with a concentration of 5% seaweed and a storage time of 0 days showed the best results based on its quality, although up to the 16 day it still shows the feasibility of consumption.

Evaluation Dangke Cheese Processing by Edible Film Coating Made from Whey Combined with Konjac Flour

Dangke cheese (DC) is a traditional cheese from Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The functional dangke cheese (FDC) was developed from DC with product diversification to obtain new cheese variants. FDC is hard cheese (HC) through fermentation, ripening, and coating processes. Therefore, the EF becomes an alternative for coating HC because it can maintain product mass, shelf life, and flavor. This study is aimed at determining edible film (EF) characteristics and analyzing EF’s prospects in coating HC. The research method was conducted in two stages. The first stage was to make a whey base EF solution with 1%, 1.5%, and 2% KF. The EF was analyzed using a randomized complete block design. The analysis result of whey-based EF combined with KF was then conducted in the second stage of the research by applying HC produced in the laboratory and then stored for 0, 10, 20, and 30 days, respectively. Physical tests such as pH and organoleptic were carried out using factorial pattern group randomized design analysis. The results of the first stage of the study showed that EF from whey combined with KF had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on EF parameters (gelation time, thickness, extensibility, tensile strength, and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR)). The results of the second stage of the study showed that EF applied to HC using different storage lengths had a significant effect (P<0.01) on color and liking but no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH and texture parameters. Meanwhile, HC without EF coating has a significant impact (P<0.01) on texture and color parameters but no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH, aroma, and liking. 1.5% KF in an EF formulation is the best. HC coated with EF was more durable (20 days) than HC without EF (10 days).

Effects of a genetically modified corn hybrid with α-amylase and storage length on fermentation profile and starch disappearance of whole-plant corn silage and earlage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of a genetically modified corn hybrid with α-amylase expressed in the kernel (AMY) on fermentation profile, aerobic stability, nutrient composition, and starch disappearance of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and earlage. Both hybrids, AMY and an isogenic corn hybrid (ISO), were grown in 10 replicated plots (5 for WPCS and 5 for earlage). Samples of each plot were collected at harvest, homogenized, and divided into 5 subsamples which were randomly assigned to 5 storage lengths (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 d). Both datasets (WPCS and earlage), were analyzed separately as a completely randomized block design in a factorial arrangement of treatments, with a model including the fixed effects of hybrid, storage length, and their interaction, and the random effect of block. Minor differences on fermentation profile were observed between AMY and ISO for WPCS and earlage. An interaction between hybrid and storage length was observed for DM losses in WPCS, where losses were similar at 30, 60 and 90 d, but lower for AMY compared with ISO at 120 d. No effect of hybrid was observed on yeast and mold counts for WPCS or earlage. The aerobic stability of WPCS was greater for AMY than ISO. For earlage, AMY had greater DM losses and aerobic stability than ISO. An interaction between hybrid and storage length was observed for ammonia-N in both WPCS and earlage, where ammonia-N was similar at 0 d but greater for AMY than ISO throughout later storage lengths. A similar interaction was observed for water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) concentrations in WPCS, where ISO had greater WSC than AMY at 0 d but was similar throughout later storage lengths. However, AMY earlage had a greater WSC concentration throughout storage length, but a lesser magnitude after ensiling. Starch concentration was greater for AMY than ISO in WPCS and earlage. Greater starch disappearances at 0 h and 6 h were observed for ISO in WPCS and earlage. Minor effects on fermentation profile, microbial counts, aerobic stability and nutrient composition suggests that AMY can be ensiled for prolonged periods with no concerns for undesirable fermentation or nutrient losses. However, in situ starch disappearance was lower for AMY compared with ISO.

