Storage Barns Research Articles

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS OF YEAST AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS IN THE CONTROL OF BLUE EYE MOLD DISEASE OF MAIZE AND RICE

Blue eye mold disease cause significant post harvest losses of grains in storage. The need to control the plant disease with the use of bio friendly agents is of paramount importance. This research assessed the antifungal effect of Bacillus subtilis and Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in the control of blue eye mold disease that affects maize and Rice grains in storage. The diseased grains were gotten from two storage barns which were Bukuru and Katako market storage barns of Jos Metropolis and the ability of these organisms to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus glaucus) found in Maize and Rice grain. The research work was carried out at African Center for Phyto medicine and Research University of Jos, Plateau State. The pathogenic organism was isolated by culturing it on the SDA Media in an aseptic condition. Several other subcultures were carried out in order to get the pure isolates of the fungi. Organisms which served as biocontrol were gotten from National Veterinary Research Institute Vom (NVRI), these organisms were incubated on the same plate with the pathogenic fungi. For Bacillus subtilis, it was incubated at 25°C while that of the Yeast was incubated at 30°C. Results showed that Bacillus subtilis inhibited at 59.40% while Yeast inhibited at 95.84%in maize grains from Bukuru while Bacillus subtilis inhibited at 64.80% and yeast at 69.70%. For Katako market B. subtilis inhibited at 57.48% while yeast inhibited at 64.84% for maize grains while for Rice grains B. subtilis inhibited at 48.93% and Yeast...

Utilization of drilling waste when drilling wells in the fields of the western oil and gas region of Ukraine

The article analyzes known technological solutions for storage and processing of well drilling waste. The advantage of the solution is the presence of a soil-cement coating. The authors propose to fill the waste repository with alternating layers of drilling mud and fly ash of the Darnytsia Thermal Power Plant. The authors advise to use sorbents for neutralization of petroleum products as needed. It is suggested to introduce the sorbent periodically into the mud storage barn. The thickness of the layers for disposal with the addition of ash was chosen in order to obtain optimal humidity. It is proposed to add ash removed from the Darnytsia Thermal Power Plant when arranging the walls and coating of the mud storage tank from soil cement. When adding 10% of ash by weight of cement, the compressive strength increases by 8.01% on average, and when adding 20% - by 12.57%. The results obtained show that the average compressive strength of soil cement samples increases with an increase in the percentage of fly ash content. The results were compared to samples without additives.

Cultural Influence on Architectural Evolution in Nigeria: A Case Study of Igala Indigenous Homestead

Architecture and culture are two concepts that represent the identification of any society. Architecture is the manifestation and expression of culture. So, Architecture and Culture are interdependent and inseparable. Research has identified culture as the main factor in the evolution of the architecture of a people and it plays an important role in the environmental and social development and sustainability of a place. The culture of any society is based on their beliefs, history, civilization, climate and customs, whilst architecture symbolizes a society’s culture that has evolved. This research explores the intricate relationship between culture and architecture in the evolution of traditional architecture in Nigeria, with a specific focus on the evolution of the indigenous homestead of the Igala people of North Central Nigeria. Employing a narrative approach, the study utilized historical research, field surveys, and interviews to explore how cultural beliefs, norms, practices, and socio-cultural factors have profoundly influenced the design and planning of Igala traditional dwellings. By investigating the interplay between indigenous knowledge systems, community practices, and material availability, the research uncovers the unique architectural features that have emerged from the rich tapestry of Igala culture to include the long straight entrance path (ojikpologu), the circular curvilinear homestead and buildings, courtyard (anuku/okolo), reception house (atakpa), and food storage barn (aka). Others include shrine (achękwu), grinding hut (ǫdǫ-okuta), animals’ pen (unyi-amęñwu-ǫrę), and security fence (ϙgba), all deeply rooted in Igala culture. This research provides valuable insights into the adaptability of traditional architecture to culture. It further offers essential knowledge for architects, preservationists, and policymakers, guiding their efforts in heritage preservation, sustainable architectural design, and urban planning within multicultural contexts.

