Stone Products Research Articles

New Technological Approaches in the Production of Artificial Gypsum Stone from Phosphogypsum

New Technological Approaches in the Production of Artificial Gypsum Stone from Phosphogypsum

РИТУАЛЬНЫЕ ЯМЫ НА ПОГРЕБАЛЬНО-ПОМИНАЛЬНОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ ПОДГОРНОЕ-1

The article describes the history of archaeological research at the Podgornoye-1 funeral and memorial complex in the Leninsk-Kuznetsk municipal district of the Kemerovo region. The fact of changing the perception of the archaeological site as new archaeological sources accumulate is recorded. The results of excavations on the site of ritual pit №5 are described. Stratigraphy of cultural layers and complexes of archaeological objects (ceramic utensils, bone, stone and iron products) are studied. The excavation materials of the two horizons date from the developed Middle Ages and new times. The hypothesis is stated about the use of a ground pit for ritual purposes in various historical eras.

Edu-Eco-Tourism Based on Local Wisdom on The Development of Sustainable Reservoir Functions

Sematok reservoir at the region of Nganjuk Indonesia, is the largest reservoir in Southeast Asia. The impact of the construction of the Semantok reservoir, apart from its main hydrological function as flood prevention and irrigation, is also expected to improve the economy and welfare of the local population. By choosing the research method for the development of the modified Borg and Gall model, through the FGD, the types of edu-ecotourism materials based on local wisdom were sought in Sambikerep Village, where the village was directly affected by the construction of the Semantok Reservoir. Based on the results of the study, it was found that interesting tourism materials that have the potential to be developed in the research area are 1. Local cultural title tours, namely in the form of serving the tradition of devotional work to build a "splice" house and traditional "alms of the earth" tourism followed by local arts titles 2. Nature Tourism "Seven-Story Waterfall/Grojogan Putri Ayu” and “Baung Cave”3. Culinary tourism in the form of traditional food “opak dowo”, “tape atos”, “gatot”, “tiwul” etc. 4. Shopping Tour for Natural Resources Products in the form of "agate" ornamental stones. 5. Traditional Toys/Sports Tour in the form of “paton or kekehan” 6. Selfie Tour (selfie) or Nature picture recording. Paying attention to the facts of tourism materials that attract tourists but have the potential to preserve the environment, tourism object materials that exploit natural resources, namely the presentation of "agate" ornamental stone products need to be managed carefully.

Investigation of Mechanical and Sanitary Properties of Cast Artificial Stone Products

Investigation of Mechanical and Sanitary Properties of Cast Artificial Stone Products

КАМЕННЫЙ ИНВЕНТАРЬ III БЕРЕГОВОЙ СТОЯНКИ ГОРБУНОВСКОГО ТОРФЯНИКА (СРЕДНЕЕ ЗАУРАЛЬЕ)

The coastal sites of the Gorbunovsky peat bog have been studied by archaeologists since pre-war times. However, not all identified complexes are fully published. The article publishes previously unknown materials from the Stone and Bronze Ages of the 3-rd Coastal site. Statistical-typological, tracological and mineralogical methods were used in the analysis of stone products. The study of the stone inventory made it possible to identify features uncharacteristic for settlement complexes (Paleolithic bifaces, trapezes with side recesses, comb stamps, pendants, unusual types of tools). Among the non-utilitarian items, stone pendants, stripes and ochre-colored objects should be noted. The inhabitants of the peat bog made extensive use of the local raw material base. The list of mineral raw materials reaches 20 names, which represent the composition of local pebbles. The products made of volcanomictics and stone, siliceous shales and milky quartzdominate on the site.

Technique for calculation of parameters of the wave profiled roll crusher for obtaining the cubic shaped products

