Storage Capacity Research Articles

Tuning the electrochemical performance of a biphenylene coated metal as the anode for K+-ion batteries

The researchers employed density functional theory (DFT) computations to assess suitability of BP-biphenylene (b-BP) monolayers for application in potassium-ion battery systems. In their evaluations, the researchers considered various factors, like adsorption energy (Ead) of the b-BP monolayer with adsorbed potassium adatoms, in addition to diffusion energy barrier (Ebar) and storage capacity and of potassium ions on this surface. The results indicated that the b-BP monolayer has significantly higher potassium-ion storage capacities, reaching 1026 mAh/g, compared to typical graphite anodes and other carbon materials. The Ebar for potassium ions on the b-BP monolayer was determined to be 0.22 eV. Furthermore, anticipated open-circuit voltage (OCV) values for this material were found to lie within acceptable range of 0.25–1.2 V, making it suitable for use as an anode. These research findings underscore the potential of the b-BP monolayer as an appropriate anode material for potassium-ion battery (KIBs) applications.

Observations indicate regionally misleading wetting and drying trends in CMIP6

We evaluate trends in terrestrial water storage over 1950–2100 in CMIP6 climate models against a new global reanalysis from assimilating GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite observations into a hydrological model. To account for different timescales in our analysis, we select regions in which the influence of interannual variability is relatively small and observed trends are assumed to be representative of the development over longer periods. Our results reveal distinct biases in drying and wetting trends in CMIP6 models for several world regions. Specifically, we see high model consensus for drying in the Amazon, which disagrees with the observed wetting. Other regions show a high consensus of models and observations suggesting qualitatively correctly simulated trends, e.g., for the Mediterranean and parts of Central Africa. A high model agreement might therefore falsely indicate a robust trend in water storage if it is not assessed in light of the observed developments. This underlines the potential use of maintaining an adequate observational capacity of water storage for climate change assessments.

Non-stationarity of runoff and sediment load and its drivers under climate change and anthropogenic activities in Dongting Lake Basin

Analysing non-stationarity in runoff and sediment load is crucial for effective water resource management in the Dongting Lake basin amid climate change and human impacts. Using the Mann-Kendall test, Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape framework, and Random Forest models, we evaluated non-stationarity and its drivers in the annual runoff and annual sediment load series at eight hydrological stations from 1961 to 2021. These stations include three inflow sites at the Jingjiang Three Outlets (Ouchi, Songzi, and Hudu Rivers), four inflow sites in the Four Rivers basin (Xiang, Zi, Yuan, and Li Rivers), and one outflow site at Chenglingji. Results revealed a significant decrease in annual runoff at the Three Outlets and Chenglingji, while the Four Rivers basin showed no significant trend. The non-stationary models with multiple physically-based covariates better captured non-stationarity compared to single covariate models. Annual rainfall was a key contributor to annual runoff in the Four Rivers basin, while reservoir storage capacity played a more dominant role in the Three Outlets. At Chenglingji station, both factors significantly influenced annual runoff. For annual sediment load, reservoir storage capacity emerged as the most critical factor across all regions. These findings provide a basis for improving runoff and sediment regulation in the Dongting Lake basin.

Mechanisms of memory-supporting neuronal dynamics in hippocampal area CA3.

Hippocampal CA3 is central to memory formation and retrieval. Although various network mechanisms have been proposed, direct evidence is lacking. Using intracellular Vm recordings and optogenetic manipulations in behaving mice, we found that CA3 place-field activity is produced by a symmetric form of behavioral timescale synaptic plasticity (BTSP) at recurrent synapses among CA3 pyramidal neurons but not at synapses from the dentate gyrus (DG). Additional manipulations revealed that excitatory input from the entorhinal cortex (EC) but not the DG was required to update place cell activity based on the animal's movement. These data were captured by a computational model that used BTSP and an external updating input to produce attractor dynamics under online learning conditions. Theoretical analyses further highlight the superior memory storage capacity of such networks, especially when dealing with correlated input patterns. This evidence elucidates the cellular and circuit mechanisms of learning and memory formation in the hippocampus.

