Stop Watch Research Articles

Hubungan Daya Tahan Kekuatan Otot Tungkai dengan Laju Lari 100 M pada siswa Kelas VII-3 SMP Negeri 1 Bonepantai

In an effort to improve running ability, muscle strength endurance is very important. The aim of this research is to explain the relationship between the strength endurance of body movements, especially the leg or leg muscles, and the extent to which the ability to withstand the strength of the leg or leg muscles affects 100 meter running speed. junior high school students in grades VII�3. In this research, the correlation method is used simultaneously with a quantitative approach. To collect data, a Leg Dynamometer and a Stop Watch were used. Data is analyzed using simple methods and multiple correlations, along with the Product Moment formula. The results showed that (1) there was a significant relationship between leg muscle strength and running speed for 100 meters, with a correlation value of 0.449. The results show that (1) leg muscle endurance influences 100 m running speed because the calculated value is 2.510 > table is 2.008, and (2) variable X influences variable Y. The determination coefficient of 0.201 from this output shows that the influence of the independent variable ( leg muscle endurance) in the dependent variable (100 m running speed) is 20.1% and the significance value is 0.001<0.005

Effects of two massage therapy techniques on the rate of perceived exertion and performance recovery among adolescent footballers in Lagos State

The purpose of this research was to investigate effects of two massage therapy techniques on the rate of perceived exertion and performance recovery among adolescent footballers in Lagos state. Pre-test post-test experimental research design was employed for the study. The research instruments for the study included weighing scales, sphygmomanometer, heart rate monitors, cones, RPE rating, massage oil and stop watch. Pre-test data was collected. After the administration of 6 weeks massage therapy sessions, post-test data was collected. Rate of perceived exertion rating was collected through the exposure of the players to circuit training which incorporated sprinting, jumping and siting twist. The performance recovery data was collected by allowing the players to run 800m after their regular training session and the time taken to complete it was recorded. Findings indicated that there was no significant effect of Swedish massage therapy on the rate of perceived exertion, there was significant effect of Swedish massage therapy on performance recovery, and there was significant effect of deep tissue massage therapy on rate of perceived exertion and performance recovery among adolescent footballers. The study recommends that coaches and professionals should design a comprehensive training and recovery plan that includes more of deep tissue massage sessions.

(072) Effect of Diafragmatic Breathing Exercises on Individual with Premature Ejaculation

Abstract Introduction Premature ejaculation (PE) is defined as an intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of less than 60 seconds and the most common sexual dysfunction among men. There is no published study researching the effect of diafragmatic breathing exercises (DBE) on PE and also no optimal training protocol has been identified. Objective Investigate the effect of DBE on PE and to create a new treatment protocol. Methods Sixty two men with PE aged between 20–45 years were included in the study and randomly divided into Group I or Group II (n=1:1). Both groups underwent the treatment protocol includes behavioral therapy (BT) and pelvic floor rehabilitation (PFR) in 4 steps: 1) awareness of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM), 2) PFM specific contraction, 3) using the BT for learning the timing of pre-orgasmic sensation and maintenance of PFM contraction during sensation of the pre-orgasm, 4) PFM strengthening exercises. PFM strengthening exercises were given 3 days/week, 2 times/day for 8 weeks. Group I also underwent DBE that were given as 3 s inspiration-7 s expiration, at least 10 times/session for each day, 2 sessions/day, for 8 weeks. For awareness and specific contraction of PFM, patient was asked to contract his PFM with the cue to stop to urine while performing a digital rectal examination in supine. In order to learn the timing of pre-orgasmic sensation, masturbation exercises were given to the patient with start-stop tecnique. During the cycle of the pre-orgasmic sensation contraction of PFM was requested. After 4 or 5 cycles the patient can let himself reach ejaculation. Result of this training discussed with the patient once a month by phone-call. PFM strengthening exercises comprised sustained for slow (10 s submax. contraction-10 s relaxation x15 times) and fast twitch muscle fibers (1 s contraction-10 s relaxation x10 times). Outcome measurements were made by a blinded assessor at pre-treatment and at the end of the 8 week (post-treatment). Stop watch was used to calculate IELT, Ultrasound was used to measure PFM strength (US-S) and PFM endurance (US-E) and Elite-HRV device was used to measure autonomic nervous system parameters (Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), proportion of NN50 (PNN50), Low frequency power (LF-Power), High frequency power (HF-power), Low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF-ratio)). Results Twenty nine (mean age=31.4±6.5) in Group I and 30 (mean age=31.3±7.6) in Group II (total 59) completed the study. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of demographic characteristics and pre-treatment IELT. Both groups showed significant improvement in all measurement parameters (all p<0.001), except LF/HF at post-treatment. When the differences between pre-treatment and posttreatment were compared, IELT (p=0.016), RMSDD (p<0.001), PNN50 (p=0.001), LF Power (p=0.001), HF Power (p=0.006), US-S (p<0.001), US-E (p<0.001) were significant in favor of Group I. Conclusions BT and PFR combined protocol, showed increase in IELT, PFM strentgh and endurance and improvements at autonomic nervous system parameters. Adding DBE to this protocol showed better improvements in all parameters. Disclosure No.

