Storage Capacity Research Articles

Incorporating Cattle Manure Improves Hydraulic Properties and Enhances Infiltration Rates of Low‐Infiltrability Saline‐Sodic Soils

ABSTRACTDrylands present a significant challenge to global agricultural production, especially in dryland saline‐sodic soils, which are marked by poor structure and low infiltrability. Enhancing the infiltration capacity of these soils is crucial for enhancing soil health and optimizing land‐use efficiency. However, few studies have been conducted to improve soil physical structure and enhance water infiltration and storage capacity in saline‐sodic soils through agricultural waste. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cattle manure amendments in improving water infiltration and related soil properties in dryland saline‐sodic soils. Our results show that mixing cattle manure into the topsoil soil significantly enhances infiltration rates, with the initial and the stable infiltration rates increasing on average by 64.5% and 52.1%, respectively, over the three‐year study period. These improvements are associated with a reduction in bulk density and soil compressive strength by 6.9% and 101.9%, respectively, as well as increases in total porosity, non‐capillary porosity, and soil organic matter by 6.6%, 24.7%, and 8.7%, respectively. In contrast, cattle manure mulching in the topsoil has no significant impact on infiltration and soil properties. Structural equation models reveal that soil water content, non‐capillary porosity, and total porosity are the primary properties influencing the stable infiltration rates, whereas total porosity, soil compressive strength, and non‐capillary porosity are key factors affecting the initial infiltration rate. Our findings demonstrated that incorporating cattle manure into the soil can effectively enhance the soil porosity properties, infiltrability, and organic matter content of saline‐sodic soils. These findings highlight the potential of cattle manure to improve soil physical properties and enhance water infiltration in low‐infiltrability saline‐sodic soils, offering a theoretical basis for addressing this issue in semiarid regions.

Experimental Study on Seasonal Ground-Coupled Heat Storage and Harvesting in Cold Regions

In recent years, global efforts toward sustainable energy have intensified, aiming to reduce carbon emissions and boost energy efficiency. Heating in winter and hot water for hygiene are essential, especially in cold climates where heating demands significantly impact household energy consumption. This study examines a city in western Inner Mongolia, characterized by a severe cold climate and unique geology. A test system with dual U-shaped buried pipes for ground source heat storage and extraction was constructed, utilizing two layout schemes. Drilling tests measured formation parameters, highlighting how pipe layout and soil characteristics influence heat storage. Short-term 5-day cycles and cross-seasonal 60-day cycles were tested. Results showed upper soil suited for frequent short-term storage, while lower soil favored long-term energy retention. Increasing buried pipes raised soil temperature and storage capacity, enhancing thermal stability in short-term cycles. However, while the long-term storage capacity improved, heat loss also rose. Effective ground source heat pump design in cold regions should consider environmental temperatures, pipe optimization, soil characteristics, and heat storage duration to achieve stable, efficient operation.

A Conductive Cu‐Based Metal‐Organic Framework Ribbon with High‐Density Redox‐Active Centers as Cathode for Stable High‐Capacity Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Conductive Cu‐based metal‐organic framework (Cu‐MOF) materials hold significant potential as cathodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their flexible structural design, high electronic conductivity, and independence from costly resources. However, their practical application is often limited by their capacity and cyclability. In this study, we report a one‐dimensional Cu‐MOF (DDA‐Cu, DDA=1, 5‐Diamino‐4, 8‐dihydroxy‐9, 10‐anthraceneedione) featuring extended π‐d conjugated coordination ribbon and high‐density redox‐active centers, making it a stable, high‐capacity cathode for LIBs. The π‐d conjugated Cu‐O₃N motifs embedded within the ribbon not only serve as redox‐active centers for enhanced lithium‐ion storage capacity but also contribute to structural robustness, enabling resistance against electrode solubility in organic electrolytes, thus ensuring superior cyclability. Furthermore, these π‐d conjugated Cu‐O₃N units promote efficient charge transfer, leading to high electronic conductivity at room temperature. These advantageous properties allow the Cu‐MOF cathode to deliver a remarkable capacity (353 mAh g‐1 at 0.05 A g‐1) and exceptional cyclability, achieving capacity retention of 78% after 1000 cycles, surpassing state‐of‐the‐art MOF electrodes. Additionally, this DDA‐Cu demonstrates considerable wettability with the electrolyte, achieving outstanding performance even when tested in a lean electrolyte environment (2 μL mg‐1) with a high mass loading of the MOF (6.8 mg cm‐2)