The purpose of this work is to develop a technique for calculating the crusher with wave profiled rolls based on analytical and experimental data on hard rocks processing in crushers of this type. Information on the expediency of using cubic-shaped products as fillers for concrete is given. Attention is focused on the advantages of this approach. The main types of equipment capable of producing the stone products with minimum content of lamellar pieces are analyzed. The choice of crushers with wave profile of rolls for processing of narrow-sized crushed stone fractions as combination of high efficiency with acceptable wear of working surfaces and low dynamics of working modes is justified. The algorithm of calculating the crusher parameters is given based on theoretical conclusions and experimental data on the fine crushing of hard rocks from open pits of Ukraine on the real sample of crusher with wave profiled rolls. Granulometric characteristics of narrow-sized fractions, based on the results of material screening using slits with round and slot openings, the yield of lamellar pieces in the feed material, the coefficient of material friction on the roll working surface, the circumferential speed of roll ledges are taken as initial data. Such parameters of the crusher, as the size of the gap between ledges of the opposite rolls, the nominal diameter of the rolls, the pitch of the roll ledges in the axial direction, the radii of rounding of the ledges and the hollows file of the roll profile, the angle of sharpening of the rolls, the angle of inclination of the taper sections, the height of the profile, the length of the roll working part, the rotational speed of the rolls, the theoretical output of the crusher are determined on the basis of the authors’ previous studies. Also, the model example of calculation of crusher parameters for processing of granite fraction of size less than 70 and more than 40mm, having 30% yield of lamellar pieces, is given. The following conclusions were made. Firstly, the technique for calculating the parameters of crusher with wave profiled rolls for processing the narrow-sized crushed stone fractions in order to reduce the content of lamellar pieces makes it possible to determine the expediency of complete or partial shape improvement of the pieces of narrow-sized crushed stone fractions. Secondly, it sets the main characteristics of the crusher working member and its drive. Thirdly, it is recommended for calculating the parameters of operational part of the crushers with wave profiled rolls, designed to improve the shape of pieces of narrow-sized fractions of construction crushed stone from hard rocks, which are used as filler in responsible concrete and asphalt-concrete products.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF GEM PRODUCTION: AN APPLICATION OF THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS

The gems, jewelry, and precious metals sector is essential for developing regions with this activity and there is a high degree of informality in the mining and trading gemstone sectors. The present study analyzed data from the production process of precious stones in the Brazilian national market. We identified the importance of the factors contributing to the quality of the gemstone production process concerning mining, cutting, and marketing, under the scope of sustainable chain development. A list of references was used to select thirteen significant factors in the precious stone production process that contributed to the sustainable development of the chain related to mining, cutting, and marketing. We used a multicriteria decision model applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to consider the degree of importance of the production stage process of gemstones and the factors that impact the sustainable development of the production chain. In applying the model to the production stages, the criteria and sub-criteria factors were considered. The results suggest that sustainable development is highly related to gem mining (44.7%, rank 1), moderately related to gem cutting (32.5%, rank 2), and there is little relationship to gem marketing (22 .8%, rank 3), considering the criteria, sub-criteria, and alternatives. The requirement related to the technical qualification and skill of the lapidary is the most critical factor in the production process. The second most important factor is commercialization, followed by the preservation of the mining area and the valuable life of the mine.

Manufacturing technology of stone miniature columns from the Bronze Age site Gonur Depe (southern Turkmenistan)

Archaeological cultures of the Bronze Age, despite the widespread use of metal, also used stone raw materials for the manufacture of tools, household, and sacred items. A lot of stone products had a complicated shape and meticulous finishing, but the technology of their manufacture is still not always clear. This fully applies to the materials of the Bronze Age of southern Turkmenistan where long-term settlements of the proto-urban type are being studied. These include Gonur Depe (2500-1500 BCE) - the administrative and religious centre of ancient Margiana (Sarianidi 2005). Among its materials are stone miniature columns of “unknown” purpose in the shape of a chess rook, which are usually found in sacral complexes. This paper deals with the technology of producing these objects (half of the collection of intact items was investigated) and is part of a collective work on a comprehensive study of large stone cult objects from Gonur Depe. The raw materials for studied miniature columns were gypsum, limestone, marbled limestone, marbled onyx, onyx, talcochlorite, and polymictic breccia. For the first time the authors made an attempt to consider the issues of miniature columns manufacturing technology. Thanks to the use-wear study of their surfaces, it became possible to reveal numerous technological traces invisible to the naked eye. The data obtained made it possible to characterize all stages of the miniature columns manufacturing technology, which indicates a high level of development of the stone-processing industry in the settlements of the Bronze Age of Turkmenistan.

Characteristics of Waste Generated in Dimension Stone Processing

Natural dimension stone processing generates large volumes of stone waste, which have a significant impact on the environment, as well as on the efficiency and profitability of the stone-processing plant. The article presents the characteristics of waste produced as a result of natural dimension stone processing and the structure of the waste production process. Solid stone scraps and sludge were distinguished. On the basis of the performed analyses, it was shown that stone waste constitutes 10–35% in relation to the quantity of the processed stone material, with the quantity of sludge being even threefold greater than the volume of solid scraps. According to the circular economy principles, the aim should be to reduce the amount of waste generated by reducing primary resources in favour of secondary material. Reducing the volume of stone waste is possible through rational planning of stone production while at the same time maximising the efficiency of stone material usage and introducing the most modern processing machines. This significant volume of stone waste encourages efforts to find solutions for both its management and reduction. This paper reviews the utility potential of stone waste. Sensible use of waste is important to increase the profitability and productivity of processing plants while incentivising environmental protection.