TINJAUAN ALUR PROSEDUR PELAYANAN PASIEN RAWAT JALAN PESERTA BPJS GUNA MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DI RSUD BANDUNG KIWARI

The increase in BPJS patients at Bandung Kiwari Hospital is something that needs to be considered in their services, the inhibiting factors are employees who still cannot correct computer system errors, officers still rely on IT employees to justify them, so the registration service process becomes hampered and late due to waiting for the team Different IT floors, apart from that there are still employees who are lacking in conveying information to patients. The purpose of this study was to find out how the flow of procedures for outpatient registration services for BPJS users in order to improve the quality of health services at Bandung Kiwari Hospital. The research method used is descriptive method with a qualitative approach with the subject, namely the registration officer, and the object, namely the BPJS registration flow. Data collection techniques are by interview, observation and documentation study. The research instrument uses stationery, stop watch, and interview guidelines. Based on the Hospital SPO for outpatient registration of BPJS participants, it is explained that employees must greet, but employees are still normal to receive patients, and officers are still not reliable enough to correct computer system errors, besides that hospitals are lacking in conveying information to patients so there are still patients lack information for BPJS registration which must register with predetermined conditions. The author suggests that the Hospital provide facilities that new patients can see regarding the requirements for registering to use BPJS and provide motivation to employees regarding empathy for patients.

Is providing choices always a good thing? the backfire effect of providing choices on competence restoration

Grounded in self-determination theory (SDT), the purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of providing choices following competence frustration on one’s intrinsic motivation in a follow-up task. Study 1 conducted a between-group EEG experiment with 50 participants and used a component of event-related potentials (ERPs) to represent intrinsic motivation. Study 2 was a behavioural experiment with 149 participants, adopting the self-report method to measure intrinsic motivation. The stimuli and procedure in Study 1 are identical to Study 2. All participants were asked to complete a high-difficult time-estimation (TE) task during sessions 1–2, and a moderate-difficult stopwatch (SW) task during session 3 (no choices in the control group vs. providing choices in the experimental group). In Study 1, we observed a smaller reward positivity (RewP) difference wave in the experimental (vs. control) group during session 3. In Study 2, participants’ intrinsic motivation in the experimental (vs. control) group is significantly lower. The results suggest that providing choices impairs the competence-frustrated participants’ intrinsic motivation in the follow-up task and hinders competence restoration. Thus, the current research contributes original neuroscientific and subjective evidences for the adverse influence of providing choices on the competence-frustrated individual’s intrinsic motivation, and suggests important practical implications.

Influence of Thermodynamic Arrow of Time on Entropy

This study assessed the influence of thermodynamic arrow of time on entropy for boiled cooling water (physical process), the universe and the air (natural process). This was done by determining the entropies of boiled water, the universe and air. This was achieved by using 1.5 litres of pure water, a 2 liter electric kettle, a digital thermometer, a digital weighing scale and a stop watch. The entropy values of boiled water as it was cooling, was in negatives, that of the universe was in negatives and positives and that of air (natural process) was positive. This showed that for any physical process, (boiled cooling water and the universe) thermodynamic arrow of time does not influence entropy in the positive direction while as for a natural process (air), thermodynamic arrow of time influences entropy in the positive direction. The boiledcooling water was a non-spontaneous process, the universe was both non-spontaneous and spontaneous and the air was a spontaneous process. The study has shown that thermodynamic arrow of time influences only entropies of natural process in the forward direction but for the physical process, the entropy can be influenced both backwards and forwardwise.

