Stopping Behavior Research Articles

イベント空間における閲覧者モデルとアメニティ空間設計

In this paper, we develop a model of the behavior of visitors in an exhibition space, and design an amenity space to reduce congestion. Because the flow of visitors depends on the space layout, it is possible to reduce the congestion by changing the layout of exhibits. To deal with the congestion, a macro model of visitors is required. The flow of visitors is modeled by two-dimensional vector field and the individual behavior is represented by the dynamic model including collision avoidance of individuals. To model walking and stopping behaviors, we introduce an extended dimensional space where the extra coordinate represents the viewing time of each exhibition. The parameters in the proposed model are identified from the measured data of human flow line. To reduce the congestion, the layout of exhibits is optimized based on the proposed model by minimizing the collision avoidance vector. The proposed method is verified by simulations and experiments using swarm robots, which consist of autonomous mobile robots and radio controlled robots.

Rôle des croyances rationnelles et irrationnelles concernant la motivation à l’arrêt du tabac

Les addictions sont considérées comme une affection psychique chronique mettant en jeu une substance ou un comportement. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’explorer le rôle des croyances rationnelles et irrationnelles dans la motivation à la dépendance tabagique. Pour ce faire, 186 personnes ont complété des échelles concernant la dépendance au tabac, leur motivation à l’arrêt et leurs croyances rationnelles et irrationnelles associées au fait d’être fumeur et leur crainte de prendre du poids en cas d’arrêt. Les résultats montrent que les croyances rationnelles et irrationnelles sur le fait d’être fumeur ont un impact plutôt positif sur la motivation, tandis que les croyances irrationnelles concernant la crainte d’une prise de poids semblent être un frein à la motivation et devraient par conséquent faire l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part du professionnel lors des consultations au sevrage. Addiction is considered as a chronic mental disorder involving a substance or a behavior; subjective experience of addiction includes craving resulting in difficulties linked to stopping substance usage or behavior (Goldman et al., 2005 [1]). Health risks related to smoking addiction are well known, and in 2015 approximately 10 % of deaths will be attributable to smoking (Rosenthal et al., 2011 [3]). Smoking can result in various diseases and health problems (Dolle et al., 2004; Das, 2003; Bartal, 2001 [4], [5], [6]). Nicotine, the active component of smoking, is used to regulate emotions (Benowitz, 2010; Evans et Drobes, 2009; Knott et al., 2009 [7], [8], [9]) and smokers experience concentration problems, dysphoria, anxiety, increased appetite, and irregular heart rhythm when they are suffering nicotine deprivation – (Hughes, 2007; Hughes et Hatsumaki; 1986; Koob et Le Moal, 1997 [10], [11], [12]). Smoking often starts in adolescence (Kandel et al., 2005; Johnston et al., 2007 [13], [14]); the earlier it starts the more serious the long-term dependence (O’Callaghan et al., 2006 [15]). Motivation is another variable that is important to consider in all addiction problems (Curry et al., 1991 [16]). Beliefs and cognitions are often an important factor in helping confront addictions and can also influence motivations. A major belief held by smokers is the concern of weight gain following smoking cessation (Handa et al., 2011; Hagimoto et al., 2009; Hughes, 1992; Williamson et al., 1991; Perskins, 1994 [23], [24], [25], [26], [27]), which is often presented as a motivation against stopping smoking. Ellis’ four basic irrational beliefs (IBs) have been linked to the expression of different forms of psychopathology (depression, anxiety, etc.) and are often used for helping individuals confronting addiction problems (Clark et al., 2006 [28]). The aim of the present study was to explore the impact of rational and IBs on the motivation to quit tobacco dependence. One-hundred eighty-six participants completed scales on tobacco dependence, motivation to quit, and rational and IBs associated with being a smoker including the fear of gaining weight linked to smoking cessation. The questionnaires for motivation and IBs were completed a second time 1 week later. The sample was composed of 123 women (66 %) and 63 men (44 %); the average age was 29 (SD = 8.94) for women and 31 (SD = 10.55) for men. The breakdown of social-professional activities shows that 40 % of the current sample was employed and 28 % were students. Correlations between the scales revealed strong positive correlations between the motivation to quit at T1 and both rational and IBs (r = 0.32 and 0.47; P, 0.05) for both beliefs about smoking itself and the fear of gaining weight. This effect was attenuated at time 2 with lower correlations between both irrational and rational beliefs and motivation to quit (r = 0.21 and 0.29; P < 0.05) although the relationship between motivation and irrational or rational beliefs about weight gain had disappeared as demonstrated by the lack of correlations between these variables. While smokers may have a relatively rational and lucid impression of their smoking problem, IBs, including those regarding weight gain, may have a negative impact on the ability to stop smoking. The effect of beliefs about weight gain appears to decrease over time, but the beliefs about smoking, both rational and irrational, appear to persist. Thus, IBs about the fear of weight gain appear to be an obstacle to stopping smoking in the immediate period, and therefore special attention should be given to this aspect by professionals during consultations for smoking cessation. Future research is warranted towards a better understanding of the role of both rational and IBs in smoking cessation, perhaps within a longitudinal framework to ascertain how beliefs can be modified over time with therapy.