Application of Ceramsite Dust as an Active Pozzolan Additive in the Cement-Based Compositions

Ceramsite (expanded clay) dust is a waste material, obtained in large volumes all over the world as a by-product of ceramsite gravel production. With the development of the construction industry and the ever-growing amount of ceramsite dust disposed in the landfills, the recycling and rational use of this material is becoming a relevant issue. The currently available technologies for the ceramsite waste recycling are very limited, this is why it is necessary to develop a new effective way to involve this waste into the new production. The present research is based on the assumption that ceramsite dust can be applied effectively as an active pozzolanic mineral additive in the cement-based materials. In order to study the composition, structure and properties of the original clay used for the production of ceramsite, as well as the dehydrated clay dust, captured in the dust removing systems of kilns at ceramsite gravel plants, physical and chemical analysis methods were used. Based on the experimental data, the influence of ceramsite dust on the structure and properties of cement compositions was evaluated. Mechanical tests of the samples showed that the introduction of ceramsite dust as an additive in the amount of 3% by the cement weight leads to an increase in compressive strength by 23% in comparison with the reference composition. The paper also presents the results of microstructural analysis, IR spectral analysis and differential thermal analysis of samples modified with the optimal amount of this microadditive. The study of the microstructure of the modified samples shows that the introduction of ceramsite dust into the composition of the cement stone does not only change the morphology of new formations, thus increasing the density of the structure, but also varies the mineralogical composition of the cement matrix with the formation of stronger and more water-resistant minerals in the form of calcium silicate hydrates and calcium aluminosilicate hydrates. This technology allows the recycling of waste from the production of ceramsite stone, thus improving the environmental situation and contributing to the creation of a circular economy.

Structural design for a hybrid stone carving manipulator

With people’s higher and higher requirements for environmental art, a large number of stone carving products are needed in the current urban construction. However, the traditional carving technology and equipment can not meet this demand. The development of robots to complete the processing of stone products, especially for the processing of special-shaped stones with complex shapes such as three-dimensional, multi-faceted and curved surfaces, has great social and economic benefits. In this paper, a stone carving manipulator is designed. In the processing of special-shaped curved stone, the structure of 3-TPS/TP hybrid manipulator is adopted, and its kinematic model and Jacobian matrix are established to realize the efficient automatic processing of special-shaped stone.

Requirements for investigation of physical/mechanical properties of rocks and crushed stone quality in Russia

The industry of nonmetallic building materials is a priority industry that determines the current state of the national economy of Russia and the potential for its development. The requirements for the quality of crushed stone are constantly increasing. At the same time, the history of the emergence and development of these requirements has not been studied in the literature. An analysis of historical experience is necessary to identify the patterns of development of technology for the production of road crushed stone and to work out an effective way of development at the present stage. The article studies genesis of requirements for the research of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks and the quality of road crushed stone in Russia. This study is the first system-based and comprehensive study on this topic. The chronological framework of the study is limited to the beginning of the 19th century—the time of the appearance of highways in Russia, and at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries as a period of the emergence of vehicles and the development of requirements for the quality of crushed stone. The article shows that construction of highways necessitated studies into properties of rocks. Russian specialists started from the experience gained in European countries. However, Russian engineers did not copy European experience. They supplemented and developed European experience taking into account Russian realities. It was found that the main indicators of the quality of crushed stone were its strength (resistance to compressive), abrasion and impact loads, grain size, grain size distribution, cuboid shape and contamination with foreign impurities. These indicators are basic in all modern GOSTs (All-Union State Standard) and regulatory documents that regulate the quality of crushed stone. In the same period, methods of determining the quality indicators of crushed stone in laboratory conditions were proposed. The principles underlying these methods, in fact, correspond to modern methods of testing the physical and mechanical properties of rocks. The difference lies in the hardware, experimental conditions and quantitative assessment of the determined indicators.