Evaluating the Intrinsic Zinc Storage Capacity of Cation-Preintercalated Cathode with Electrochemically Active Surface Area.

The guest cation preintercalation strategy has been widely adopted to improve the performance of zinc-vanadium batteries. However, existing studies always ignore the deintercalation of guest cations. This work focuses on the severe and universal deintercalation phenomenon and confirms the unaltered capacity after deintercalation, indicating that the capacity improvement mechanism cannot be attributed to the role of guest cations. Therefore, after excluding all of the previously researched factors for capacity improvement, the decisive factor is identified as the morphology (surface area). Based on the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), a quantitative relationship with intrinsic capacity is established for the first time. This guides us to enhance battery capacity via enhancing ECSA through liquid-phase ultrasonic crushing to achieve the highest capacity of cation-preintercalated V2O5·nH2O (333.7 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1). We believe that the enhanced ECSA is a plausible explanation for the improved performance of hydrated vanadium oxides.

Predicting Accumulation and Potential Edge-of-Field Loss of Phosphorus to Surface Water from Diverse Ecosystems

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient essential for agricultural production, but it is highly reactive, leading to its soil accumulation and making it susceptible to environmental impact footprints. The goal of our study was to determine the critical threshold values of both soluble reactive P (SRP) and oxalate-extracted P (Ox-P) to predict soil P accumulation and its susceptibility to edge-of-field loss. Composite soils were collected from geo-referenced ecosystems within the Lake Erie drainage basin under agriculture in northwestern Ohio, USA. Soils were analyzed for SRP, Ox-P, Fe, and Al concentrations to calculate P sorption capacity, P saturation ratio, degree of P saturation (DPS), and P storage capacity (SPSC). A threshold P saturation ratio of 0.12 (~ 24% DPS), corresponding to 2.4 mg SRP/kg (equivalent Ox-P), was determined to calculate SPSC for predicting the risk of SRP accumulation. A significant relationship between the SPSC and SRP suggested that soils under all the agroecosystems had accumulated SRP compared to the forest. Surface soils (0–10 cm depth) under tilled, chemically fertilized, and organically managed corn (Zea mays)-soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) rotations, including those treated with chicken and dairy manure, exhibited excessive SRP accumulation, making them susceptible to edge-of-field losses. While the soils at 10–20 cm depth were acting as transitional, the deeper soils (20–30 cm depth) still acted as a net sink. When accounting for bulk density to calculate SPSC stocks, it showed that surface soils across the agroecosystems were saturated with 148 to 240 kg SRP/ha and were susceptible to edge-of-field loss to the water systems. In conclusion, we suggest that SPSC could be used as an early indicator to predict the risk of SRP accumulation and its potential edge-of-field loss to Lake Erie from agroecosystems.

Multi-Stage Rolling Grid Expansion Planning for Distribution Networks Considering Conditional Value at Risk

Existing single-stage planning and multi-stage non-rolling planning methods for distribution networks have problems such as low equipment utilization efficiency and poor investment benefits. In order to solve the above problems, this paper firstly proposes a multi-stage rolling planning method for distribution networks based on analyzing the limitations of the existing planning methods, which divides the planning cycle of the distribution network into multiple planning stages, and makes rolling amendments to the planning scheme of each stage according to the latest information during the planning cycle. Then, a multi-stage rolling planning model of distribution network taking into account conditional value at risk is established with the objective of minimizing the total investment and operation cost of the distribution network. On the one hand, the users’ electricity bill is taken into account in the objective function, and the necessity of this part of the benefits is demonstrated. On the other hand, the conditional value at risk is used to quantify the uncertainty of the operation cost in the process of the expansion planning of the distribution network, which reduces the operation cost risk of the distribution network. Next, this paper uses the rainflow counting method to characterize the capacity decay characteristics of energy storage in the distribution network, and proposes an iterative solution framework that considers energy storage capacity decay to solve the proposed model. Finally, the proposed method is applied to an 18-node distribution network planning case. This confirms that the multi-stage rolling planning method could improve the investment benefits and reduce the investment cost by approximately 27.27%. Besides, it will increase the total cost by approximately 2750 USD in the case if the users’ electricity bill is not taken into account. And the maximum capacity of energy storage may decay to 87.6% of the initial capacity or even lower during operation, which may cause the line current to exceed the limit if it is not taken into account.