Кіші ұн қоңызының (Tribolium confusum Duv.) биологиялық ерекшеліктері мен дамуы

The article presents information about the biological characteristics, development and measures to combat small flour crunch (Tribolium confusum Duv.). Kazakhstan is the largest producer of grain products. Currently, about 204 licensed grain receiving points with a total area of 13.7 million tons are operating in the republic. This year, grain storage facilities owned by agricultural producers increased by 12.4% and their gross capacity reached 12.6 million tons. In this regard, the total capacity of grain storage barns amounted to 26.3 million tons, which is $ 1.1 million more than last year. The capacities indicated in the calculation of last year’s, current and harvested grain are sufficient for storing grain. The main task of the state is connected with providing the industry with raw materials, animal feed, grain products to the population, and to protect the harvested grain from damage. The collected product is stored for a long time in granaries. Maintaining cleanliness without compromising quality is one of the most difficult tasks. This is because many pests feed on grain in warehouses. One of the main ones is Tribolium confusum Duv. Quickfos tab. and Agfos, tab. were used in an amount of 12 g/m3 and showed during the work that these drugs are effective in combating grain pests – small flour crushchaks.

Influence of Sargassum horneri Mitigating Odorous Gas Emissions from Swine Manure Storage Facilities

Manures from livestock industries and farmyards should be managed for land application. Currently, a deep pit or barn system is adopted by many swine farms for manure management, therefore releasing harmful gases and rising the total global emissions of GHGs. This research focuses on the effectiveness of the brown seaweed Sargassum horneri as a masking agent to mitigate odor-generating gaseous pollutants and reduce the emissions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from swine manure storage facilities. Using an optimized procedure, we compared the gaseous emissions from two manure storage barns, one containing swine manure masked with S. horneri and the other without masking as a control, over a 30-day period. The results showed that, compared to the control, seaweed masking significantly reduced the sulfide and VFA contents. Furthermore, reductions of 99.48% in H2S, 60 ± 5.21% in NH3 and 74.28 ± 2.14% in gaseous amine emissions were observed within the experimental period. Intriguingly, seaweed masking had beneficial effects, decreasing the total odor content by 97.78 ± 3.15% and increasing the nutrient quality of the manure. S. horneri has great potential as a masking agent in swine manure management to control environmental pollution.

KETAHANAN PANGAN DAN COPING STRATEGY RUMAH TANGGA DI PULAU TERISOLIR GILI LABAK, KABUPATEN SUMENEP, MADURA

Madura island is still facing challenges in development, including development related to food security. Food security has a strong linkage with poverty. Unavailability of food in suffi cient quantity and quality is a major cause of household food security problems. The objective of this study was to determine the level of household food security and coping strategy in isolated island. This study was an observational research with descriptive and cross-sectional design, using a mixed method approach which combines qualitative and quantitative approach. The study was taken in Gili Labak island of Sumenep, M adura. The sample was all households live in Gili Labak island as much as 36 household. Household food security data was assessed using United States Household Food Security Modul (USHFSSM) instrument, while c oping strategy data was assessed using Reduced Coping Strategy Index (RCSI) instrument. The results of this study showed that most households were food insecure and make several efforts of coping strategy for survival. The most common c oping strategy done by the household is borrowing food from neighbors. The study recommends there should be centers of seeds alternative crops other than rice as well as the intervention of the food aid before the arrival of the wave season, provision of water reservoir and food storage barns.

Narasin as a Manure Additive to Reduce Methane Production from Swine Manure

Abstract. High levels of methane production from swine operations have been associated with foam accumulation in deep-pit manure storage systems. This foam poses both a safety concern (i.e., flash fires) and operational challenges in managing stored manure. Mitigating methane production is one approach to controlling foam accumulation. In this study, swine manures obtained from three deep-pit storage barns in central Iowa were dosed with narasin to evaluate its inhibitory effects on methane and biogas production. Dose rates ranged from 0 to 3.0 mg narasin kg-1 manure. Overall, methane rates were reduced by 9% for each mg of narasin added per kg of manure, and this reduction was effective for up to 25 days. However, the inhibitory effect weakened with time such that no statistical difference in cumulative methane production between samples dosed with narasin and undosed controls could be detected after 120 days of incubation. In addition to methane rates, narasin addition reduced the degradation of total and volatile solids in the manure by 1.9% and 2.6%, respectively, for each mg of narasin added per kg of manure. Additional study treatments included sugar (10 g kg-1 manure) with and without narasin (1.5 mg narasin kg-1 manure). Results from this treatment showed that methane production was initially increased by the sugar addition, but the effect lasted less than six days, at which point cumulative methane production was similar to the control. When treated with both narasin and sugar, the inhibitory effect did not impact gas production during the sugar digestion phase but did reduce methane and biogas production thereafter. The addition of sugar and the rate of narasin addition caused changes to the microbial community as compared to the control. Overall, the results indicated that narasin can be an effective additive for reducing methane emission from swine manure, but further study is needed to recommend dosing frequency and to evaluate how continuous addition of manure impacts narasin effectiveness. Keywords: Biogas, Manure management, Manure treatment, Methane, Narasin, Swine manure, Swine production.