Effects of particle size and storage length on the fermentation pattern and ruminal disappearance of rehydrated corn grain silage hammer mill processed

The aim of this study is to determine whether the particle size interacts with the storage length to affect the fermentation pattern and the ruminal disappearance of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS). It was also assessed whether particle size affects the minimum storage time in relation to the disappearance of ruminal dry matter (DMD). The treatments consisted of six mean particle sizes of RCGS ground in a hammer mill, resulting from different grinding degrees (0.97 mm, 1.11 mm, 1.35 mm, 1.51 mm, 1.69 mm, and 1.75 mm), which were stored for 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 days. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the MIXED procedure. When effects of interaction between factors were identified, data were analyzed as polynomial contrasts. Ruminal in situ DM disappearance was modeled across different storage lengths using a non-linear regression model. Prolamin was higher in 1.69 mm and 1.51 mm silages at 15 and 30 days of storage (P < 0.05). Also was observed a decrease in prolamin at 240 days of storage (P < 0.01). The pH of silages was lower after 60 days of storage (P < 0.01), a reduction which is linked to the smaller particle size in 1.11 mm and 1.75 mm silages (P < 0.01). No interaction effects were identified between storage length and DM loss. A greater loss occurred in 1.69 and 1.75 mm silages at 15, 30, and 240 days. At 15 and 60 days, a quadratic behavior was observed, varying according to the increase in particle size. Acetic acid, ethyl lactate, and 1,2 propanediol concentrations increased with storage length (P < 0.01). Lactic acid concentration was affected at 240 days, exhibiting a quadratic behavior according to particle size. The growth pattern of LAB exhibited a quadratic behavior as the mean RCGS particle size increased. The aerobic stability of silages increased after 60 days of storage (P < 0.01), and an interaction effect was found in relation to particle size. According to the Broken-line linear-linear model, maximum disappearance increments were observed at 36, 38, 39, 50, 54, and 46 days of storage for silages with particles measuring 0.97 mm, 1.11 mm, 1.35 mm, 1.51 mm, 1.69 mm, and 1.75 mm, respectively. All silages exhibited an adequate fermentation, and the minimum storage length depended on the particle size of RCGS ground in a hammer mill.

Effects of endosperm type and storage length of whole-plant corn silage on nitrogen fraction, fermentation products, zein profile, and starch digestibility

Zeins are commercially important proteins found in corn endosperms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of altering zein levels in corn inbred lines carrying endosperm mutations with differential allelic dosage and analyze the effects on the composition, nutritive value, and starch digestibility of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) at 5 storage lengths. Three inbred lines carrying 3 different endosperm modifiers (opaque-2 [o2], floury-2 [fl2], and soft endosperm-1 [h1]) were pollinated with 2 pollen sources to form pairs of near-isogenic lines with either 2 or 3 doses of the mutant allele for each endosperm modifier. The experiment was designed as a split-plot design with 3 replications. Pollinated genotype was the main plot factor, and storage length was the subplot-level factor. Agronomic precautions were taken to mimic hybrid WPCS to the extent possible. Samples were collected at approximately 30% dry matter (DM) using a forage harvester and ensiled in heat-sealed plastic bags for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d. Thus, the experiment consisted of 30 treatments (6 genotypes × 5 storage lengths) and 90 ensiling units (3 replications per treatment). Measurements included nutrient analysis, including crude protein, soluble crude protein, amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, starch, fermentation end products, zein concentration, and in vitro starch digestibility (ivSD). The nutritional profile of the inbred-based silage samples was similar to hybrid values reported in literature. Significant differences were found in fresh (unfermented) sample kernels for endosperm vitreousness and zein profiles between and within isogenic pairs. The o2 homozygous (3 doses of mutant allele) had the highest reduction in vitreousness level (74.5 to 38%) and zein concentration (6.2 to 4.7% of DM) compared with the heterozygous counterpart (2 doses of mutant allele). All genotypes showed significant reduction of total zeins and α-zeins during progressive storage length. In vitro starch digestibility increased with storage length and had significant effects of genotype and storage length but not for genotype by storage length interaction, which suggests that the storage period did not attenuate the difference in ivSD between near-isogenic pairs caused by zeins in WPCS. Both total zeins and α-zeins showed a strong negative correlation with ivSD, which agrees with the general hypothesis that the degradation of zeins increases ruminal starch degradability. Homozygous o2 was the only mutant with significantly higher ivSD compared with the heterozygous version, which suggests that, if all other conditions remain constant in a WPCS systems, substantial reductions in endosperm α-zeins are required to significantly improve ivSD in the silo.