The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and lithosphere replacement as informed by mantle xenoliths and their host lavas

Alkaline lavas hosting mantle xenoliths occur in the hot back arc of the Cordillera of western Canada and Alaska and provide constraints on lithosphere thickness (within 5 to 10 km) and controls on the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). Such information is complementary to geophysical investigations of lithosphere strength and deformation in similar continental regions. Barometry of spinel lherzolite xenoliths and alkaline lavas from the Cordillera show LAB depths from 50 to 80 km, and marked thinning of the lithosphere at the Cordillera-craton transition coincident with the Rocky Mountain Trench-Tintina Fault. Similar barometric data globally for continental intraplate lavas show a relatively common lava equilibration depth of 65 to 80 km, that mostly coincide with LAB depths observed by seismology, and with the spinel- to garnet peridotite transition. The LAB is inferred as accumulated partial melt, modulated in depth by mantle solidus depression caused by varying H2O storage capacity across the garnet-spinel peridotite phase change. This mechanism does not explain cases where LAB depths are < 65 km, which instead require locally hotter asthenosphere. In many regions preserving a shallow LAB, foundering and wholesale replacement of mantle lithosphere is invoked. With the exception of North China, mantle xenoliths sampled from continental margins record cooling timescales that appear far longer than required for foundering and replacement in the past 50 Myr. Either cooling histories cannot be adequately modelled using closure/diffusion arguments or wholesale replacement of mantle lithosphere is a dubious process.

Exploring the potential of two-dimensional MB4 (M=Cr, Mo, and W) monolayer as a high-capacity negative electrode material for Al-ion batteries

Rechargeable metal-ion batteries can employ two-dimensional transition metal tetraboride monolayers because of their numerous accommodating sites, high specific surface area, and layered structure. Li-ion batteries (LIBs) can be efficiently replaced by aluminum ion batteries (AIBs) because aluminum is a cheap and abundant resource. In this work, the density functional theory approach has been used for Al-ion batteries to predict MB4(M= Cr, Mo, W) monolayers performance as anode material. We analyze these monolayers' structures, which are mechanically, thermally, and dynamically stable. Utilizing the energy-efficient adsorption of six Al-atom layers and their lightweight properties, with large storage capacities of 5066 mA h g−1, 3466 mA h g−1, and 2124 mA h g−1, with relatively low average open circuit voltages of 0.18 V, 0.15 V, and 0.11 V for CrB4, MoB4, and WB4, respectively, these monolayers show significant superiority over other 2D anode materials. Likewise, MB4 monolayer showed faster Al ion mobility as seen by the low activation barriers of 0.95 eV, 0.83 eV, and 0.49 eV for CrB4, MoB4, and WB4, respectively. Additionally, even after the full content of Al ions was adsorbed, the metallic characteristics of the materials were mostly retained. These traits suggest that monolayer CrB4, MoB4, and WB4 are promising anode materials for AIBs, with impressive rate capacities.