IDENTIFIKASI CENDAWAN PATOGEN PADA PENYIMPANAN JAGUNG SESUAI KEARIFAN LOKAL MASYARAKATDI KABUPATEN TIMOR TENGAH UTARADALAM PERSPEKTIF KETAHANAN PANGAN

Corn samples were obtained from four storage locations according toexisting local wisdom in TTU district. Corn storage barn taken from Insana Barat (Mamsena), storage with fumigation without husks taken from Miomafo Barat (Haulasi), fumigation and with husks storage is taken from Naibenu (Bakitolas), storage of corn without husks taken from Bikomi Utara (Banain) The Microbiological analisis was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture Timor University in August until November 2016. The Result showed that the corn,during storage, was infected by pathogenic fungi such as Altenaria, sp, Fusarium, sp and even Aspergiluss, sp which could potentially excrete toxins. High water content correlates to the growth of pathogenic fungi that influence to food safety  K ey word: Corn, corn storage, fungi, pathogenic fungi

Frank J. Sprague Invents: The Constant-Speed dc Electric Motor [History

ON A MISERABLY COLD SPRING day in 1998, it became necessary to clean out a little-used storage barn in Williamstown, Massachusetts, so that it could be sold. The barn was part of the estate of Robert C. Sprague, who had died in 1991. Although the winter snow was mostly gone, a misty drizzle made the muddy walk down to the barn?s entrance slippery and treacherous. Once used to house riding horses, the stalls were long gone and the building was almost completely filled with rotting wet hay and broken pieces of equipment, along with seemingly useless files that once belonged to electrical inventor Frank Julian Sprague, Robert?s father. The inventor had died in 1934, nearly 60 years before his son, and it seemed impossible that the barn could still hold anything of value. The building was sagging, and, once inside, broken light bulbs and wooden supports from Frank Sprague?s failed late 1920s programmable electric sign business made moving around nearly impossible and dangerous. With its stagnant hay and years of collected rodent droppings, the space reeked, and it seemed best to get a front loader, empty out the structure, take the contents to the dump, and hope for a buyer who could see more value than was apparent.

English

  Two storage experiments in an improved yam barn were carried out simultaneously at two locations in southern Nigeria to determine the influence of cultivar, botanical storage treatments and storage environments on the shelf life of yam (Dioscorea rotundata). The experiments were conducted from January to July. The temperature use efficiency (TUE) of the storage barn in Umudike increased with increase in time of storage up to April and then declined. At Nsukka, the TUE also increased with increase in time of storage even at a higher rate than what was recorded in Umudike. Dormancy period of yam tubers varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the two locations with or without botanical storage treatments. Similarly, botanical treatment effects on the dormancy varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with Casia alata taking the lead in Umudike while Azadiracha indica had the highest effect (dormancy extension) in the Nsukka location. The mean rot incidence was lowest where C. alata was applied in the two locations followed by A. indica while mean rot incidence was highest with no treatment control. In this study, C. alata and A. indica leaf extracts showed outstanding performance in their potential abilities on reduction of post-harvest losses of yam.   Key words: Dormancy, weight loss, plant extracts, yam cultivar, improved barn.

Alligator pepper, Aframomum melegueta, and ginger, Zingiber officinale, reduce stored maize infestation by the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in traditional African granaries

Alligator pepper, Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. Schum, and ginger, Zingiber officinale Roscoe were tested for their efficacy in protecting stored maize cobs ( Zea mays L.) against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in traditional maize storage barn conditions, from November 2006 to February 2007, and November 2009 to February 2010 in Obudu, Southeast Nigeria. A randomised complete block design was used in each storage barn with four treatments (maize, maize plus A. melegueta, maize plus Z. officinale, maize plus A. melegueta and Z. officinale) replicated 4 times. When used in combination with stored maize cobs at a level of 10% (w/w), A. melegueta and Z. officinale significantly reduced S. zeamais populations from cobs ( P < 0.001), as did a combination of A. melegueta and Z. officinale (5% w/w each, P < 0.001). Furthermore, significantly higher seed germination was observed in treated cobs compared with the untreated cobs in both trials ( P < 0.001). Protection of cereals with such repellent materials has important practical applications in parts of the world where insecticides are expensive or in short supply, and where these materials are cheap and readily available for local use by resource-poor farmers. In addition, the use of repellents to protect stored maize grains has the potential for minimising the requirement for broad-spectrum toxic insecticides, thereby reducing the development of insecticide resistance.