The effect of facial makeup on the frequency of drivers stopping for hitchhikers.

Judgments of photographs have shown that makeup enhances ratings of women's facial attractiveness. The present study assessed whether makeup affects the stopping behavior of drivers in response to a hitchhiker's signal. Four 20- to 22-year-old female confederates wore facial makeup, or not, while pretending to be hitchhiking. Frequency of stopping was compared in 1,600 male and female drivers. Facial makeup was associated with an increase in the number of male drivers who stopped to offer a ride. Makeup did not affect frequency of stopping by female drivers.

Patriarchy and fertility in Albania

AbstractBACKGROUNDTheories of fertility collapse in the post-socialist era imply a decline in the moral primacy of traditional social institutions. Yet gender inequality actually increased in many countries, and there is a scarcity of empirical evidence for the role played by traditional social institutions in reproductive decision-making.OBJECTIVEWe investigate whether patriarchal institutions sustained the fertility levels in Albania. The geography of marriage and family enlargement is related to the importance of patriarchy in kinship organisation and in the public sphere. To account for this spatial relationship we test the evidence for different pathways in patriarchal influence on reproductive decision-making including social effects, socialisation in patriarchal ideals, and the promotion of male fertility.METHODWe reconstruct reproductive histories from the 2001 Census and use data on attitudes and fertility intentions from the Reproductive and Health Survey 2002. Multilevel logistic regressions on marriage and (the intention of) higher order births are used.RESULTSA majority of women endorsed patriarchal ideals and fertility transition was less advanced in more patriarchal municipalities. Patriarchal kinship organisation promoted early marriages and high fertility, which is shown to be achieved by social learning among peers and intergenerational social influences respectively, as well as by women's socialisation and a stopping behaviour in childbearing dominated by son-preference. Although gender inequality in the public sphere has also sustained the level of fertility and decreased the risk of marriage, it was not accounted for by these pathways of patriarchal influence.CONCLUSIONDespite Albania's gradual opening to the world in a period of economic and political crisis, traditional social institutions remain important for family behaviours.(ProQuest: ... denotes formula omitted.)1. IntroductionA sharp decline in fertility during the post-socialist transition has been documented in Europe and the former Soviet Union with an analytical focus on the effects of economic crisis along with restructuring and ideational change (Billingsley 2010; Philipov and Dorbritz 2003; Sobotka 2003). Fertility limitation was initiated by the adverse material and social consequences of the crisis, and the onset of childbearing was further postponed when the economic and political situation stabilized. However, fertility trends in countries which have experienced social upheaval or war have highlighted the importance of social and cultural context for the in which family behaviours respond. Young and stable ages at marriage, as well as fluctuating or increasing fertility, have indeed been attributed to a return to traditional values (Clifford, Falkingham, and Hinde 2009; Dommaraju and Agadjanian 2008; Lerch 2013a).This is congruent with the decline in gender equality observed in many countries (UNDP and LSE 2007). Women paid heavily for the costs of the transition as they were affected by lower social transfers and high levels of unemployment. In the Western Balkans, as elsewhere in the post-socialist era, women retreated en masse from the labour market and the political sphere (Brunnbauer 2004; UNIFEM 2006). But there is a scarcity of empirical evidence for the role played by traditional social institutions in reproductive decision-making. Most evidence is only indirect. In Moldova, a lack of female autonomy increased fertility intentions (Ryabov 2010) whereas in Bulgaria, crisis-driven constraints on the onset of childbearing were mediated by social capital and normative pressures to become a mother (Billari, Philipov, and Testa 2009; Philipov, Speder, and Billari 2006). According to Buhler's (2008) analysis of Bulgarian fertility, culturally-specific perceptions of the structural value of children for parents sustain the level of childbearing because it may change their social networks in an advantageous way (Buhler 2008: 572). …

