Stone Buddha Research Articles

7世紀 石佛에 具現된 多樣性 考察

한국 불상은 7세기 무렵 석재로 조성되면서 규모가 등신대 이상으로 확대되는 전기가 마련돼 점차 한국적 특징을 발현시켜 나갔다. 이러한 전환기적 성격에 주목하여 이 글에서는 7세기 석불에 투영된 변화상과 다양성을 도출했다. Ⅱ장에서는 석불의 유형을 마애불과 원각상으로 나누어 각각의 특징을 검토했다. 먼저 마애불은 금동불 조형에서 볼 수 없었던 새로운 장르로, 첫째, 암벽에 얕은 감실을 마련하고 불상 앞에 목조 전실을 세우거나 지붕을 덮는 등의 봉안형식이 나타나는데, 백제에 비해 신라의 경우가 형식면에서 다양하고 분포 지역도 폭넓다. 이러한 다양성이 석굴암 건립의 토대가 되었을 것이다. 둘째, 수도나 교통로를 향하는 坐向에서 공동체를 위한 조불 성격이 추정된다. 셋째, 백제에서는 유례가 없는 삼존도상이 신라에서는 특이한 群像형식이 창안되었다. 전쟁의 참상 속에서 변화된 신앙이 새로운 도상으로 표출되었을 수 있는데, 群集의 경우 넓어진 바위 면에 되도록 여러 불 · 보살을 조각해 평온을 얻기 위한 의도일 수 있다. 다음으로 원각상은 첫째, 사찰 금당에 본존으로 봉안하기 위해서 조성됐기 때문에 불상과 전각의 규모와 밀접한 관련을 맺는데, 대개 등신대 이상의 크기로 조각되어 당시 사찰 규모를 짐작케 한다. 이러한 대형 원각상의 위용과 존재감이 신도들에게 주는 위안은 소형 금동불의 그것과는 차원이 달랐을 것이다. 둘째, 신라의 경우 등신대 석조 반가사유상이 조성되었다. 소형 금동불로 제작되던 반가사유상이 등신대 규모로 제작된 것은 이 시기에 조성되기 시작한 석조 원각상이 모티프로 작용했을 것이다. 대형 반가사유 원각상의 등장은 이 시기 열렬한 미륵신앙을 반증하는데, 그것이 유독 신라에서만 제작된 배경은 화랑과 국왕, 미륵과 석가모니 붓다의 유비관계가 신라의 정치적 역학관계가 맞아떨어진 데 있다. Ⅲ장에서는 광배와 불신, 그리고 대좌 양식의 특징을 살펴봤다. 광배 형식이 주로 두광이며, 형태가 보주형 · 원형인 데서 장차 주형거신광배로 발전되어 가는 초기 단계임을 알 수 있다. 석조 광배 조성으로 면적이 넓어진 결과 장엄 문양 중 화불이 증가했고 화염보주 형식이 정립되었다. 경주지방 석불의 경우 새로운 착의법이 보이는데, 그 배경에는 울산항을 통한 인도와의 교류 가능성이 있다. 수인과 발, 그리고 대좌형식은 모두 백제보다 신라의 마애불에 다양하게 나타나, 백제에서 시작된 석불조각이 신라에서 다양해진 측면이 확인된다. 마애불 표현이 다채로운 것은 원각상보다 넓은 바위 면을 이용할 수 있고 단축법과 같은 회화적 표현이 가능하기 때문이라 생각된다.