Design and Development of a Cowpea Decorticator

Introduction: Cowpea decorticating is a crucial post-harvest process that involves removing the seed coats from the kernels to produce ready-to-use cowpea products such as flour, grits, and protein concentrates and food products such as Akara and Moinmoin in south western Nigeria.
 Methodology: In this study, a locally developed cowpea decorticator was tested and evaluated using small oloka (a Nigerian local cowpea breed) cowpea grains. The machine was allowed to run empty for five minutes before the experiment commenced. Three samples of 1kg each were weighed and wetted with same quantity of water for 10, 20, and 30 minutes, respectively. The samples were then fed into the developed decorticator running at a speed of 420 rpm, and the operating speed and time taken were determined using a digital tachometer and stop watch, respectively. Samples of decorticated, undecorticated, and broken cowpea were collected and weighed to evaluate the efficiency of the machine based on the decorticating length and wetting time of cowpea grains.
 Results: The study revealed that as the decorticating length increased from 44.5 to 178 mm and wetting time increased from 10 to 30 minutes, the decorticating efficiency increased from 55 to 92.1%. The highest average decorticating efficiency of 92.1% was obtained at 178 mm decorticating length and 30 minutes wetting time.
 Conclusion: These findings showed that the decorticating efficiency of the machine depends on the wetting time and the decorticating length of the machine.

1306-P: Body-Worn Motion Sensors Detect Gait Deficits in People with Impaired Fasting Glucose Who Have Normal 400-Meter Walk Time

Background: Gait is increasingly recognized as a marker of general health status. Abnormal gait characteristics have been observed in people with diabetes, but it is unclear if subtle changes in specific gait characteristics can be found in people with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), who are not yet classified as diabetic (prediabetic). Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if digital gait measures discriminate people with IFG from healthy control subjects (HC) who have a normal 400-meter walk time. Methods: One-hundred and eight people with IFG (mean age: 71.20 years) and 63 healthy control participants (mean age: 70.40 years) wore 6 inertial sensors (Opals by APDM, a Clario Company) while performing a 400-meter fast walk test. In total, 56 measures were derived from the 400-meter walk test, including time to complete the test. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to investigate the differences between the prediabetic and healthy control groups while adjusting for body mass index (BMI) as a covariate. Results: After controlling for BMI as a covariate, 9 out of 55 gait measures were significantly different (p<10-4) between IFG and HC groups. Step duration, cadence, and turn velocity were the most discriminative measures. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups for stopwatch timed for 400-meter walk test. Conclusion: Specific gait measures using body-worn sensors could be abnormal in people with IFG, even when stop watch time for the 400-meter walk test is normal. Thus, digital gait measures show promise to be used as endpoints for clinical trials in people with prediabetes. Disclosure V.V.Shah: Employee; APDM Wearable Technologies, A Clario Company. P.Carlson-kuhta: None. K.Sowalsky: Employee; Clario. M.Mancini: Consultant; Clario. F.B.Horak: Employee; APDM Precision Motion, division of Clario. Funding National Institutes of Health (5IK2CX000729-05)

Aligned PLLA electrospun fibres based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerator

Transient triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) fabricated with degradable materials is an emerging area which can tackle the global issue of electronic waste. Here, we report a fully biodegradable TENG comprising of aligned PLLA (aPLLA) fibres and chitosan as the active layers. The aPLLA and random PLLA (rPLLA) fibers are compared for the performance and the aPLLA fibre based TENG (aPL-TENG) is found to exhibit superior performance (output voltage and current of 45 V and 9 μA, respectively) due to better 103 helix chain conformation. The performance of aPLLA fibres was also analysed with different interface combinations. The aPL-TENG showed excellent mechanical stability for 24000 cycles and produced an output power density of 6.5 mW m−2. The soil burial test confirms the degradation of the materials used in the device fabrication. Finally, as a proof-of-concept, the output of aPL-TENG was fed to a capacitor to demonstrate it capability to continuously power the commercial wrist and stop watch. Considering the facile fabrication and easily available sustainable materials used for the aPL-TENG, the presented approach can provide attractive green energy harvesting machine to power portable devices at a large scale – without having to worry about the end-of-life electronic waste management.