Effectively enhanced hydrogen storage properties of Mg90Al10 catalyzed by CeF3

Magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloy serves as an ideal substance for hydrogen storage and transportation because of its high hydrogen storage capacity, low expense, and eco-friendly properties. However, the stable thermodynamic properties and poor kinetic properties during de/hydrogenation limit its application. In this work, a novel high-efficiency catalyst CeF3 was successfully synthesized and induced into Mg90Al10, which exhibited excellent performance during de/hydrogenation. In particular, the Mg90Al10 + 8 wt% CeF3 can absorb 4.0 wt% hydrogen within 600 s at 200 °C, and release 4.3 wt% hydrogen within 900 s at 275 °C, better than the Mg90Al10 that can only absorb 1.36 wt% and release 0.3 wt% hydrogen in similar conditions. Meanwhile, the introduction of CeF3 can also decrease the dehydrogenation apparent activation energy (Ea) of Mg90Al10 obviously from 155.95 kJ/mol to 79.31 kJ/mol. The Al4Ce and MgF2 formed in situ, combined with the high thermal conductivity of Al in charge of the good hydrogen storage behavior of Mg90Al10 + 8 wt% CeF3. The study results are of great importance for applying Mg-Al hydrides in solid-state hydrogen storage.

The Integration of Thermal Energy Storage Within Metal Hydride Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Hydrogen storage technologies are key enablers for the development of low-emission, sustainable energy supply chains, primarily due to the versatility of hydrogen as a clean energy carrier. Hydrogen can be utilized in both stationary and mobile power applications, and as a low-environmental-impact energy source for various industrial sectors, provided it is produced from renewable resources. However, efficient hydrogen storage remains a significant technical challenge. Conventional storage methods, such as compressed and liquefied hydrogen, suffer from energy losses and limited gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, highlighting the need for innovative storage solutions. One promising approach is hydrogen storage in metal hydrides, which offers advantages such as high storage capacities and flexibility in the temperature and pressure conditions required for hydrogen uptake and release, depending on the chosen material. However, these systems necessitate the careful management of the heat generated and absorbed during hydrogen absorption and desorption processes. Thermal energy storage (TES) systems provide a means to enhance the energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness of metal hydride-based storage by effectively coupling thermal management with hydrogen storage processes. This review introduces metal hydride materials for hydrogen storage, focusing on their thermophysical, thermodynamic, and kinetic properties. Additionally, it explores TES materials, including sensible, latent, and thermochemical energy storage options, with emphasis on those that operate at temperatures compatible with widely studied hydride systems. A detailed analysis of notable metal hydride–TES coupled systems from the literature is provided. Finally, the review assesses potential future developments in the field, offering guidance for researchers and engineers in advancing innovative and efficient hydrogen energy systems.