WINTER GARLIC BULB WEIGHT LOSS DURING STORAGE DEPENDS ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Purpose. To justify elements of the post-harvest winter garlic processing technology that will increase storability and shelf life of garlic. The working hypothesis was based on the assumption that it is possible to use a modified paraffin-containing coating, which will increase the stability of garlic bulbs during storage. Methods. General scientific: 1. hypothesis method - drawing up experimental designs; 2. experimental method – designs of laboratory experiments; 3. methods of analysis and synthesis - drawing conclusions and summarizing, computational and analytical. Results. Covering bulbs with a mixture of 90% shellac (food additive, E904) + 10% aloe vera gel ensured a storage length of 145 days with the daily weight loss of 0.036%. 20% sunflower wax increased the storage length up to 142 days with the daily weight loss of 0.036%, while with paraffin coating the storage period was 100 days and the daily weight loss was 0.10%. It was established that the control specimens of garlic stored at reduced relative air humidity (RAH) (60– 70%) significantly lost their weight. The increase in RAH during storage reduced the weight loss of garlic bulbs to 8.2%, i.e. 2.5-fold. Covering garlic bulbs with a protective film reduced the weight loss by 4.6–5 times at RAH of 60–70%. Increasing RAH to 75–85% and 90–95% reduced it by 4.7–5.3 and 2.9–3.1 times, respectively. With similar daily weight loss in the experiments with 75% paraffin + 5% glycerin + 20% sunflower wax, with 90% shellac + 10% aloe vera gel, with 85% paraffin + 5% glycerin + 10% sunflower wax, with 65% paraffin + 5% glycerin + 30% sunflower wax (the daily weight loss was 0.036%, 0.036%, 0.044%, and 0.044%, respectively), the storage lengths were not equal. Bulb coatings extended the storage period by 25-45 days depending on coating composition. The longest storage (142–145 days) was achieved with 75% paraffin + 5% glycerin + 20% sunflower wax and with 90% shellac + 10% aloe vera gel (the daily weight loss was 0.036%). Conclusions. The effects of the protective coatings on the bulb weight amounted to 76.0%, while the RAH contribution was 12.0%, and the interaction of the studied factors accounted for 12.0%.

External and Internal Qualities of Chicken Eggs Early Production at Various Storage Times at Room Temperature

Eggs are one of the consumed foods that contain many essential amino acid nutrients such as lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. Egg quality can be seen from the storability of eggs after they are produced. This study aims to evaluate the effect of various storage lengths on the external and internal quality of chicken egg consumption of the Isa Brown strain at the beginning of production at room temperature. The research method is a Laboratories experiment using a Complete Randomized Design. The study treatment consisted of egg storage duration for 0 days (P0), 7 days (P1), 14 days (P2), and 21 days (P3) with 4 repeats and each test unit of 4 eggs. The research variables include external qualities: egg weight, egg index, shell weight, and eggshell thickness, then internal qualities: egg white index, yolk index, yolk color, and egg pH. The data obtained in this study were analyzed with ANOVA, if there are differences between treatments, then proceed with the the Least Significant Differenttest. The results showed that the duration of deviation had a very noticeable influence (P&lt;0.01) on the external quality of the egg including:egg weight, weightand thickness of the eggshell, and no influence (P&gt;0.01) on the egg index. The length of storage also has a very noticeable influence on the internal quality of eggs (P&lt;0.01). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the initial chicken eggs of production at a storage duration of up to 21 days at room temperature experience a decrease in external and internal qualities but still meet the Standards National Indonesia 3926:2008

Stability of Strawberry Fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) Nutritional Quality at Different Storage Conditions