Students’ knowledge on the identification and use of physics laboratory apparatus in post-basic schools in Ilorin, Nigeria

Physics teaching and learning theoretically may not achieve its full objectives without the integration of laboratory activities. The study measures post-basic school students’ knowledge of identification and use of physics laboratory apparatus so as to ascertain their readiness for external examinations. The method adopted was descriptive survey of cross sectional type of research that enables data collection through measurement tool. One hundred and forty-three physics students’ check-lists were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency count and simple percentage). The findings of this study revealed that out of the commonly identified physics laboratory apparatus, students high strength was recorded in identifying the apparatus like retort stand, weight/mass, meter rule, pendulum bob, knife edge, optical pin, glass prism and test tube. The students show high strength in stating correct use of the apparatus like meter rule, stop watch, beaker, ammeter and voltmeter. It is recommended that pasting and displaying the apparatus pictures, name of the apparatus, its uses/functions beside it in the physics laboratory wall and early exposure of the students to laboratory activities will help the students in apparatus identification and prepare them for external examinations.

Sampler filling time during arterial and venous puncture: An observational study

Introduction: An arterial blood gas (ABG) is a blood test that is performed using blood from an artery. When obtaining an arterial blood sample via percutaneous puncture, there is a risk of accidentally obtaining venous blood. Conventional methods of confirming arterial blood at the bedside such as blood colour and pulsatile return can be misleading in patients with low blood pressure or hypoxaemia. The blood of patients with hypoxaemia can show a dark colour similar to venous blood and patients with low blood pressure may have very low pulsatile action. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine if the arterial sampler filling time can be an accurate predictor of obtaining arterial blood sample in adults. Methodology: Forty patients were enrolled prospectively who required arterial blood sample or venous sample in medical and surgical intensive care unit. During the arterial and venous puncture procedures the amount of time it took to fill the sample tube was measured with the help of stop watch in s/ml was measured. Results: Twenty patients were in the arterial group and 20 patients in venous group. The mean ± SD filling time was 12 ± 3 s/ml for the arterial group and 112±21 s/ml for the venous group. Conclusion: There is a statistically significant difference between arterial and venous filling times using an arterial blood sampler in human subjects. There is no relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and arterial sampler filling times.

Effect of duration of delayed cord clamping on serum bilirubin hematocrit and hemodynamic status in neonates

Introduction:DCC is a common practice with several benefits. The benefits of DCC are decreased risk of anemia, less incidence of periventricular leukomalacia, less incidence of NEC. This study tries to compare the effect of different duration of delayed cord clamping on serum bilirubin, hematocrit and hemodynamic status of a neonate. Material and method:A prospective study was done over a span of one year comprising of 150 full term neonates. After obtaining consent prior before delivary females who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to 3 groups.For group 1 the cord was clamped at a duration of 30 sec, 60 sec for group 2 and 120 sec for group 3. Exact time of delayed clamping was recorded using a stop watch. Serum bilirubin and hematocrit level and parameters like respiratory rate, pulse rate, capillary refill time and temperature was assessed at day three. Results: Group 1 showed a mean hematocrit % of 41.51 (SD 10.28). Group 2 showed mean hematocrit % of 45.11 (9.4) and mean hematocrit % of group 3 was 45.64 (8.37).

Consequences of COVID-19 in the Status of Physical Fitness in Post COVID Patients: A Cross Sectional Study.