Effect of La Addition to Ceria on the Oxygen Storage Capacity and the Energetics of Water Adsorption

Effect of La Addition to Ceria on the Oxygen Storage Capacity and the Energetics of Water Adsorption

Hydro–Wind–PV–Integrated Operation Optimization and Ultra-Short-Term HESS Configuration

In order to address the challenges associated with optimizing multi-timescale operations and allocating ultra-short-term energy storage for HWP integration, this study takes into account both the economic and reliability aspects of the HWP integration base. It proposes a model for optimizing operations and allocating energy storage capacity, achieving optimization across long-term, short-term, and ultra-short-term operations for an MECB. Initially, operation optimization is implemented for an entire group of terraced hydropower plants by regulating them with annual regulating capabilities on a long-term timescale. The objectives are to maximize the daily average minimum output and annual power generation. Subsequently, short-term operation optimization focuses on maximizing HWP power feed-in, minimizing new energy power curtailment, and reducing residual load standard deviation while ensuring the guaranteed output optimization results for the long term. Finally, to mitigate ultra-short-term fluctuations in new energy, a HESS with specified capacity and power is configured with the goal of minimizing comprehensive costs. Additionally, to address the challenge of smoothing negative fluctuations, which is hindered by charging and discharging efficiency limitations, a variable baseline is introduced, deviating from the conventional 0 MW baseline. A simulation study based on data from the hydro–wind–PV hybrid project in the Beipanjiang River Basin, China, demonstrates the following: (1) after long-term system optimization, the total power generation capacity of the system increases by 9.68%, while the peak-to-valley difference in output is significantly reduced; (2) short-term system optimization significantly reduces both the average variance in residual loads and the amount of power curtailed over five representative days; (3) the system incorporates 398.62 MWh of lithium-ion battery storage with a power of 412.47 MW and 51.09 MWh of supercapacitor storage with a power of 223.32 MW, which, together, completely smooth out the ultra-short-term fluctuations in new energy output.

A Conductive Cu-Based Metal-Organic Framework Ribbon with High-Density Redox-Active Centers as Cathode for Stable High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Conductive Cu-based metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) materials hold significant potential as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their flexible structural design, high electronic conductivity, and independence from costly resources. However, their practical application is often limited by their capacity and cyclability. In this study, we report a one-dimensional Cu-MOF (DDA-Cu, DDA=1, 5-Diamino-4, 8-dihydroxy-9, 10-anthraceneedione) featuring extended π-d conjugated coordination ribbon and high-density redox-active centers, making it a stable, high-capacity cathode for LIBs. The π-d conjugated Cu-O₃N motifs embedded within the ribbon not only serve as redox-active centers for enhanced lithium-ion storage capacity but also contribute to structural robustness, enabling resistance against electrode solubility in organic electrolytes, thus ensuring superior cyclability. Furthermore, these π-d conjugated Cu-O₃N units promote efficient charge transfer, leading to high electronic conductivity at room temperature. These advantageous properties allow the Cu-MOF cathode to deliver a remarkable capacity (353 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1) and exceptional cyclability, achieving capacity retention of 78% after 1000 cycles, surpassing state-of-the-art MOF electrodes. Additionally, this DDA-Cu demonstrates considerable wettability with the electrolyte, achieving outstanding performance even when tested in a lean electrolyte environment (2 μL mg-1) with a high mass loading of the MOF (6.8 mg cm-2).

Restricted growth of polyaniline nanofiber arrays between holey graphene sheets on carbon cloth towards improved charge storage capacity

The rapid−growing demand for flexible and wearable electronics has driven increased interest in developing porous electrodes with outstanding charge storage capacity especially areal capacity for polymeric and hybrid supercapacitors. Herein, unique porous polyaniline/holey graphene/carbon cloth (PANI/HG/CC) composite electrodes were constructed by combining rapid frozen interfacial polymerization and layer−by−layer spraying to restrict the growth of PANI nanofiber arrays between carbon−based materials. Benefiting from rapid charge transport, more electroactive sites and improved electrolyte penetration provided by hierarchical porous structure and highly oriented PANI nanofibers in the composite (P − G) by growing directly PANI array on the CC and applying graphene sheets as interlayer and cover layer, an areal specific capacitance of 3.22 F cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2 was achieved. A maximum areal energy density of up to 104.86 μWh cm−2, and excellent capacity retention of 89.5 % at 20 mA cm−2 after 5000 cycles also were achieved for flexible symmetric all−solid−state supercapacitor. Furthermore, the zinc−ion hybrid supercapacitor (P − G||Zn) assembled with P − G cathode and Zn anode could display a capacity of 217.7 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, and the maximum energy density of 130.6 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 120 W kg−1.