Silicosis and the countertop industry

Silicosis and the countertop industry

Materials of the Early Neolithic Culture of Site Dobroe 9 at the Upper Don

In the vicinity of Site Dobroe on the right bank of the Voronezh River it was discovered an accumulation of the Neolithic monuments, on the three of which the Early Neolithic pottery of the Srednedonskaya culture of the VI millennium BC was received. At the Site Dobroe 9, a homogeneous lithological layer was revealed, containing only the materials of this culture: pottery, bones, stone products. At the moment, 99 sq.m. of the site were researched by the excavations. The date of the pottery collection of the site was established as the last quarter of the VI millennium BC. In author’s opinion the given ceramics has the transitional character from the early Srednedonskaya culture phase, featuring ceramics decorated mainly with triangular pins, to the late phase of this culture, where the comb imprint decoration becomes widespread. The use of geochemical methods allowed the authors to reconstruct the features of the paleoclimate. During the existence of the representatives of the Srednedonskaya Neolithic culture, cool climatic conditions are replaced by warming and humidity increases. There was an increase in anthropogenic activity. This lithologically homogeneous cultural layer is dated-6150±100 BP (5317-4839 calBC) SPb-2840. This stone industry is represented by the flake technique. In total 207 stone artifacts were discovered, and 65 from them were tools. Such a small number probably indicates a high level of the industries that replace them: bone-carving and woodworking. The analysis of the faunal collection suggests the dominant role of the hunting in the ancient population.

Intensive acorn processing in the early Holocene of southern China

There is increasing evidence that the early rice farming communities of southern China emerged from societies heavily dependent on acorns. Recent archaeological investigations have recovered large quantities of acorn remains from multiple archaeological sites (10,000–6000 cal. BP) in the Lower Yangtze River Valley, suggesting that acorns were a staple food for preagricultural societies. However, most previous studies have focused on taxonomical identification, leaving us a poor understanding of acorn processing technology. This research addresses this shortcoming by conducting a systematic microbotanical residue analysis (starch and phytolith) of pottery and grinding stones from the Shangshan culture (10,000–8200 cal. BP). The results show that the artifacts analyzed were predominantly used for processing acorns, and to a lesser extent, USOs and cereals. Combining the microbotanical data and an ethnographic study, we reconstruct a 10,000-year-old acorn processing technology. We suggest that intensive acorn processing provided an impetus for the increased production of pottery and grinding stones in early Holocene China.

Kamienie zrodzone z pioruna. O nietypowej formie recyklingu w średniowieczu i czasach nowożytnych

The article is an attempt to determine to what extent the folkloric and ethnographic data concerning the cultural significance and functions performed by re-used stone products hailing from prehistoric times (mainly various types of axes, hammers, adzes, and hammers axes, usually from the Neolithic, less often from other periods), are reflected in medieval and modern historical materials. Finds from almost all over Europe were taken into account. In the Middle Ages and later, thunderstones gained a great deal of importance, because there were few items that, after their original function had disappeared,remained in such wide use, far beyond traditionally understood recycling, which is usually limited to the re-use of raw materials and remedial actions. As objects of great sacred importance, they found a permanent place in the rituals and imaginations of ancient communities.

The stady history of the paleolitic of East Kazakhstan in the Sovet Period

The article describes the history of the study of the Stone Age of East Kazakhstan, since the first half of the twentieth century and before the independence of our country, this region has always attracted special attention of scientists. To date, it is known that since the mid-20th century and until the early 90s, more than 10 monuments of Paleolithic time have been discovered, such as the Cave, Novo-Nikolskoye, Kanai, Svinchatka, Ust-Narym, Bolyshenarymskoye and Malonarymskoye, Shulbinka, Kozybai, etc. As a result of the work carried out, the first monuments of the Paleolithic period of East Kazakhstan, recog- nized by a wide range of specialists, were discovered for decades, exploration works were carried out, as a result of which a good collection of stone products dated to the Paleolithic was collected, and the first measures were taken to interpret these finds. Including All the described Paleolithic sites of Eastern Kazakhstan, as well as the identified stone artifacts from the sites, show the consistent development of Paleolithic culture in the Irtysh River valley, starting from the Mustier era and up to the end of the Pleis- tocene and the beginning of the Holocene. It is quite logical that the stone industry of the above-listed monuments reveals a great similarity with the monuments that were discovered in modern times and requires a new rethinking. Key words: East Kazakhstan, Stone Age, Paleolithic, site, stratigraphy, horizon, artifacts, fauna, cul- tural layer, nucleus, retouching, pit, levallois.