&lt;i&gt;In-Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Study of Biofungicidal Effects of &lt;i&gt;Cassia alata&lt;/i&gt; Leaf Extracts on Some Pathogenic Organisms of White Yam (&lt;i&gt;Dioscorea rotundata&lt;/i&gt;) Tuber in Storage

A preliminary experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Cassia alata leaf extract as a biofungicide and also to determine the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the extract on organisms that cause soft rot of yam tuber in storage. The study was done at the plant pathology laboratory of University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The fungal organisms were isolated from the decaying yam tuber obtained from the yam storage barn of the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The Cassia alata leaf was obtained from the Botanical garden of the Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka and ethanolic extraction was got using cold extraction method. The extract was further diluted to four levels of concentration thus: 250, 175, 87.5 and 48.75 mg/ml. The sensitivity pattern of the isolated fungal organisms was carried out using Agar cup diffusion technique. Organisms found sensitive to the extract were Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Rhodorula mucilaginesa but Penicillium restrictum and Penicillium digitalum were not. Result of the sensitivity test showed that the extract was able to inhibit the growth of R. mucilaginesa at 56.23 mg/ml while the MIC of the extract for S. brevicaulis was 50.10 mg/ml. A major finding in this study is that the ethanol leaf extract of C. alata is selective in its bioactivity on the rot-causing organisms of yam.Keywords: In-Vitro, Biofungicidal effects, Cassia alata extracts, Pathogenic organisms, Dioscorea rotundata

The use of plant extracts in the control of &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus niger&lt;/i&gt; in the rot of yam (&lt;i&gt;Dioscorea spp&lt;/i&gt;.) during storage

The storage rot of yam (Dioscorea spp) starts from the field to the storage barn. Fungi pathogens affecting yam tubers are controlled by either synthetic pesticides or plant extracts.The following plant extracts, Vernonia amygdalina (bittter leaf), Azadirachta indica (neem), Ocimum gratissimum (nchuanwu), Pergularia spp. (utazi), Citrus aurantifolia (lime), Allium sativum (gallic), and Capsicum annum (red pepper) were used to control the rot of yam (caused by Aspergillus niger). The ethanol extracts of the test plants were observed to have higher fungitoxic ability than the water extracts on A. niger, which was isolated from the rotten yam tubers. Ethanol extracts of A. indica and O. gratissimum were observed to have the highest percentage fungi growth inhibition, having 68.8% and 65.2% respectively, while A. sativum, and C. annum had the lowest with 36.3% and 40.6% respectively. A. indica was also observed to have the highest severity and A. sativum had the lowest. However, yam tubers which were treated 2 days before inoculation were observed to have more inhibitory effect on the fungi pathogen than those treated 2 days after inoculation.Keywords: storage-rot, yam-tubers, plant-extracts, fungal-pathogens, severityInternational Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 6 2005: 74-80

Biological control of postharvest fungal rot of yam (Dioscorea spp.) withBacillus subtilis

The potential of isolates of Bacillus subtilis from yam farm soil to control rot of yam in storage barns was investigated. Yam tubers inoculated in vivo with B. subtilis showed no rot while those inoculated with Aspergillus niger, Botryodiploidia theobromae or Penicillium oxalicum showed considerable rot. The set of yams in which B. subtilis and the fungi were simultaneously inoculated produced rot whereas those in which B. subtilis was inoculated a day before the fungi was inoculated were totally reduced or free of rot. Many fewer fungi were isolated from the surface of tubers treated with B. subtilis than from the untreated (control) and there was high recovery of B. subtilis (99-100%) throughout the period of storage. Rot build up was faster in uninoculated control tubers or those inoculated with a spoilage fungus, while those treated with the antagonist were totally reduced or free of rot. The culture filtrate of B. subtilis prevented spore germination in some spoilage fungi. The importance of this study in relation to farmers in developing countries is discussed.