Improving Crude Oil Tank Inventory Stock Availability Through Compact Solution Method to Ensure National Fuel Supply Security at PT Kilang Pertamina International Unit VI Balongan

PT Pertamina International Refinery Unit VI Balongan plays a crucial role in maintaining national fuel oil (BBM) and special fuel (BBK) supply resilience. However, challenges such as declining crude oil storage capacity due to tank damage and limited space threaten the continuity of refinery operations and the stability of national energy supply. This study aims to address this issue by implementing the compact solution method to enhance crude oil stock availability and secure the national fuel supply. Using a quantitative approach with descriptive methods, the research collected data through observation, document review, and literature study. The data were analyzed qualitatively to assess the impact of the compact solution method. The results indicate a significant improvement in crude oil stock availability, which increased from 60.14% (using the off-stream repair method) to 72.9%. Additionally, the tank level was successfully increased to a maximum of 13,990 mm, adhering to API 650 or API 579 FFS Level 3 standards. This improvement extends the operational lifespan of the tank to 62 years, reducing maintenance costs and ensuring uninterrupted refinery operations. The findings highlight the effectiveness of the compact solution method in addressing crude oil tank capacity issues and securing national energy resilience. These results provide valuable insights for energy sector stakeholders in optimizing crude oil storage and refinery operations while minimizing repair costs and downtime.

A high-performance capacitorless 1T-DRAM based on Z-shaped electron-hole bilayer TFET and SiGe memory window

Abstract In this paper, a novel capacitorless dynamic random access memory (Z-EHBTFET 1T-DRAM) is designed based on a Z-shaped electron-hole bilayer tunnel field-effect transistor and a SiGe memory window, and its storage performance is systematically analyzed and studied in detail through numerical simulation. A large number of electrons can be induced in the inverted L-shaped channel of Z-EHBTFET 1T-DRAM using gate 1 to create an electron-hole bilayer together with the source region, which increases the line tunneling electric field and ultimately improves the sensing margin (SM) and read current ratio (IR1/IR0). SiGe memory window helps to improve the storage capacity of holes, aiming to improve the retention time (RT) and SM. By optimizing the Ge-composition and width of the SiGe memory window, the thickness of the I-shaped channel, and the gate gap length, the SM of 2.03 μA/μm, IR1/IR0 of 3.58 × 104, and RT of 1.2 s can be obtained for Z-EHBTFET 1T-DRAM. Compared with most reported 1T1C-DRAMs and traditional 1T-DRAMs, it has better storage performance. Moreover, it can operate at a lower programming voltage while ensuring superior storage performance, making it has great application prospect in the low power consumption field.

Interconnecting EDOT-Based Polymers with Native Lignin toward Enhanced Charge Storage in Conductive Wood.

The 3D micro- and nanostructure of wood has extensively been employed as a template for cost-effective and renewable electronic technologies. However, other electroactive components, in particular native lignin, have been overlooked due to the absence of an approach that allows access of the lignin through the cell wall. In this study, we introduce an approach that focuses on establishing conjugated-polymer-based electrical connections at various length scales within the wood structure, aiming to leverage the charge storage capacity of native lignin in wood-based energy storage electrodes. We demonstrate that poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT/PSS, integrated within the cell wall lumen, can be interfaced with native lignin through the wood cell wall through in situ polymerization of a water-soluble S-EDOT monomer. This approach increases the capacitance of the conductive wood to 315 mF cm-2 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1, which is seven and, respectively, two times higher compared to the capacitance of conductive wood made with the single components PEDOT/PSS or S-PEDOT. Moreover, we show that the capacitance is contributed by both the electroactive polymers and native lignin, with native lignin accounting for over 70% of the total charge storage capacity. We show that accessing native lignin through in situ creation of electrical interconnections within the wood structure offers a pathway toward sustainable, wood-based electrodes with improved charge-storage capacity for applications in electronics and energy storage.