Guangzuo Ivory Carving: Intercultural Communication on the "Maritime Silk Road" During the 17 th -19 th Century

Ivory carving, jade carving, cloisonne and carved lacquer were once known as the four great masters of Chinese arts and crafts, and they are also one of the artistic symbols recording the process of human civilization. From the 17th to 19th century, Guangzuo, namely Canton style, ivory carving was one of the quintessence of Chinese crafts that was deeply welcomed by the western world and there are many monographs and articles discussed by predecessors. However, the exploration of the relationship between Guangzuo ivory carving and the intercultural communication of the Maritime Silk Road is still weak. By excavating and combing the source of raw materials, technical characteristics, source and export development process of Guangzuo ivory carving, this paper discussed the relationship between overseas market expansion of Guangzuo ivory carving and intercultural communication on the Maritime Silk Road, and puts forward the following understandings: (1) Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially from the 17th to the mid-19th century, ivory materials were mainly obtained through the Maritime Silk Road trade with the South China Sea as the starting point. (2) The typical ivory carvings exported in the 17th-19th century included ivory balls, baskets, fans, jewel cases, sewing boxes, card cases, letter holders, and brooches etc. In spite of the category, the quantity of ivory products is far less than the other export goods. But the Guangzuo ivory carvings were still one of the important export commodities at that time for its high material value, craft skills, unique characteristics in artistry, appreciation and cultural compatibility. (3) The exquisite skills, styles and decorative patterns of Guangzuo ivory carving not only inherited Chinese traditional crafts, but also absorbed overseas skills, and were strongly influenced by European consumer culture at the meantime. The Guangzuo ivory carvings exported to the western world are actually the ODM(original design manufacturer) products made by local craftsmen in reference to the needs of overseas customers, which are representing the wisdom of Chinese skilled craftsmen and the integration of multicultural exchanges. (4) The success of the Guangzuo ivory carving foreign trade during the 17th to the 19th century showed that the intercultural communication and mutual learning are important factors, even the key factors, for expanding the international market, which may provide a typical paradigm for other precious jade and stone products exporting to foreign countries or expanding the international market today.

DEPÓSITOS DE RESÍDUOS DE ROCHAS ORNAMENTAIS: COMPOSIÇÃO, DIMENSIONAMENTO E POSSÍVEIS USOS NO SETOR DE CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL

A produção de rochas ornamentais no Brasil é uma importante atividade minerária, especialmente no Estado do Espírito Santo, responsável por grande parte da exportação dos mármores e granitos brasileiros. O processo de beneficiamento dos blocos rochosos, gera grande quantidade de resíduos formados pela Lama de Beneficiamento de Rochas Ornamentais (LBRO), além dos fragmentos de blocos. O objetivo desse trabalho é estimar a quantidade de resíduos da LBRO armazenados em depósitos no município de Cachoeiro de Itapemirim (ES), definir suas características físicas e químicas e sugerir aplicações no setor de construção civil. Foram utilizados métodos de geoprocessamento e visitas em campo para delimitar e quantificar o volume dos depósitos identificados em imagens aéreas. A composição química das amostras coletadas em furos de sondagem foi comparada com dados de trabalhos publicados, que estudaram aplicabilidade desses resíduos na produção de cerâmica vermelha, concreto, cimento e argamassa, tijolos e vidrados. A composição físico-química dos resíduos é compatível com a dos materiais já testados, indicando a viabilidade do seu uso como matéria-prima no setor da construção civil. Porém, a separação de resíduos provenientes dos principais grupos litológicos (mármores e granitos), e de teares multifios e convencionais, permitirá maior controle de qualidade e aplicações mais nobres.
 Palavras-chave: Lama Abrasiva; Uso de Resíduos; Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos.

Management of Construction and Demolished Waste as an Aggregate Substitute in Cement Concrete

India is in the process of modernization in the construction sector by repairing, renovation, up-gradation. Presently concrete, the universal building materials whose main ingredient is coarse aggregate. The local natural resources like stone products and sand may exhaust and put the sector deficient of aggregates. The wise use is to reuse recycled concrete and demolition wastes generated from the construction sectors due to shift from horizontal to vertical growth of urban areas. The replacement of recycled coarse aggregate shall efficiently organize the waste management, moderate the environment degradation, and upsurge sustainability.
 Use of recycling material in the construction industry as a recycled concrete is highly challenging. So our project deals about reusing of demolished concrete blocks from C &D wastes by form of Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) are replacing the Natural coarse aggregate in concrete and use in the construction industry. The replacement of RCA in special concrete of 7 and 28 days of curing and the various physical and mechanical properties of materials and strength test of both concrete such as workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength. The test value are compared both in concrete.
 Our project investigates on recycling demolished waste materials in order to reduce construction cost and resolving housing problems faced by the low-income communities of the world. The crushed demolished concrete wastes is segregated by sieving to obtain required sizes of aggregate, several tests were conducted to determine the aggregate properties before recycling it into new concrete.