Strawberry fruit is a very rich source of vitamins and phenolic compounds, which determine its nutritional properties. Strawberries are a highly perishable non-climacteric fruit, and their perishable nature can lead to physical and chemical damage during storage. Therefore, the large market of fresh fruit relies on the capacity of fast distribution and marketing under a continuous cold-storage chain. In this study, we applied different cold-storage temperatures (domestic −20 °C and industrial −80 °C) on different treatments (whole fruits and dried fruits) of three strawberry cultivars (Arianna, Francesca, and Silvia), for up to seven months, and evaluated the influence of different storage conditions and lengths on the stability of the fruits’ nutritional compounds (vitamin C, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and folate). The results show that the nutritional quality of the fruits was significantly affected by storage temperature (with −80 °C storage preserving more nutritional compounds), while storage time did not greatly affect the composition of the nutritional compounds in the whole or dried fruits. Oven drying the fruits dramatically affected their vitamin C content, almost completely degrading this compound (from 731.8 to 23.2 mg/kg at time 0 for fresh Arianna fruit, the cultivar with the highest amount). The amount of folate was increased during storage (from 126.17 at time 0 to 190.61 µg/kg at time 7 for fresh whole Arianna fruit). The interesting results obtained in this study are worth considering in future studies, to better plan fruit-storage conditions and time, for maintaining better fruit nutritional quality.

Effect of microbial inoculation and storage length on the fermentation profile and nutritive value of high-moisture corn ensiled at 2 different dry matter concentrations.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of microbial inoculation and storage length on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of high-moisture corn (HMC) ensiled at 2 different dry matter (DM) concentrations. High-moisture corn was harvested when kernel DM concentrations were approaching 65% as-fed, and either left undried (HMC65; 67.6% DM) or dried at 40 °C to approximately 70% DM (HMC70; 71.0% DM), and then ensiled in quadruplicate vacuum pouches untreated (CON) or after one of the following inoculant treatments: 6.36 × 105 cfu of Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 12856, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 12836, and Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 16243 per g of HMC (LBLP); or 3.0 × 105 cfu of Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 12856, Lentilactobacillus diolivorans DSM 32074, and P. acidilactici DSM 16243 per g of HMC (LBLD). Vacuum pouches were allowed to ferment for 7, 14, 28, or 56 d. A three-way interaction was observed (P = 0.01) for the pH of HMC, where CON for HMC70 was greatest across storage lengths and HMC65 treatments generally had a lower pH than other treatments. Concentrations of total acids were greater (P = 0.001) in HMC65 than HMC70 and greater (P = 0.001) in HMC treated with LBLP and LBLD than CON. An interaction between DM concentration, microbial inoculation, and storage length was observed (P = 0.05) for concentrations of acetic acid. At 14 d, acetic acid concentrations were greater in HMC65 treated with LBLD than other treatments. Likewise, at 56 d, concentrations of acetic acid were greatest in HMC65 treated with LBLD, followed by HMC70 treated with LBLD. An interaction between DM concentration, microbial inoculation, and storage length was observed (P = 0.05) for 7-h starch disappearance (starchD). Across all DM concentration and inoculant treatment combinations, starchD increased with increasing storage length. StarchD was also generally greater for HMC65 treatments compared to HMC70, with small differences among inoculants. Results suggest that microbial inoculation can improve fermentation of HMC by increasing the production of antifungal acetic acid, but that DM concentration at ensiling remains a primary determinant of HMC fermentability.