Assessing Carbon Sequestration and Biomass Distribution across Diverse Land Use Types in Ban Krang Subdistrict, Phitsanulok Province

This study investigates carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration and biomass distribution across various plant components and land use types in Ban Krang Subdistrict, Mueang District, Phitsanulok Province, with the goal of enhancing carbon management strategies. Field surveys were conducted using 14 plots of 40x40 meters to quantify biomass and estimate CO₂ sequestration across different vegetation types. The findings reveal an average CO₂ sequestration of 122.81 Ton ha⁻¹, with aboveground biomass, particularly stems, contributing the most to carbon storage. Notably, abandoned perennial crops and mixed perennial crops demonstrated the highest sequestration rates, at 657.94 Ton ha⁻¹ and 613.00 Ton ha⁻¹, respectively. In contrast, agricultural lands such as rice paddies and cassava plantations exhibited the lowest sequestration rates, though rice paddies contributed the highest total CO₂ sequestration, amounting to 61,119.71 Tons, due to their extensive area. The study highlights the critical role of diverse and dense vegetation, particularly perennial crops, in maximizing carbon sequestration. It also underscores the potential for improving carbon storage in agricultural lands through better land management practices. The results suggest that targeted strategies should prioritize high-sequestration land use types while also enhancing carbon storage in low-sequestration areas. By optimizing land use and management practices, the region can significantly increase its carbon storage capacity, contributing to climate change mitigation and promoting long-term ecological sustainability. These insights are crucial for formulating effective carbon management strategies in Ban Krang Subdistrict, as well as in other comparable regions.

Effects of urbanization on the ephemeral lake flood risks under subtropical humid monsoon climate

Study regionPoyang Lake region, China. Study focusThis study focuses on addressing severe summer monsoon floods in the Poyang Lake region under subtropical monsoon climate conditions. Employing the Seasonal Water Yield analysis within the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs framework to investigate and assess the impacts of subtropical monsoon climate and urban dynamics on regional flood risk. By combining simulation results with analysis of regional urban distribution, the study aims to identify sensitive changes in flood hazard characteristics. Ultimately, the research seeks to enhance regional flood resilience to address climate change and urban development challenges. New hydrological insights for the regionUpon analyzing the model simulation results, we discovered that the subtropical humid monsoon climate contributes significantly, accounting for 35.98 % of surface runoff variability during the ephemeral lake region's flood season. Rapid urbanization amplifies the negative impact of land use change on surface runoff (with a contribution rate of 26.00 %). In urban agglomeration areas, surface runoff increased by 30 mm, and the area with surface runoff production of 60–90 mm increased by 120.33 km2. Implementing proactive ecological management measures around lakes and riverbanks has mitigated flood risks across 22 administrative regions, reducing high-risk flood areas by 92.15 km². Restoration of lake flood storage capacity has significantly bolstered resilience against flood disasters.

What Are We Learning from Plant Pangenomes?

A single reference genome does not fully capture species diversity. By contrast, a pangenome incorporates multiple genomes to capture the entire set of nonredundant genes in a given species, along with its genome diversity. New sequencing technologies enable researchers to produce multiple high-quality genome sequences and catalog diverse genetic variations with better precision. Pangenomic studies have detected structural variants in plant genomes, dissected the genetic architecture of agronomic traits, and helped unravel molecular underpinnings and evolutionary origins of plant phenotypes. The pangenome concept has further evolved into a so-called superpangenome that includes wild relatives within a genus or clade and shifted to graph-based reference systems. Nevertheless, building pangenomes and representing complex structural variants remain challenging in many crops. Standardized computing pipelines and common data structures are needed to compare and interpret pangenomes. The growing body of plant pangenomics data requires new algorithms, huge data storage capacity, and training to help researchers and breeders take advantage of newly discovered genes and genetic variants.