About the Cover.

Next article FreeAbout the CoverPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreCoverThe Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, occurs naturally in the western Atlantic Ocean from Nova Scotia to Argentina. A commercially important species, it is a member of the swimming crab family Portunidae. The blue crab is highly active, swimming and walking to find food, evade predators, find mates, and avoid adverse conditions such as low environmental oxygen. It is also capable of migrating over long distances. The male blue crab engages in a behavior associated with reproduction where a male courts a female and then carries her beneath him, with his walking legs wrapped around her body, for up to one week. When the female then molts, the crabs copulate and the male crab continues this “mate guarding” behavior for a time. The crab illustrated here is a female, as is evident in this view from the reddish tips of her claws.In this issue (pp. 63–67 and 68–78), authors Stover et al. report on a novel mechanical “pull force” test to measure fatigue in the walking legs used during mate guarding. Large crabs appear to have an advantage over smaller crabs as previously suggested in the literature. Blue crabs are also capable of sustaining up to six hours of continuous walking on a treadmill. Low oxygen profoundly decreases the length of time crabs are able to walk, increases the turning and stopping behaviors associated with fatigue, and reduces their performance in “pull force” tests. Interestingly, elevated carbon dioxide at moderate levels of low oxygen does not reduce performance. As zones of low oxygen and dead zones of anoxia spread worldwide, animals living in coastal marine habitats will struggle to reproduce and thrive. Blue crabs are no exception. These studies show that important behaviors associated with reproduction and locomotion in blue crabs are strongly influenced by size and oxygen availability. The authors also describe some of the biomechanical features of the walking legs during locomotion and how these features change with fatigue.Credits: Illustration © Tamara Clark, www.tamaraclark.com; cover design, Beth Liles, Marine Biological Laboratory. Next article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Biological Bulletin Volume 224, Number 2April 2013 Published in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/BBLv224n2cover Views: 233 © 2013 by Marine Biological Laboratory. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Self-Evaluation Bias of Stopping Behavior at a Crossing with a Stop Sign

Self-Evaluation Bias of Stopping Behavior at a Crossing with a Stop Sign

Improvement of Full Stop Rate by After Judgement and Notification of Stopping Behavior

Improvement of Full Stop Rate by After Judgement and Notification of Stopping Behavior

Structure and Proposed Mechanism for the pH-Sensing Helicobacter pylori Chemoreceptor TlpB

pH sensing is crucial for survival of most organisms, yet the molecular basis of such sensing is poorly understood. Here, we present an atomic resolution structure of the periplasmic portion of the acid-sensing chemoreceptor, TlpB, from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. The structure reveals a universal signaling fold, a PAS domain, with a molecule of urea bound with high affinity. Through biophysical, biochemical, and invivo mutagenesis studies, we show that urea and the urea-binding site residues play critical roles in the ability of H.pylori to sense acid. Our signaling model predicts that protonation events at Asp114, affected by changes in pH, dictate the stability of TlpB through urea binding.