Introduction- The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 has affected over 15.9 million people across 200 countries and caused more than 643,000 deaths. The coronavirus is a highly infectious virus and spreads through droplets generated during coughing, sneezing, talking, and even breathing. .[1] As the main symptoms reported after COVID-19 are fatigue and dyspnoea, the need of the study is to find out consequences of COVID 19 in status of Physical Fitness with respect to Functional status, endurance and Lung capacity in Post COVID- 19 subjects Aim – To analyse the consequences of covid-19 in the status on physical fitness in post COVID patients. Objectives- 1. To find out effect of COVID on lung function capacity assessing PEFR in post COVID patients. To find out effect of COVID on functional status in post COVID patients. 3.To know the effect of COVID on endurance using Figure of 8 walk test in post COVID patients. Methods- The research was carried out in the Physiotherapy OPD at Vikhe Patil Memorial Hospital. A cross-sectional study was designed. Purposive sampling was used in the sampling process. The sample size for this study was 50. Consent form for a six-month study was made. Peak flow metre, Sterilium, Cotton wool, Weighing machine and Measuring tape, Post COVID-19 Functional status scale, 2 cones, stop watch, Pedometer, tape measure were among the materials utilised. Patients with COVID 19 infection who were recovered and willing to participate, both genders, ages 20 to 55, and able to walk without assistance met the inclusion criteria. Patients who were not cooperative or who had additional systemic illnesses, such as diabetes, were excluded. Result- A total of 50 patients entered the study who were in the age group of 20-55 yrs. We compare PEFR values among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The study shows that comparison of PEFR values between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients was not significant (p value 0.2265) and PEFR values of symptomatic patients were less than that of asymptomatic patients. The patients who were symptomatically ill were affected more and show symptom of pain, anxiety, depression rather than asymptomatic patients and there was no sign of functional limitation. There is no effect on endurance of the patients as such after recovery from COVID-19 infection. Conclusion- This study shows that there is effect of COVID on physical fitness of post COVID patients after recovery with respect to lung function capacity. Symptomatic patients were more affected than asymptomatic patients. The functional status of the post COVID patients is not affected, few of them suffered from pain, depression and anxiety after recovery. There is no effect on endurance in post COVID patients after recovery.

The Effect of Pelvic Rocking Exercise and Buteyko Exercise on Reducing Primary Dysmenorrhea Pain Levels

Background: Dysmenorrhea is cramping pain and is often followed by lowerback pain, nausea and vomiting, headache and diarrhea. Dysmenorrhearefers to the overall pain symptoms that arise during menstruation, there are2 types of dysmenorrhea, namely, primary and secondary dysmenorrhea.is a cyclic menstrual pain without pathological abnormalities in the pelvis iscalled Primary dysmenorrhea. There are 2 types of Management primarydysmenorrhea which are pharmacological and non-pharmacological.The treatment for Non-pharmacological can be done with pelvic rockingexercise and Buteyko Exercise. The movements in pelvic rocking exerciseand Buteyko Exercise can stimulate the body to release endorphins whichfunction as natural sedative hormones, and can also facilitate blood flow tothe uterus so that pain is reduced.Purpose:The effect of pelvic rocking exercise and Buteyko Exercise onreducing pain in primary dysmenorrhea was The purpose of this research.Methods: This research is a quantitative study with a quasi-experimentaldesign, pre-test and post-test designs. Nonequivalent control group design.The amount of the sample are 58 people by using purposive samplingtechnique. The research instrument used a standard operating proceduresheet for pelvic rocking exercise and Buteyko Exercise, a monitoring sheet,a stop watch and a numeric rating scale pain measurement sheet. Thehypothesis is tested by using the independent T Test.Results: Before the intervention, the p-value was 0.063. The results of thisresearch was p value 0.001.Conclusion: This research can also be used as input for nurses to make newdecisions in improving the quality of nursing care with non-pharmacologicaltherapeutic approaches. There is an effect of pelvic rocking exercise andButeyko Exercise on reducing pain in primary dysmenorrhea. The results ofthis research can be used as a contribution of thoughts and references as amore in-depth study of pain reduction in primary dysmenorrhea.