Carbon dioxide fluxes and the dominant role of vegetation in recently created and reference Gulf Coast marshes

AbstractCoastal wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth with the capacity to sequester large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). Wetland loss due to anthropogenic and natural causes reduces the carbon (C) storage capacity and potentially releases previously fixed C in biomass and soil to the water column and atmosphere through decomposition. Coastal wetland restoration has the potential to mitigate some of the C losses depending on the balance of C fluxes. However, the role of vegetation and environmental conditions in governing rates of C accumulation in restoration sites is not well resolved. The purpose of this study was to examine seasonal C fluxes, specifically, gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in unvegetated and vegetated (Spartina alterniflora) areas of a 2‐year old created marsh, and S. alterniflora and Spartina patens communities in a “natural” reference brackish marsh. S. alterniflora‐dominated areas were sinks for CO2 in both the newly created and reference marsh with an average CO2 uptake rate of 7.0 ± 1.0 μmol m−2 s−1. The unvegetated areas in the newly created marsh and S. patens areas in the reference marsh had approximately net neutral CO2 fluxes. S. alterniflora areas of the created marsh had similar carbon fluxes to that in the reference marsh, despite a much lower soil organic matter content. Because vegetation develops much faster than soil properties, restored marshes can be a C sink equivalent to natural marshes as soon as the marsh is vegetated. Ecosystem productivity and C assimilation in S. alterniflora areas of the reference marsh were enhanced by lower elevations (up to 6 cm) and higher soil bulk density (up to 0.28 g cm−3). At similar elevations, S. alterniflora in both the created and reference marshes was a greater C sink than S. patens areas of the reference marsh. Our findings illustrate that establishment of vegetation is critical to promoting C sink functions in created marshes and, notably, species do matter.

A resilient biofuel supply chain design based on Paulownia and Jatropha under uncertainty considering the water-energy nexus

The growth in global population, pollution, and energy demand, in addition to dwindling fossil fuel reserves, are driving scientists and industries toward adopting biomass-based products over non-renewable energy sources. Moreover, the decline of water resources and the importance of conserving water have induced governments to start initiatives to control the consumption of water, especially in the agricultural and industrial sectors. Therefore, the water-energy nexus is a significant issue that has drawn the interest of researchers in recent years. A bi-objective two-stage stochastic multi-product optimization model is presented for designing a resilient second-generation biofuel supply chain under uncertainty, considering the water-energy nexus. In this supply chain, biofuel is yielded from inedible plants Paulownia and Jatropha. Various resilience strategies are adopted to cope with potential disruptions to the supply chain, including multi-sourcing, capacity expansion, imports, multiple transportation modes, and lateral transshipment. The objectives of the model are twofold: maximizing profit and minimizing water consumption. This is achieved by making some key decisions including: facility location, managing the flows of raw materials and finished products among networks, determining production volumes, setting inventory levels, allocating land for biomass crop cultivation, planning production and storage capacities, scaling capacity expansions, the number of vehicles to rent or purchase, and optimizing the amounts of raw materials to import and biomass to export. An actual case study is provided to demonstrate the real-world applicability of the approach, while multiple sensitivity analyses are performed on the problem's main parameters. The study concludes by providing valuable managerial insights that focus on the cost savings and profit increases achievable through resilience strategies. The analysis considers different scenarios and explores effective methods for handling disruptions, emphasizing water resource conservation achieved by integrating the water-energy nexus within the biofuel supply chain.