Faulted karst reservoir spaces in Middle-Lower Triassic carbonates, Qingjiang Region, Yangtze block, China

The complexity and heterogeneity of ultra-deep faulted karst reservoirs pose significant challenges for hydrocarbon exploration. In this study, we integrated remote sensing image analysis, field measurements, and core sample testing to evaluate the characteristics and controlling factors of carbonate reservoir spaces within the Middle and Lower Triassic formations along a regional strike-slip fault in the Qingjiang region of China. The strike-slip fault zone is composed of multiple fault cores and damage zones. Based on differences in damage zone width and linear fault density, the fault zone was subdivided into transtensional and transpressional segmentations. The carbonate reservoirs, primarily developed within the damage zones, consist of fractures, fracture clusters, and cavities. Detailed measurements of the carbonate outcrops were conducted to obtain geometric parameters of the reservoir spaces. Quantitative results indicate that in the transtensional segmentation, the reservoir is dominated by tensile fracture-cavity systems, characterized by larger fracture apertures (0.13–1.25 m), higher linear fracture density (0.38–8.37 m⁻1), and well-developed cavities (0.03–4.84 m2), which contribute to better fluid connectivity and storage capacity. In contrast, the transpressional segmentation is dominated by compressional fracture-fracture cluster systems, with longer fractures (0.11–12.52 m), smaller fracture apertures (0.01–0.94 m), and extensive fracture clusters development (0.18–17.87 m2), but with lower fluid connectivity and limited storage capacity. Mechanical testing results show that the average compressive strength in the transtensional segmentation (133.95 MPa) is significantly higher than that in the transpressional segmentation (70.28 MPa). In terms of mineral composition, the transtensional segmentation has a higher calcite content, whereas the transpressional segmentation is richer in dolomite and quartz. Based on the observed differences in reservoir space characteristics across the strike-slip fault zone, we discussed the combined effects of structural segmentation, formation thickness, rock mechanics, and brittle mineral content on reservoir space development. The study emphasizes that stress conditions (primary factor) and material properties (secondary factor) jointly control fluid migration and storage efficiency in the reservoirs. Additionally, we suggest that the outcrop studies in the Qingjiang region provide valuable geological analogs for faulted karst reservoirs, offering critical insights for improving the precision of carbonate reservoir exploration and optimizing production efficiency.

Investigating structural, dielectric and energy storage properties of NaNbO3 based ferroelectric ceramics

Sodium niobate (NaNbO3) based dielectric materials are getting recognition for the electric energy storage applications due to their promising ferroelectric/anti-ferroelectric properties. In the present work, (0.95-x)NaNbO3-0.05SrTiO3-xBi(Fe1/3Zn1/3Ti1/3)O3 (abbreviated as NNSTBFZT, x=0.04, 0.07 and 0.10) lead-free ferroelectric ceramics were synthesized using conventional solid-state reaction technique. A magnificent recoverable energy storage density (Wrec) and an ultrahigh energy storage efficiency (η) have been observed for x4 (∼1.05 J/cm3) and x10 (∼85 %) samples, respectively which reliant on the non-equivalent replacement of ions at the A and B sites of perovskite unit cell. Further, the phase investigation has been studied using X ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, which elucidate the effect of incorporation of the substituent ions at host matrix properly. A moderate dielectric constant with ultralow losses has been obtained and all the samples show diffuse phase transition, which is in favor of enhanced energy storage parameters. Moreover, the morphological analysis indicates decrease in grain size ∼ 1 µm, which also reflects the increased breakdown strength responsible for enhancing energy storage capacity. Therefore, proposed sodium niobate based ceramics become favorable for high energy dielectric capacitors applications.

Fabrication of double S-scheme Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+/ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 heterojunctions with photon storage effect for enhanced round-the-clock photocatalysis