Fumonisin contamination of maize in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Maize throughout the world is frequently contaminated with a family of mycotoxins, the fumonisins, produced by species of Fusaria. The study investigated the level of fumonisin contamination of maize samples from village farms and large market traders in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Maize samples (5 kg) from each of five to six large storage barns from farms in five villages in the district of N’Dorola, Kénédougou province, western Burkina Faso, were sampled (n = 26) in Jan 1999 (> 1 year storage), and a further 26 maize samples from the same farms were collected directly from the field in October 1999. In addition, 72 maize samples were obtained in July 1999 from large markets in Bobo Dioulasso. Fumonisins were extracted from dried maize, derivatized with o-phthaldialdehyde and quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. All 26 samples from the first (mean 1170 μg kg−1, range 110–3120 μg kg−1) and from the second (mean 130 μg kg−1, range 10–450 μg kg−1) village collection were fumonisin positive. All 72 maize samples from the large markets were also positive for fumonisins, and had the highest levels of contamination (mean 2900 μg kg−1, range 130–16 040 μg kg−1). As fumonisins were a ubiquitous contaminant of maize and given that this crop is a dietary staple in this region, chronic exposure is likely.

Unwanted Agricultural Pesticides: State Disposal Programs

AbstractMillions of pounds of unwanted pesticides have accumulated in storage barns throughout our country. The potential environmental and health risks posed by this situation have garnered public attention and governmental action. While the possession of unwanted pesticides generally is not illegal, agricultural producers need to follow requisite legal requirements and dispose of pesticides properly to avoid legal infractions. The federal government has published the Universal Waste Rule so that it is easier to dispose of unwanted pesticides through waste pesticide collection programs. Nearly every state has initiated efforts to collect and dispose of accumulated pesticides in a safe manner, but many programs only address a part of the problem. For many states, the lack of implementation of funding or a permanent mechanism for the collection of unwanted pesticides means that pesticides will continue to present risks to our society.

Evaluator for Round Hay Bale Storage

Round bales are a common method of handling and storage forages, yet many producers fail to use appropriate storage. The objectives of this work were to develop a decision framework and spreadsheet implementation of the framework useful for analysis of the many round bale storage options: outside storage, in-barn storage, group covering, individual stretch wrapping of bales, and manual bagging of bales. Costs due to added machinery, added labor, a structure, site preparation and maintenance, and bale covering were assessed and compared with the benefits from not storing hay outside. Generally, some protection from weather is profitable, but determination of the most profitable alternative requires an individualized analysis. A breakeven analysis showed that there are few situations where the net gain from building an open-sided barn is less than zero; however, in-barn storage may not always be the best option. Research Question Use of round bales for hay and silage is extremely common. Losses from storing round bales outside, on the ground, uncovered are usually high enough to warrant some storage facility and equipment. The objectives of this work were to develop a decision framework and present a spreadsheet implementation of the framework for evaluating hay storage options. Literature Summary Storage losses in round bales vary widely due to location, storage method, and duration of storage. With such variations and numerous storage options available, it is difficult to generalize as to the best storage method. Previous economic analyses left out some key factors and have not allowed evaluation of several of the options available. Most previous work has, however, indicated that some type of protection from weathering is generally better than “taking your losses.” Study Description This work lays out the procedure for, and gives examples of, how to determine which round bale storage option is best based on an engineering economic analysis. Benefits of reduced storage loss and improved value are compared with costs from added machinery, added labor, a storage structure, a prepared site, and covering material. Costs and benefits are expressed on an annualized ($/yr) basis. It is intended that advisors and producers will use this software to do evaluations with specific inputs from their operation. The procedure and spreadsheet implementation are not location or equipment specific and should be useful for exploring the storage alternatives in many areas. Applied Questions Should round bales be stored outside along the fence line or can one afford to protect them from the weather? Unless the hay has a value at harvest of less than $55/ton or experiences less than 15% loss during outside storage, it is difficult to identify scenarios where some protection from weather will be unprofitable. The protection offered by a dedicated hay storage barn, group covering of bales, or individual wrapping or covering will rarely cost more than the benefit received in terms of increased dry matter retention and increased value. Although some form of protection is almost always profitable, a detailed analysis is needed to determine which form of protection is the most profitable. Which is best: storing round bales in a dedicated hay storage barn, wrapping round bales individually, or storing them under a common cover? It depends on many factors such as labor and machine availability and cost, cost of barn construction, cost of covering materials, cost of site preparation, outside storage losses, and value of the hay to be stored. In some instances, a wrong decision can easily be made because evaluators only examine some of the variable costs. An example of a common mistake is to conclude that individual wrapping is best based on costs of wrapping material and the wrapping machine. A large part of the tot al cost, however, may be due to factors other than these (e.g., tractor, labor, site preparation); these factors are often overlooked. The spreadsheet implementation of the decision framework allows one to make a “personalized ” analysis for a particular situation.