Effect of cutting height, microbial inoculation, and storage length on fermentation profile and nutrient composition of whole-plant corn silage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cutting height, heterofermentative microbial inoculants, and storage length on the fermentation profile and nutrient composition of whole-plant corn silage. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a 2 (cutting height) × 3 (microbial inoculation) × 5 (storage length) factorial arrangement of treatments. Corn forage was harvested at two cutting heights: either 25 cm (REG) or 65 cm (HI). Then, forage was inoculated with one of three microbial inoculants: (1) 300,000 CFU/g of fresh forage of Pediococcus acidilactici DSM 16243, Lentilactobacillus buchneri DSM 12856, and L. diolivorans DSM 32074 (LBLD; Bonsilage Speed inoculant, Provita Supplements Inc., Mendota Heights, MN), (2) 500,000 CFU/g of fresh forage of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DSM 12837 and L. buchneri DSM 16774 (LPLB; Bonsilage Corn + WS inoculant, Provita Supplements Inc., Mendota Heights, MN), or (3) distilled water (CON). Last, forage was randomly assigned to ferment for 5, 7, 14, 28, or 56 d of storage in vacuum-sealed bags. Silage pH was affected by a three-way interaction (P = 0.01), where CON treatments decreased continually over time while LPLB and LBLD began to increase at later storage lengths. Acetic acid concentration was greater (P = 0.001) in LPLB and LBLD than CON silage after 56 d of storage. Silage treated with LBLD did not have detectable levels of propionic acid (P > 0.05), although 1-propanol concentration was greater (P = 0.001) in LBLD treatments after 56 d of storage. The concentrations of total acids and acetic acid were greater (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively) for REG silage compared to HI. Additionally, HI silage had greater (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) concentrations of dry matter (DM) and starch, while neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) and lignin concentrations were lower (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively) in HI silage compared to REG silage. Last, HI silage had a greater (P = 0.001) NDF digestibility than REG silage. The results of this study demonstrate that increasing cutting height can improve nutrient composition of whole-plant corn silage. Additionally, results demonstrate that heterofermentative microbial inoculants can be used to shift silage fermentation to the production of lactic and acetic acids.

Effects of microbial inoculation on dry matter losses, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of wet brewers grain stored with increasing concentrations of dry ground corn

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of microbial inoculation and storage length on the fermentation profile, dry matter losses and aerobic stability of wet brewers grains (WBG) ensiled with increasing amounts of dry ground corn (DGC). Pure WBG (210 g/kg of dry matter [DM]) and 3 mixtures of WBG and DGC were prepared targeting for a dry matter content of 350 g/kg (RC35), 500 g/kg (RC50) or 650 g/kg (RC65). Distilled water (CON) or one of two microbial inoculants were applied, a combination with Pediococcus pentosaceus at 1 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage and Propionibacterium freudenreichii at 2 × 104 cfu/g of fresh forage (PPPF), or a heterofermentative with Lactobacillus buchneri at 7.5 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage and Pediococcus pentosaceus at 1 × 105 cfu/g of fresh forage (LBPP). Mixtures were ensiled in laboratory silos in quadruplicate and opened at two storage lengths (SL), 30 or 60 days (30 d and 60 d, respectively). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with a 4 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using Proc Glimmix of SAS. Butyric acid concentration decreased (P < 0.04) with addition DGC regardless of microbial inoculation. Mixtures with greater amounts of DGC (RC50 and RC60) reduced (P < 0.01) DM losses and pH, regardless of inoculation or storage length. Lactic acid concentration was greater (P ≤ 0.05) with intermediate addition of corn (RC35 and RC50). Acetic acid concentration did not differ among inoculation treatments when corn was added to the mixtures; however, LBPP increased 1,2-propanediol in RC50 and RC60. Moreover, LBPP increased aerobic stability only for the RC65 mixture. In conclusion, the addition of DGC to WBG improves fermentation and decreases DM losses, while inoculation with LBPP can improve aerobic stability in RC65. Our data suggests that adding DGC to WBG is a feasible strategy to store WBG for up to 60 days and inoculation with PPPF and LBPP can improve further the conditions of the WBG and DGC mixtures silage.

Chemical composition of forage watermelon fruit at different maturity stage or storage length

This study aimed to assess the chemical responses of forage watermelon fruit at different maturity stages or storage lengths, performing two experimental tests. In the first test, four maturity stages were assessed: 30, 45, 60, and 75 days after anthesis, with four replicates. In the second test, fruits were maintained under three storage lengths: T1D (harvest day), T3M (3 months after harvest), and T6M (6 months after harvest), with eight replicates. Experimental design was completely randomized in both experimental tests. Fruit maturity stage did not affect crude protein, total carbohydrate, neutral detergent fiber, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), pulp firmness, soluble solids content and total pectin content, but increased acid detergent fiber content from 45 days after anthesis. Storage length up to six months after harvest increased ash, crude protein and IVDMD, and reduced the content of soluble solids. Forage watermelon fruit can be harvested from 30 to 75 days after anthesis equivalent to 75 - 120 days after planting, and they can be stored under tree shade up to 6 months after harvest.