Termination and initial branch formation of SNAP‐25‐deficient thalamocortical fibres in heterochronic organotypic co‐cultures

We are interested in the role of neural activity mediated through regulated vesicular release in the stopping and early branching of the thalamic projections in the cortex. Axon outgrowth, arrival at the cortical subplate, side-branch formation during the waiting period and cortical plate innervation of embryonic thalamocortical projections occurs without major abnormalities in the absence of regulated release in Snap25 (-/-) null mutant mice [Washbourne et al. (2002) Nat. Neurosci. 5:19-26; Molnár et al. (2002) J. Neurosci. 22:10313-10323]. The fact that Snap25 (-/-) null mutant mice die at birth limited our previous experiments to the prenatal period. We therefore investigated the behaviour of thalamic projections in co-culture paradigms by using heterochronic thalamic [embryonic day (E)16-E18] and cortical [postnatal day (P)0-P3] explants, in which the stopping and branching behaviour has been previously documented. Our current co-culture experiments established that thalamic projections from E16-E18 Snap25(+/+) or Snap25 (-/-) explants behaved in an identical fashion in P0-P3 Snap25 (+/+) cortical explants after 7 days in vitro. Thalamic projections from Snap25 (-/-) explants developed similar patterns of fibre ingrowth to the cortex, and stopped and formed branches at a similar depth in the Snap25(+/+) cortical slice as in control cultures. These results imply that thalamic projections can reach their ultimate target cells in layer 4, stop, and start to develop branches in the absence of regulated vesicular transmitter release from their own terminals.

The role of the right presupplementary motor area in stopping action: two studies with event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation

Rapidly stopping action engages a network in the brain including the right presupplementary motor area (preSMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and the basal ganglia. Yet the functional role of these different regions within the overall network still remains unclear. Here we focused on the role of the right preSMA in behavioral stopping. We hypothesized that the underlying neurocognitive function of this region is one or more of setting up a stopping rule in advance, modulating response tendencies (e.g., slowing down in anticipation of stopping), and implementing stopping when the stop signal occurs. We performed two experiments with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided, event-related, transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS), during the performance of variants of the stop signal task. In experiment 1 we show that stimulation of the right preSMA versus vertex (control site) slowed the implementation of stopping (measured via stop signal reaction time) but had no influence on modulation of response tendencies. In experiment 2, we showed that stimulation of the right preSMA slowed implementation of stopping in a mechanistically selective form of stopping but had no influence on setting up stopping rules. The results go beyond the replication of prior findings by showing that TMS of the right preSMA impairs stopping behavior (including a behaviorally selective form of stopping) through a specific disruption of the implementation of stopping. Future studies are required to establish whether this was due to stimulation of the right preSMA itself or because of remote effects on the wider stopping network.

Study of Driver’s Behavior at Passive Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings

Railway highway grade crossing safety has always been a concern for railroads, state DOTs, and the driving population. This paper presents an overview of drivers' behavior at different passive warning sign systems present at a selected number of Kansas railroad-highway grade crossings. Emphasis in this study was on drivers' stopping behavior at the STOP signs, as that has been a major concern of Kansas DOT (KDOT). A field study was conducted on nine grade crossings with selected warning devices to determine driver's approach behavior, particularly stopping behavior at STOP signs. Various statistical analysis and comparisons are done for stopping of heavy trucks, school buses and other vehicles at crossings with both poor and good sight distance on their approaches. Based on the field tests conducted it was found that the majority of drivers did not stop at the STOP signs at the grade crossings. A higher percentage of drivers actually stopped at crossings with poor sight distance on the approach than on approaches with good sight distance. The use of the STOP sign at passive grade crossings has been controversial for several decades. This paper presents a brief history of their use and the controversy. Based on this limited study, the authors recommended that a STOP sign should not be used at grade crossings without a valid engineering study that includes an evaluation of the sight distance.