Título en español

La naturaleza de la dominancia en la brotación de los tubérculos del ñame (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) se estudió en condiciones ambientales en un tinglado corriente para almacenar ñames. Los tubérculos enteros brotaron en el extrema proximal, o sea en la base morfológica o extrema en que el tubérculo esta adherido al tallo. El único vástago que brota en un ñame entero inhibe la brotación de otros vástagos a lo largo del eje del tubérculo. Si el tubérculo se corta en tres secciones: "cabeza" (región basal or proximal), "media" y "rabo" (región apical o distal) se estimula la brotadura de vástagos laterales en la superficie debajo de la región basal. Al separar la región basal desaparece la tensión que impedía que los vástagos laterales brotaran en el tubérculo entero. Esto indica una fuerte dominancia basal sobre los brotes basales en el tubérculo entero. La fisiología de la dominancia en tubérculos enteros podría describirse como "dominancia basal" en vez de "dominancia apical", ya que en la brotadura de un tubérculo entero, es el brote basal (el de la base morfológica o extrema proximal) el que inhibe el desarrollo de brotes laterales a lo largo del eje del tubérculo.

Sex- and Age-Ratio Bias of Cannon-Netted Geese

Age ratios of Canada geese (Branta canadensis), derived from catches in cannon traps, are of questionable value unless time on bait is taken into account. Findings were based on examination of 2,879 geese caught in 46 timed catches at Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge in 1961 and 1962. The proportion of adults in the catches increased with length of time on bait. No significant differences were found in sex ratios as time on bait increased. This study was designed to determine whether any measurable sexor age-ratio biases are obtained in the cannon-net trapping of Canada geese. It has been speculated that the period of time geese spend on the bait at the trap sites, before the catch is made, may influence sex and age ratios obtained. Correct interpretation of band recoveries is important in analysis of population dynamics. One problem that plagues wildlife research is the difficulty of obtaining random samples from wild populations. If sex and age ratios from trap samples contain biases of unknown magnitude, we cannot accurately determine flock composition or predict productivity and turnover from these samples. Until we know the magnitude of bias involved, we cannot make corrections and must assume that present trap samples and band recoveries are indicative of the populations. This study was carried out at Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge in north-central Missouri during October, November, and December of 1961 and 1962. Financial assistance was supplied by the Missouri Conservation Commission and an Edward K. Love Fellowship from the University of Missouri. Dr. W. H. Elder, Rucker Professor of Zoology at the University of Missouri, guided the study. I am also grateful to the following: Dr. Donald H. Hazelwood, Department of Zoology, University of Missouri, for advice on statistics; Richard Vaught, Waterfowl Biologist, and Fred Veach, Area Manager, Missouri Conservation Commission; Leo Kirsch, Manager, and Howard Thornsberry, Wildlife Technician, Swan Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Richard Thompson, from the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia, and Earl Cunningham, of the Carolina Sand Hills National Wildlife Refuge, South Carolina, also assisted with observations and handling of geese for several days during the fall of 1962. MATERIALS AND METHODS Determination of time on bait before each catch necessitated observation of the bir s from the time they came near the trap site until the actual shot was fired for the catch. The two trap sites used during this study were located on opposite sides of Swan Lake. The points of concealment and detonation control were an old silo, now an observation tower, and a storage barn. The silo is about 400 yards from one site, the barn only 30 yards from the other. Nets and cannons were laid out parallel to the shoreline in conventional fashion 'Contribution from the Missouri Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Management Institute, Missouri Conservation Commission, Edward K. Love Foundation, and the University of Missour , cooperating. 2 Present address: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, 403 Perlstein Bldg., Beaumont, Texas.