Comparison of unipedal stance test for the assessment of balance among blind and blind folded sighted children

This study aims to compare the unipedal stance test for assessment of balance among blind and blind folded sighted children. Balance of the body requires coordination of input from various sensory systems like somatosensory, visual and vestibular system. Any disparity in any of these systems may have negative impact on maintaining the posture balance. A cross sectional study was conducted on 181 blind folded sighted and 150 blind children aged 10-17 years. The unipedal stance test was used to assess postural balance. The children were instructed to stand comfortably on a bare foot of their choice with other foot raised. A stop watch was used to record time duration to stand on one foot. The best of the three trials was taken as a final result of that participant. Statistical analysis was done with the help of unpaired t test. Blind folded sighted children showed the significantly better postural balance (P=0.0001). On age wise comparison among blindfolded sighted children and blind children, blind folded sighted children showed more stable postural balance right from younger age group to older age group than the blind children of the same age group (P=0.0001).

Effect of cutting fluids application on the cutting temperature and drilling time of mild steel material

Heat production associated with every machining operation has a significant effect on the cutting temperature and drilling time. Such effect is mitigated through the application of cutting fluids that would help to conduct off the generated heat actuated by the frictional contact between the tool and workpiece cutting zone. The effects of the vegetable oils (Gmelina oil, Neem oil and Castor oil) and conventional soluble oil on the cutting temperature and drilling time were studied at various spindle speeds, feed rates and cutting speeds. The vegetable oils were extracted from their various seeds using solvent and pressing method. A minimum quantity lubricating (MQL) system was set-up and was used to control the flow of the cutting fluid to the drilling zone of the tool-workpiece interface. A vertical drilling machine having a 20mm drill bit size was used to drill a through hole of 40mm depth on a mild steel material. During the drilling process, the cutting fluid was applied to the drilling zone using the MQL system and the cutting temperature and drilling time were measured with an infra-red thermometer and a stop watch respectively. The results gotten from the experiment showed that Gmelina oil gave the lowest cutting temperature and drilling time. This was followed by soluble oil, Neem oil and then Castor oil. Under a dry drilling condition, the cutting temperature and drilling time obtained were the highest compared to other cutting fluids applied conditions. Therefore, cutting fluids application reduces the cutting temperature and drilling time and should be employed in industrial operations for the attainment of good machining characteristics.

Automation of order costing analysis by using Visual Basic for applications in Microsoft Excel

In the modern world of technologies (sciences of arts), optimum operation time is the prime consideration. Technologies with greater operation time are needed to be modified or replaced as per the requirement of the current scenario. In small and medium enterprises of developing countries, almost all the reporting activities are conducted in Microsoft Excel. The manual operation in Microsoft Excel takes a long time (17.37 minutes, only if there was one order of only one article with one color) of the users; furthermore, there can also be a greater chance of error in the report. In the same way, the order costing report at the ABC footwear company of Lahore is prepared manually in Microsoft Excel which used to take a long time to be prepared along with the greater probability of errors in the report. Because of the above-mentioned reasons, the order costing report was decided to be automated with the help of visual basic for applications (VBA) in Microsoft Excel. The manual procedure including all the activities was collected from the planning and costing department of ABC Company. Moreover, all the activities were listed down and their time study was conducted. VBA macros were programmed with the objectives of automating all the manual tasks of the order costing report in Microsoft Excel and eliminating the chance of error (calculation error made by the employee). Macros, were programmed by the use of conditional statements, (i.e. if and else conditions) and various types of loops, (i.e. Do while loop and for loop). Automated decisions were made with the help of conditional statements during the operation and the conditional statements were circulated with the help of loops across the whole worksheet. Two userforms were designed for the execution of macros by the click of command buttons (having macros at their back). Total eight worksheets were incorporated into the automated template. All the programmed VBA macros were explained with the help of flowcharts made in the Microsoft Visio. After the report was automated, a time study of operations performed after each click was conducted with the help of stop watch. The data obtained by the time study was entered into Microsoft Excel so that the time of old and suggested methods could be compared. Comparison of both methods indicated that the suggested method took 85.92% less time as compared to the old method of preparing the order costing report. At the same time, the report made by the suggested method was free of errors and the workload of employees was also reduced.