Modeling mass‐dependent flow regime transitions to predict the stopping and depositional behavior of snow avalanches

How terrain, snow cover properties, and release conditions combine to determine avalanche speed and runout remains the central problem in avalanche science. Here we report on efforts to understand how surface roughness, snow properties, and internal mass fluxes control the generation of granular fluctuation energy within the basal shear layers of dense flowing snow avalanches, and the subsequent influence on avalanche speed and deposition patterns. For this purpose we augment the depth‐averaged equations of motion to account for the generation of the kinetic energy associated with the particle fluctuations, and dissipation of this energy by collisional and frictional material interactions. Using high‐resolution laser scans of the preevent snow cover and postevent deposits from two avalanches released at the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne observation station, we compare measured and calculated deposition heights. The model captures flow velocities and deposition heights without ad hoc adjustments of the constitutive parameters according to avalanche size. The model parameters are separated into a terrain and other pure material (snow) parameters. The investigations reveal how release conditions and snow entrainment influence the internal mass distribution, and control flow regime transitions between the fluidized regime (head) and plug regime (tail). The comparison between the measured and calculated velocities and deposition heights demonstrates why standard Voellmy‐type submodels are suitable for many practical mitigation problems, but also why they are limited to cases where the calibrated parameters, already accounting for terrain, snow cover properties, avalanche size, and mass intake, are known.

Constructing preference from experience: The endowment effect reflected in external information search.

People often attach a higher value to an object when they own it (i.e., as seller) compared with when they do not own it (i.e., as buyer)--a phenomenon known as the endowment effect. According to recent cognitive process accounts of the endowment effect, the effect is due to differences between sellers and buyers in information search. Whereas previous investigations have focused on search order and internal search processes (i.e., in memory), we used a sampling paradigm to examine differences in search termination in external search. We asked participants to indicate selling and buying prices for monetary lotteries in a within-subject design. In an experience condition, participants had to learn about the possible outcomes and probabilities of the lotteries by experiential sampling. As hypothesized, sellers tended to terminate search after sampling high outcomes, whereas buyers tended to terminate search after sampling low outcomes. These differences in stopping behavior translated into samples of the lotteries that were differentially distorted for sellers and buyers; the amount of the distortion was predictive of the resulting size of the endowment effect. In addition, for sellers search was more extended when high outcomes were rare compared with when low outcomes were rare. Our results add to the increasing evidence that the endowment effect is due, in part, to differences in predecisional information search.

3316 信号切り替わり時のリスク評価指標を用いた危険予測運転停止モデル(OS5-2 運転支援,OS5 安全・安心・防災・環境負荷軽減,オーガナイズド・セッション(OS))

3316 信号切り替わり時のリスク評価指標を用いた危険予測運転停止モデル(OS5-2 運転支援,OS5 安全・安心・防災・環境負荷軽減,オーガナイズド・セッション(OS))

Cortico-subthalamic white matter tract strength predicts interindividual efficacy in stopping a motor response

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small but vitally important structure in the basal ganglia. Because of its small volume, and its localization in the basal ganglia, the STN can best be visualized using ultra-high resolution 7 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the present study, first we individually segmented 7 T MRI STN masks to generate atlas probability maps. Secondly, the individually segmented STN masks and the probability maps were used to derive cortico-subthalamic white matter tract strength. Tract strength measures were then taken to test two functional STN hypotheses which account for the efficiency in stopping a motor response: the right inferior fronto-subthalamic (rIFC-STN) hypothesis and the posterior medial frontal cortex-subthalamic (pMFC-STN) hypothesis. Results of two independent experiments show that increased white matter tract strength between the pMFC and STN results in better stopping behaviour.