Persistent light-emitting materials (PLMs), which have the potential to store and release light energy after light irradiation, are receiving increasing attention for their role in prolonging the lifetime of photogenerated electrons for the development of photocatalysts with round-the-clock applications. In this paper, a double S-scheme Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+/ZnIn2S4/UiO-66-NH2 (SZU) heterojunction with round-the-clock catalytic activity was prepared by hydrothermal self-assembly method. The photocatalytic performance of the SZU heterojunction for RhB(MB) degradation was significantly improved compared with the pristine ZnIn2S4 and UiO-66-NH2. The SZU heterojunction has excellent catalytic degradation performance for RhB (MB), and the removal rate of RhB (MB) reaches 72.2 % (81.7 %) after visible light irradiation for 40 (60) minutes. After the end of light, the total removal rate of RhB (MB) reached 86.7 % (96.8 %) when the catalysis continued for several hours under dark conditions, which was 14 % and 15 % higher than that under visible light irradiation, respectively. Based on the characteristics of SMS photoluminescence, combined with a large number of photocatalytic experiments, The sustained photocatalytic activity was enhanced under both daytime and darkness conditions, not only because of the production of SZU complexes, which prolonged the visible light response of ZnIn2S4, but also because of the construction of double S-scheme heterojunctions, which facilitates the light storage capacity, charge transfer, and the separation of photo-induced charge carriers and effectively promoted the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalysts. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the design of round-the-clock photocatalysts, and provides a useful exploration for the practical application of photocatalytic technology.

Innovative Core–Shell Tubular Structure in Polymer/Manganese–Nickel Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Blends for Electrochemical Components

ABSTRACTTo address the issue of electrochemical performance degradation resulting from redox reactions during the charging and discharging of supercapacitors, we introduced a novel electrode material featuring a core–shell attachment structure (PANI@(MnO2 + NiO)) with the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The introduction of CNT on top of the core–shell structure by a simple chemical synthesis method helps to improve the double‐layer capacitance and Faraday capacitance of the composite. Thus, multiple synergistic effects can be produced to improve charge storage capacity. The morphology structure and electrochemical properties of PANI@(MnO2 + NiO)@CNT were analyzed. In a three‐electrode configuration, the specific capacitance of the composite is 327 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Remarkably, the capacitance retention rate exceeded 75% after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. Calculations indicate that in a supercapacitor employing a 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, the composite demonstrated energy and power densities of 48.1 W h kg−1 and 999.9 W kg−1, respectively. This kind of core–shell structural composites achieved electrochemical properties in line with expectations through a simple chemical synthesis method. As a practical application of supercapacitor electrode materials, PANI@(MnO2 + NiO)@CNT have better electrical properties than similar materials and have broad application prospects in industrial production.

Enhancing thermo-physical properties of hybrid nanoparticle-infused medium temperature organic phase change materials using graphene nanoplatelets and multiwall carbon nanotubes

Phase change materials (PCMs) have emerged as an intriguing option for the storage of thermal energy because of their remarkable capacity to store latent heat. However, the practical application of these materials is hindered by their low thermal conductivity and limited photo-absorbance. For this investigation, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) hybrid nanoparticles were disseminated in RT-54HC organic PCMs at different weight fractions. The nanoparticles were incorporated into the base PCMs using a melt blending technique. Based on the findings, one combination of GNP to MWCNT in a 0.25:0.75 ratio has shown the highest thermal conductivity, with an increase of 40% (0.28 Wm−1 K−1) compared to other hybrid combinations. This breakthrough could potentially open new avenues in the field of thermal energy storage. The chemical stability of the hybrid nanoparticle dispersed composites was assessed through FTIR analysis. In addition, the composites exhibited excellent thermal stability, maintaining their structural integrity even at temperatures as high as 300 ℃. The melting temperature of the composites also showed minimal variation. Based on the evaluation of latent heat enthalpy, the organic PCM known as base RT-54HC demonstrated a heat storage capacity of 230 J/g. However, the composites exhibited a slight decrease in latent heat with increasing nanoparticle weight fraction. In addition, the composite with added hybrid nanoparticles demonstrated an increase in optical absorbance, accompanied by a decrease in transmissibility. Therefore, the hybrid nano-enhanced composites have demonstrated enhanced thermo-physical properties, making them not only suitable but also highly promising for use in applications with mid-range melting temperatures.Graphical

Nano Silicon Integrated Hard Carbon from Conjugated Microporous Polymer for High‐Efficient Lithium Storage