Impact of Turning Lane Storage Length and Turning Proportions on Throughput at Oversaturated Signalized Intersections

During oversaturated conditions, common objectives of signal timing are to maximize vehicle throughput and manage queues. A common response to increases in vehicle volumes is to increase the cycle length. Because the clearance intervals are displayed less frequently with longer cycle lengths and fewer cycles, more of the total time is used for green indications, which implies that the signal timing is more efficient. However, previous studies have shown that throughput reaches a peak at a moderate cycle length and extending the cycle length beyond this actually decreases the total throughput. Part of the reason for this is that spillback caused by the turning traffic may cause starvation of the through lanes resulting in a reduction of the saturation flow rate within each lane. Gaps created by the turning traffic after a lane change may also reduce the saturation flow rate. There is a relationship between the proportions of turning traffic, the storage length of turning lanes, and the total throughput that can be achieved on an approach for a given cycle length and green time. This study seeks to explore this relationship to yield better signal timing strategies for oversaturated operations. A microsimulation model of an oversaturated left-turn movement with varying storage lengths and turning proportions is used to determine these relationships and establish a mathematical model of throughput as a function of the duration of green, storage length, and turning proportion. The model outcomes are compared against real-world data.

Effects of coated hatching eggs obtained from old broiler breeders with chitosan on embryonic growth, hatching results and chick quality.

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of coating broiler hatching eggs with chitosan on egg quality, embryonic growth, hatching results and chick quality. Eggs obtained from old broiler breeder, aged 59weeks, were used. Eggs were divided into two groups (coated with chitosan and uncoated) groups. Each group was divided into three groups according to the storage period. Eggs were stored for periods of 1, 4 and 7days at 15°C and 80% humidity. Then, they were incubated. Storage period of eggs up to 7days did not affect the egg quality, egg weight loss, embryo growth, chick properties and hatchability of fertile eggs. However, embryo development, relative residual yolk sac weight and relative chick weight were affected by coating eggs with chitosan. Interaction was not found between storage lengths and coating of eggs with chitosan for all examined parameters. The results of the present study suggested that hatching eggs obtained from old broiler breeder flocks were immersed into chitosan solution once and quickly have negative effect on the embryo weight, yolk sac absorption and relative chick weight. It has been observed that covering the hatching eggs with chitosan is not suitable in this respect even if immersion takes place once and in a short time.

Comparative studies on the yield of some herbaceous legumes and effects of storage on the quality of their pellets

Dry matter yield of herbaceous legumes and effects of storage length of their pellets on the chemical composition were investigated. A two phased field and laboratory experiment were conducted. In the first experiment, the yield of the forage legumes using a 5 x 2 factorial experiment consisting of five herbaceous legumes (Lablab purpureus, Mucuna pruriens, Centrosema molle, Centrosema pascorum and Calopogonium mucunoides) and two harvesting ages (6 and 12 weeks after sowing) laid out in a split-plot design was determined. The second experiment was the selection of herbaceous legumes with higher yields from Experiment 1 using a 3 x 4 factorial experiment consisting of the three herbaceous legumes (L. purpureus, C. mucunoides and M. pruriens) used to make pellets and four storage lengths (0 i.e. fresh, 30, 60 and 90 days). Treatments in both experiments were replicated three times. Results showed that legumes harvested 12 weeks after sowing (WAS) had significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher dry matter yield (2.73 t ha-1) than legumes at 6 WAS, while Lablab purpureus1 produced the highest (P &lt; 0.05) dry matter yield (2.94 t ha ) of the legumes evaluated.. The physical characteristics of the herbaceous legumes pellets such as colour, odour and moldiness at different storage length showed that they were between fair and good pellets. The L. purpureus and M. pruriens had higher (P &lt; 0.05) CP content than C. mucunoides. Differences in the CP content of pellets with the storage lengths employed was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). Higher oxalate, phytate and saponin contents were found in mucunoides pellets than in other legumes pellets while the tannin content was in the order of M. pruriens (43.63 mg kg-1) &gt; L. purpureus (26.00 mg kg-1) &gt; C. mucunoides (20.31 mg kg-1). In conclusion, increasing age at harvest increased the yield of the legumes, while increasing storage duration decreased the CP content but increased the NDF, ADF and saponin content of the pellets.