On approximative solutions of optimal stopping problems

In this paper we establish an extension of the method of approximating optimal discrete-time stopping problems by related limiting stopping problems for Poisson-type processes. This extension allows us to apply this method to a larger class of examples, such as those arising, for example, from point process convergence results in extreme value theory. Furthermore, we develop new classes of solutions of the differential equations which characterize optimal threshold functions. As a particular application, we give a fairly complete discussion of the approximative optimal stopping behavior of independent and identically distributed sequences with discount and observation costs.

Options-based structural model estimation of bond recovery rates

Abstract The paper demonstrates that a real options structural model of borrower-creditor debt re-negotiations can help explain the cross-sectional variability of losses on defaulted debt securities. The explanatory power of this approach can be improved even further via a system of equations that incorporates additional information by jointly estimating the market values of debt and equity. Empirical tests with a large number of corporate defaults confirm the usefulness of this method. Moreover, higher volatility and lower discount rates around business cycle turning points can result in stakeholders waiting relatively longer for additional returns from defaulted debt. Such optimal stopping behavior based on a real options model mitigates the reduction in face value of debt but can prolong the duration of financial distress.

A study of motorcyclist's idling stop behavior at red lights

Motorcycle activity in Asian economies is a significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, both when moving and when idling at traffic lights. This paper investigates Taiwanese motorcyclists’ behavior of turning off the idling engine while stopping at traffic lights based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which recognizes that the achievement of voluntary change behavior can be identified by knowing an individual's attitudes (or behavioral intentions [BIs]) in the context of social norms (SN). A structural equation model system is used to identify candidate causal links between attitudes, SN, BI and behavior related to the idling stop behavior of motorcyclists. A partial least squares (PLS) model is built to correct the covariance matrix, given the relatively small sample size. Results suggest that attitudes, SN and perceived behavioral control, are significant determinants of idling stop BI at red lights.

Dorsal Striatal D2-Like Receptor Availability Covaries with Sensitivity to Positive Reinforcement during Discrimination Learning

Deviations in reward sensitivity and behavioral flexibility, particularly in the ability to change or stop behaviors in response to changing environmental contingencies, are important phenotypic dimensions of several neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that variation in dopamine signaling through dopamine D(2)-like receptors may influence these phenotypes, as well as associated psychiatric conditions, but the specific neurocognitive mechanisms through which this influence is exerted are unknown. To address this question, we examined the relationship between behavioral sensitivity to reinforcement during discrimination learning and D(2)-like receptor availability in vervet monkeys. Monkeys were assessed for their ability to acquire, retain, and reverse three-choice, visual-discrimination problems, and once behavioral performance had stabilized, they received positron emission tomography (PET) scans. D(2)-like receptor availability in dorsal aspects of the striatum was not related to individual differences in the ability to acquire or retain visual discriminations but did relate to the number of trials required to reach criterion in the reversal phase of the task. D(2)-like receptor availability was also strongly correlated with behavioral sensitivity to positive, but not negative, feedback during learning. These results go beyond electrophysiological findings by demonstrating the involvement of a striatal dopaminergic marker in individual differences in feedback sensitivity and behavioral flexibility, providing insight into the neural mechanisms that are affected in neuropsychiatric disorders that feature these deficits.

Does domain knowledge influence search stopping behavior?

This research study investigated whether users' level of domain knowledge influenced their decision to stop information searches. Stopping behavior was investigated using a convenience sample of 15 third- and fourth-year undergraduate students at a large university. Subjects completed a series of self-assessments about background information and levels of knowledge regarding four search domains. Subjects completed search tasks in four search domains and task times were measured. Tasks were counterbalanced among subjects. Subjects completed questionnaires about search experiences and reasons for stopping and participated in exit interviews. The study results indicated: (1) No association between knowledge level and stopping behavior (task times); (2) Positive correlation between levels of domain knowledge and levels of domain interest; (3) Positive correlation between satisfaction with the search process and the retrieved results; and (4) Negative correlation between satisfaction with search results and task times.