Hydrogen injection and withdrawal performance in depleted gas reservoirs

Residual gas trapping in porous media is a key indicator of hydrogen storage and recovery performance. The injection scheme of cushion and working gases helps maintain pressure and reduce losses. However, this information is limited in the literature. This work explores core flooding experiments (using electrical resistivity for in-situ saturation monitoring) on Bandera Grey sandstones under reservoir conditions (42 °C, 1400 psi, and 5 wt% NaCl), investigating cushion gas type and injection rate effects on storage and recovery performance. Results indicate that CO2 injection ahead of hydrogen yielded the highest storage capacity with Sgi=0.255, then CH4: Sgi=0.226 and finally, N2: Sgi=0.216. At lower injection rates (0.2–0.6 cc/min), CH4 cushion gas exhibited the highest recovery (42%), whereas at higher injection rates (1.2–10 cc/min), CO2 resulted in the highest, with 33%. These findings emphasize cushion gas's role in enhancing hydrogen storage capacity and production efficiency in depleted gas reservoirs.

Storage capacity estimates and site conditions of potential locations for offshore-wind powered carbon dioxide removal and carbon sequestration in ocean basalt

Negative emission technologies (NETs) are considered essential to keep global warming below 2 °C. Situating wind-powered carbon dioxide removal (CDR) devices offshore and injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into deep-water sub-seafloor basalt aquifers has the potential to offer large CO2 removal capacity. It also avoids land and water-use competition and provides additional low-risk protections against post-injection leakage compared to terrestrial CO2 storage. This paper seeks to identify locations where offshore wind and potential basalt storage locations exist within close proximity to one another around the globe. A global mean wind power density map at 150 m height was computed using 30 years (1986–2016) of ERA5 hourly wind speed reanalysis data. Offshore regions with mean wind speed greater than 8 m/s were identified. Offshore regions with basalt aquifers along seismic or aseismic ridges which provide potential CO2 storage sites were identified and selected based on sediment thickness, age, and distance from plate boundaries. Four scenarios were constructed to capture a range of constraints with implications for technical, economic and regulatory difficulties. For each scenario, eligible regions for CO2 injection were filled by regularly spaced grid points and the distance to the nearest eligible wind resource was calculated for each point to identify the most promising configurations. Total available storage capacity within reach of wind resources was estimated to be between 4,300Gt and 196,000Gt depending on both uncertainties in porosity and other imposed constraints; even the most conservative estimates represent enormous capacity compared to global targets for negative emissions technologies. Typically, the best areas were found close to the poles due to the greater prevalence of good wind resources in those areas. Site-specific properties such as water depth and distance from shore are computed for the identified locations in order to characterize the conditions in which such locations are typically found.

Experimental and computational studies on oxygen functionalization of covalent triazine frameworks for enhanced hydrogen storage

We report the hydrogen (H2) storage performance of an oxygen-functionalized covalent triazine framework (O-CTF) measured at 77 K and up to 20 bars. The O-CTF was synthesized using a carboxylic acid-functionalized carbonitrile monomer via an ionothermal nitrile trimerization reaction. Despite its lowered specific surface area (599 m2/g vs. 756 m2/g) compared to CTF-1, O-CTF exhibited an enhanced H2 storage capacity of 4.34 wt.% at 20 bars, nearly 1.61 times as high than the 2.69 wt.% H2 storage capacity of CTF-1. Furthermore, O-CTF demonstrated a notable H2 storage capacity of 2.19 wt.% at 1 bar and 77 K, emphasizing its competitive performance among other porous polymeric materials. The superior H2 uptake performance of O-CTF, as demonstrated by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations performed using the M06-2X-D3/def2-TZVPD method, was attributed to its high heteroatom content, especially the presence of oxygen. Compared to CTF-1 with nitrogen as the heteroatom (18.97 wt.%), the high oxygen and nitrogen contents (27.16 and 11.83 wt.%, respectively) of O-CTF resulted in additional accessible adsorption sites, enhancing the electrostatic/dispersion interaction with H2 molecules and increasing the adsorption capacity.