Improving Traffic Operations at Service Interchanges using the New Offset Diamond Design

This paper proposes the new offset diamond interchange (ODI) as an alternative design which shows potential in mitigating the limitations of failing service interchanges in relation to traffic operation. Vehicle travel time was considered as the primary measure of effectiveness (MOE) for the traffic operation analysis, while the maximum queue lengths were also analyzed. A comprehensive series of VISSIM simulation scenarios was conducted to evaluate the new ODI design in different situations of traffic demand, turning-traffic ratios, traffic distribution, and traffic composition. The results were compared with five existing and four other new interchange designs. The new ODI performed statistically significantly better than all existing designs, including the conventional diamond, parclo A, and the diverging diamond interchange (DDI). The ODI design was found vulnerable in relation to the maximum queue produced in high turning conditions with the unbalanced traffic distribution; however, the threat could be diminished by increasing the storage lengths about 80 ft. Right-of-way (ROW) costs may make the ODI a poor alternative in replacing a standard diamond, but since the ODI fits the footprint of a parclo A it could work well in replacing those interchanges.

Effectiveness of arrangement of the long cargo transportation on the fi tting platforms with different length of freight storage

Fitting platforms of variable freight storage lengths are used for transportation of rails and other cargo up to 25 m long. The use of innovative fixation for transportation on the fitting platforms contributes to enlargement of the range of cargo transported on such rolling stock and establishes conditions for safe transportation of such cargo.To evaluate the effectiveness of the arrangement of long cargo transportation on the fitting platform, this study examines two 25 m long rail transportation options. The transportation option involving two coupled 14.62 m platforms, when the cargo is fixed on the coupled platforms with the standard method is the basic option. The new option involves transportation of the 25 m long rails using 80-feet fitting platforms 25.62 m long at the coupling axes and multiway fi xation sets. A calendar year is assumed as the estimate period. The transported volume is assumed equal for each option, under considering the operating conditions of the calculation unit — one coupling of universal platform (or one 80-feet fitting platform), reducing the financial results to a ton of transported cargo. The value of the annual economic effect for the freight owner (Eyearown) is determined as the change of the freight owner’s expenses due to usage of the new option relative to the basic transportation option.The economic assessment of the transportation is performed considering the interests of each member of the transportation process and tested based on specific data. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of implementation of the technical and technological solution under consideration.

The effect of length of storage and sodium benzoate on the nutritive value of reconstituted sorghum grain silages for dairy cows