AbstractIt is a significant issue to develop silicon/carbon composite anode with high‐capacity and long cycling stability for lithium‐ion batteries. However, the huge volume expansion of silicon during lithiation leads to severe pulverization of silicon, resulting in serious capacity fading over cycles. Herein, nano silicon integrated hard carbon (20Si@HC, 20 wt% nano silicon) is prepared by pyrolyzing nano silicon in‐situ coated a conjugated microporous polymer (CMP). CMP‐derived hard carbon coating features developed porous structure, which not only deliver a high lithium storage capacity, but also provide enough space for the volume expansion of nano silicon. When evaluated as an anode for lithium‐ion batteries, the 20Si@HC delivers an impressive 1037 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a capacity retention ratio of 72.07% for 100 cycles at 0.6 A g−1, providing some reference for designing high‐capacity silicon/carbon composites.

Simulation and experimental investigation of electret polypropylene fiber preparation via centrifugal melt electrospinning for enhanced air filtration

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have led to severe air pollution, enabling bacteria and viruses to become suspended in aerosol particles, which can be inhaled and pose a significant threat to human health. Electrostatic filtration offers a solution to enhance filtration efficiency without increasing resistance. However, traditional electret methods involve the usage of toxic solvent evaporation, and electret filter materials like polypropylene (PP) often suffer from rapid charge dissipation. In this study, we combined centrifugal melt electrospinning with Dissipative Particle Dynamics simulations to achieve continuous electret production and investigate the influence of experimental conditions and polymer additives on the charge-trapping capability of PP fibers. The results show that centrifugal melt electrospinning significantly enhances the charge storage capacity of PP fibers. The α crystal form of PP enhances electret performance by generating more effective charge traps, and experimental parameters influence electret performance by altering crystal forms. Additives effectively promote charge stability, resulting in stable voltages up to 11.09 kV with 1.5 wt% electret additive. Moreover, our study elucidates the correlation between crystal structure and electret performance, providing valuable data for regulating electret PP fibers.

Unraveling the Electrochemical Insights of Cobalt Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Materials for Supercapacitor, Battery, and Supercapattery Applications.

This review article focuses on the potential of cobalt oxide composites with conducting polymers, particularly polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors, batteries, and supercapatteries. Cobalt oxide, known for its high theoretical capacitance, is limited by poor conductivity and structural degradation during cycling. However, the integration of PPy and PANI has been proven to enhance the electrochemical performance through improved conductivity, increased pseudocapacitive effects, and enhanced structural integrity. This synergistic combination facilitates efficient charge transport and ion diffusion, resulting in improved cycling stability and energy storage capacity. Despite significant progress in synthesis techniques and composite design, challenges such as maintaining structural stability during prolonged cycling and scalability for mass production remain. This review highlights the synthesis methods, latest advancements, and electrochemical performance in cobalt oxide/PPy and cobalt oxide/PANI composites, emphasizing their potential to contribute to the development of next-generation energy storage devices. Further exploration into their application, especially in battery systems, is necessary to fully harness their capabilities and meet the increasing demands of energy storage technologies.

Trichosanthes cucumerina derived activated carbon: the potential electrode material for high energy symmetric supercapacitor

High surface area porous activated carbons obtained from sustainable biomass are excellent functional materials for energy storage applications. This is the first report on snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina) pericarp as a raw material of activated carbon and supercapacitor electrode material. Herein, a simple KOH activation and carbonisation method is used. The obtained SGC900 sample has a surface area of 1841 m2/g and an average pore volume of 0.52 cm3/g. SGC900 based supercapacitor exhibits good electrochemical storage capacity in 1 M H2SO4with a specific capacitance of 206 F/g at 1 A/g. The symmetric device delivered an energy density of 11 Wh/kg at a power density of 1.6 kW/kg. It provides a series resistance (Rs) of 1.2 Ω and a charge transfer resistance Rct of 1.9 Ω. Furthermore, the device retains 95% of capacitance over 5000 cycles. This work presents an easy and feasible approach for producing value‐added activated carbon from sustainable biomass, potentially used in high‐performance energy storage.