Effect of different drills exercise on endurance and agility of school level students

This study compares the study of effect of different drills exercise on endurance and agility of school level students selection of subjects for the present study 30 students (Boy’s) were selected by using sample random sampling method from Bharatpur School and their age group 17-18 years. Selection of tests the data for the study were collection by administration of Harvard Step Test and Shuttle run. Tools of the study: - 1) Endurance measure through pulse-rate. A stop watch, 18-inch high bench, metronome or tape-recorder (Optional), Stethoscope (Optional). 2) The Agility of students measure two blocks of wood, five centimetres by ten centimetres and a stop watch, track, lime powder etc… Training program was of 6 weeks. In each week 3 days training where given to the group and Sunday was given total rest. For warming up exercise to be taken are: jogging 10 minutes, Spot jumping-3 sets of 12 counts, for cooling down exercise to be taken are, slow stretching exercise of whole body, deep breathing for 3 minute 60 seconds rest after each repetition. For data collection two tests was conducted as given below, administration of the test Pre-test & Post-test: After four weeks training programmed final test was conducted for the result collected pre-test and post-test data was further put for analysis.

Comparison of Gait Pattern among Blind and Blind Folded Sighted Subjects: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Gait is the normal way of walking pattern. The visual system of sighted subjects furnishes information concerning the environment from distant and plays important role in maintaining the stability and planning of the route during locomotion. During movement of the sighted subject, the visual perception of the surroundings enables the orientation towards the goal. Movement and position of limbs is also important in order to adjust foot clearance or foot placement to regulate the walking pace. Aim: To compare the gait pattern among blind and blind folded sighted subjects as well as among healthy and underweight blind and blind folded sighted subjects. Materials And Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Physiology, RKDF Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, from October 2019 to April 2021. A total of 181 sighted and 150 blind subjects aged between 10-17 years were taken in the study. Foot print method was used to record spatial components. The temporal components were measured with stop watch. Rivermead Visual Gait Analysis (RVGA) was use to analyse kinematic characteristics. The estimation of healthy and underweight subjects were done by calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). Quantitative data was expressed as mean±standard deviation. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean value of gait in blind folded sighted and blind subjects was found to be 3.28±0.48 and 2.01± 0.79 respectively and was found statically significant having (p-value=0.001). The results of mean value of gait on the basis BMI, the healthy blind folded sighted and healthy blind subjects showed 3.29±0.46 and 1.99±0.75 respectively (p-value=0.001). Similarly, the gait pattern in underweight blind folded sighted and underweight bind subjects was observed to be 3.26±0.61 and 1.98±0.77 respectively (p-value=0.001). Conclusion: The gait pattern was found to be significantly better among the blind folded sighted subjects in comparison to the blind subjects.

Comparision of speed and endurance between short and long distance runner of Kashmir Division

The main idea and aim of this comparative study is to assess and compare the speed and endurance among long distance and short distance athletes of Kashmir division. For this comparative study (60) subjects were selected, 30 athletes were long distance runner and 30 were short distance runner all were selected from Kashmir division city which were selected randomly from various disticte of Kashmir division for the study. The the statistical criteria used for selecting the subjects was through simple random sampling. All the athletes from both the categories were of the age ranged between 25-35 years. To compare and analyze the speed and endurance among long distance and short distance athletes of Kashmir division. Of the athletes of both the groups two different tests or equipments were used. For speed A digital Stop watch for recording the distance covered per unit time and for endurance Heart Rate count. Vo2max. Bench for Cardiovascular was used. The comparison analysis of data was done by using statistical technique ‘t’- test for finding the significance difference speed and endurance of long and short distance runner of Kashmir division the level of significance was set at 0.05 levels (p<0.05). The calculated means and standard deviation of speed and endurance of long distance distance athletes of Kashmir division selected variables of industrial inhabitants viz. speed( 12.82 ± 1.07 endurance VO2 Max is ( 58.24 ± 7.25 ) and the findings means and standard deviation of selected variables of short distance atheletes of Kashmir division in speed (13.87± 2.93), endurance (448 ± 66.39), Hence the Non-industrial inhabitants were found with sound cardio respiratory capacities as compared to Industrial Inhabitants the difference might be due to the pollution of industries which directly or indirectly affects the population (people) residing in industrial area.