Twenty Holstein cows at 168 ± 87 d in milk (mean ± SD) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effects of 2 storage lengths (30 or 90 d) and the presence of sodium benzoate (control or 0.2% as fed) on the nutritive value of reconstituted sorghum grain silages (RSGS). For each treatment, dry ground sorghum grain was rehydrated to 35% moisture and ensiled in 200-L plastic drums. The treatments were RSGS stored for 30 d without sodium benzoate (30 CON), RSGS stored for 30 d with sodium benzoate (30 BEN), RSGS stored for 90 d without sodium benzoate (90 CON) and RSGS stored for 90 d with sodium benzoate (90 BEN). Diets contained 16.3% RSGS. Silages stored for 90 d had higher concentrations of 1,2-propanediol, soluble protein, and ammonia nitrogen than did those stored for 30 d. Sodium benzoate reduced ethanol and ethyl-ester formation. Silages stored for 90 d had higher starch (89.3 vs. 86.9%) and protein (57.1 vs. 54.0%) digestibility compared with silages stored for 30 d. The ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to be lower in RSGS stored for 90 d than in RSGS stored for 30 d (3.75 vs. 3.34). Milk yield increased from 30.0 kg/d in cows fed RSGS stored for 30 d to 31.2 kg/d in cows fed RSGS stored for 90 d, without a change in dry matter intake (23.5 kg/d on average). Hence, feed efficiency and milk N efficiency also had tendencies to increase in cows fed RSGS stored for 90 d. Sodium benzoate did not alter cow performance but slightly increased plasma glucose (65.2 vs. 63.6 mg/dL). In conclusion, increasing the storage period of RSGS from 30 to 90 d improved starch and protein digestibility, milk yield, and feed efficiency.

Review of low titre group O whole blood use for massively bleeding patients around the world in 2019

BackgroundThe use of low titre group O whole blood (LTOWB) is increasing at civilian transfusion services in the United States and around the world as it has several advantages over conventional components for the resuscitation of traumatically injured and massively bleeding patients. This report documents the implementation of these LTOWB programmes.MethodsThe AABB/THOR (Trauma, Hemostasis, and Oxygenation Research network) working party developed an electronic survey that was sent to the medical directors of transfusion services where an LTOWB programme had been implemented. Various aspects of the transfusion service's practice were explored.ResultsThere were 27 respondents from four different countries. The majority of the respondents (24/27, 89%) were from the United States, while the others were from Israel, Norway and the United Kingdom. At the 20 sites with a limit on the number of LTOWB units for transfusion in massive bleeding, the average (SD) was 4 (1). Most respondents, 20/27 (74%), use LTOWB for trauma patients only, and the majority, 16/27 (59%), use leucoreduced LTOWB. The most common titre threshold was &lt;200 (15/27, 56%) although the range was generally between &lt;50 and &lt;256. The most common storage lengths for the LTOWB were 14 days (11/27, 41%) and 21 days (12/27, 44%). Most centres, 15/27 (56%), discarded unused LTOWB units after the storage length had been exceeded although some centres, 9/27 (33%), were able to produce an RBC unit for transfusion.ConclusionLow titre group O whole blood programmes have different characteristics in the transfusion services where they have been developed predominantly to support trauma programmes.

Dry matter loss, fermentation profile, and aerobic stability of wet brewers grains ensiled with various amounts of dry ground corn

ABSTRACT Storage of wet brewers grain (WBG) for longer periods is challenging, and alternative techniques are required. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fermentation profile, dry matter loss, and aerobic stability of WBG ensiled alone or with various concentrations of dry ground corn (DGC). Samples of DGC and WBG were weighed separately and mixed forming 3 treatments: WBG alone (23% DM), a mixture of 25% DGC and 75% WBG (as-fed basis) to achieve a DM concentration of 35%, and a mixture of 46% DGC and 54% WBG (as-fed basis) to achieve 50% of DM. Samples were allowed to ferment for 0, 14, or 28 d in triplicate laboratory silos (3.78 L per bucket). Concentration (DM basis) of CP decreased (P = 0.001) with both the inclusion and the level of inclusion of DGC in the mixture. Concentration (DM basis) of water-soluble carbohydrates decreased (P = 0.001) with the inclusion of DGC in the mixture. A treatment × storage length interaction was observed (P = 0.001) for pH, but the change in patterns differed among treatments. Both, the inclusion (P = 0.01) and greater amounts of inclusion of DGC to the mixture (P = 0.001) decreased lactic acid concentration. Mixing WBG with DGC increased (P = 0.02) acetic acid concentration. Aerobic stability tended (P = 0.08) to be 12 h longer for both mixtures of WBG and DGC. Under the conditions of the present study, averaged across storage lengths, mixing WBG with DGC did not significantly speed acidification, decrease the final pH, or prolong aerobic stability of WBG.