Effects of Different Land Uses and Slope on Runoff and Soil Loss on the Loess Plateau of China

ABSTRACTThe Loess Plateau has one of the most serious areas of soil erosion in China; therefore, studying the effect of soil and water conservation measures on the erosion of loess soil slopes is important for land management and agricultural development. This study is based on 5 years of field runoff observations and rainfall data from 2015 to 2019. Correlation and regression analyses were used to study the runoff and sediment production of loess soil and its relationship with rainfall, slope and land use. The results show that > 80% of the erosive rainfall occurs mainly in July to August in the area. Runoff and soil loss from the plots differed substantially, depending on land use, soil conservation measures and slope degree. Bare plots experienced the highest soil loss rate of over 27 t/ha with higher runoff depth, followed by cultivated plots (4.55 t/ha), grass plots (0.43 t/ha), shrub plots (0.35 t/ha) and forest plots (0.13 t/ha). Among the four soil and water conservation measures, the runoff and sediment reduction benefits of forest and shrub plots were the highest. The runoff reduction benefit fluctuated at approximately 0.8, and the benefit of sediment reduction was ≈1. The overall performance was forest > shrubland > grassland > cultivated land > bare land, and the benefits of sediment reduction were greater than those of runoff reduction. Forests had the highest soil retention capacity on slopes from 5° to 25°, and forests on gentle slopes had the best water storage capacity. Shrub plots had the best water storage capacity when they were on steep slopes. Rainfall erosion forces were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.01) with runoff depth and soil loss, making it the most significant rainfall indicator of sediment production. Under the same rainfall conditions, soil and water conservation measures are still required on bare slopes, land use is the main control factor for slope sediment production, and appropriate land use can greatly reduce the threat of slopes in terms of soil erosion. This study shows that soil and water conservation measures are imperative to prevent runoff and soil loss, especially for bare land without any measures; on steep slopes, a vegetation combination primarily featuring shrubs is expected to achieve greater benefits in reducing runoff and sediment. This study can provide a scientific basis for the management of vegetation measures and the implementation of soil and water conservation measures on loess soil slopes.

Fault tolerant & priority basis task offloading and scheduling model for IoT logistics

The Internet of Things (IoT) has connected millions of devices to the internet for communication and computation purposes. Due to constraints such as limited battery power, processing capabilities, and storage capacity, IoT devices often rely on remote fog nodes for task execution, a practice known as task offloading. The NP-hard nature of offloading and scheduling IoT tasks onto fog nodes poses significant challenges. Current IoT task offloading often relies on single parameters like device MIPS, RAM, or battery power. Similarly, task allocation on fog nodes frequently prioritizes VM MIPS. To address energy consumption and task failures in IoT systems, robust fault tolerance, efficient task offloading, and effective scheduling are crucial. This paper introduces a novel Fault-Tolerant, Priority-Based Task Offloading and Scheduling Model (FP-TOSM) for IoT logistics. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for multi-criteria decision-making, IoT tasks are prioritized. Tasks below a specified threshold are executed locally, while those within a defined range are offloaded to a fog node. Tasks exceeding this range are delegated to the cloud. The Euclidean formula is used to determine the proximity between the IoT logistics vehicle and fog nodes for offloading decisions. Dynamic re-clustering fault tolerance mechanisms are utilized to manage task failures after offloading. Successful offloaded tasks are allocated to suitable VMs in the cloud and fog nodes. The proposed strategy selects the most suitable VM for offloaded tasks using a multi-criteria decision-making process to reduce energy consumption, SLA violations, and execution costs. The model's performance is evaluated through simulations in iFogSim2. Results demonstrate reductions in energy consumption by up to 5.8 % and 10.4 %, decreases in SLA violations by up to 25.2 %, and a 16.28 % improvement in response time compared to an ACO-based model with a response time of 17.8 %. Additionally, the task failure ratio shows a significant reduction of up to 22.1 %. These findings highlight the effectiveness of FP-TOSM in enhancing efficiency and reliability within fog computing environments.