覆屋内温湿度変動が磨崖仏の塩類風化に及ぼす影響の数値解析

Motomachi Sekibutsu, which was registered as a national historic site in 1934, is the representative stone Buddha statue carved into the cliff in Oita city, Japan. It is always affected by the ground water through the cliff because it cannot be separated from the cliff, and thus there has been a great concern in its moisture-related problems such as salt damage and growth of bryophytes. As an onset to proposing a conservation environment that is the most appropriate to suppress the salt damage, this paper is dedicated to environmental measurement to obtain the essential data set and numerically quantifying influences of the heat and moisture behavior in the cliff on potential salt damages mainly at and near the surfaces of the main Buddha statue, which has been suffering from salt precipitation. Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is focused on in this paper as it is considered to have been the most problematic at this site. In discussions, we deal with two phenomena, (1) crystallization due to water evaporation and/or solubility changes and (2) thenardite-mirabilite cycles that are assumed to be dependent on the temperature and humidity. We analyze simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in the two-layered cliff that consists of soil and tuff, the latter of which includes the stone Buddha. Two steady state and two unsteady state analyses are carried and their results are compared, in order to quantify the influence of the room temperature, humidity, solar radiation and the rainfall. The main results are described below. 1. As a result of the ground water level that is considered at about 1m below the ground level, a high water content is maintained deep in the cliff; the moisture content can get much lower due to evaporation at and near the surface of the stone. 2. When the moisture content at the surface is low, significant vaporization of water occurs inside of the statue where the moisture content changes drastically. 3. The moisture content inside of the statue fluctuates throughout the year. The moisture content near the surface is increasing from summer to autumn, and decreasing in the rainy season and from winter to spring. 4. The direct solar radiation and a rapid absolute humidity decrease by opening the door of the shelter can accelerate vaporization of water in the stone near the surface, even when the moisture content is low at the surface. 5. It is in autumn to winter that salt damage near the surface can be the most significant because of an overall decrease in solubility of Na2SO4 due to a low temperature, a local increase of solar radiation incident on the stone Buddha, and the rapid absolute humidity decrease by opening the door of the shelter. 6. The phase change of Na2SO4 occurs at the shallow areas in the internal corner; in the external corner, it occurs not only at the shallow area but also deep in the stone. 7. With the current shelter, at the knee in the external corner, thenardite precipitates in autumn to winter and dissolution of thenardite often occurs in winter to spring. Thus, a particular attention would be recommended to be paid to salt damage in these seasons. 8. A high air-tightness and ventilation would lead to more frequent thenardite-mirabilite cycles.

A Study on the Stone Buddha Statues from Bijung - ri Temple Site, Cheongju: Focusing on Country of Origin

A Study on the Stone Buddha Statues from Bijung - ri Temple Site, Cheongju: Focusing on Country of Origin

A Study on the Stone Buddha Triad of Bongnyeong temple in Suwon city

A Study on the Stone Buddha Triad of Bongnyeong temple in Suwon city

팔공산 선본사 관봉 석조여래좌상 및 삼층석탑의 석재에 대한 연구

The rock materials from the two stone heritages in the Seonbonsa temple, Gwanbong Seokjoyeoraejwasang (stone Buddha) and three-storied Stone Pagoda, show almost identical petrographic characteristics. They are greyish white porphyritic granites which mainly consist of plagioclase, alkali feldspar, quartz, biotite, hornblende, and chlorite. The rocks from the both heritages are petrographically similar to those from the outcrops of the Palgongsan granite near the temple. Modal compositions exhibit that the rocks from the stone Buddha belong to monzogranite, whereas those from the pagoda and the outcrop near the temple correspond to syeno- to monzo granite. Whole rock magnetic susceptibility data indicate that the rocks from the stone Buddha, the pagoda, and the outcrop have nearly the same susceptibility values ranging 9-16 ( ×10 �3 SI). Gamma spectrometer data obtained from these rocks also demonstrate the same value range. In conclusion the two stone heritages in the Seonbonsa temple were made of the Palgongsan granite surrounding the temple.

A Study on the Seated Stone Buddha in Yongjang Temple Site, Gyeongju

A Study on the Seated Stone Buddha in Yongjang Temple Site, Gyeongju

저주파 결함 탐지기를 활용한 화순 운주사 광배석불의 풍화상태 분석

P-wave velocity was measured by the low frequency flaw detector in order to analyze the weathered state of a halo stone Buddha, Unju temple, Hwasun, Korea. By the results of laboratory tests on a fresh acidic tuff with the same rock of a halo stone Buddha, average absorption, average P-wave velocity, and average uniaxial compressive strength were 5.38%, 4,008 m/s, and 70.1 MPa, respectively. The results correspond to moderately strong rock. Average P-wave velocity of a halo stone Buddha measured by the low frequency flaw detector was 2,257 m/s in the left zone, 3,437 m/s in the right zone, and 2,802 m/s overall. Weathering index of a halo stone Buddha was 0.45 in the left zone, 0.21 in the right zone, and 0.33 overall. Comparing the results of a halo stone Buddha with them of laboratory tests, weathered state of a halo stone Buddha was analyzed highly weathered state in the left zone and moderately weathered state in the right zone. Furthermore, it suggests that the left zone of a halo stone Buddha was affected weathering more than the right one. Overall a halo stone Buddha corresponds to moderately weathered state of weathering degrees. In conclusion, it is considered that low frequency flaw detector may be applicable as a valuable method on analyzing the P-wave velocity of the stone cultural heritage with an irregular surface.

일본 오이타현 우스키 마애불상군의 재질특성 및 손상도 평가

The Usuki Stone Buddha Statues in Oita are consisted of 60 Buddhas which represent of Japan carved on the rock-cliff in the 12 to 14th centuries. The basement rock of the statues is dark gray welded lapilli tuff that containing the Aso-4 pyroclastic rock group. Deterioration maps for the Hoki I and the Furuzono Buddha Statues group show multi-directional fissures on the Cakra, and sheeting-off zone at the margin of uprising water. Deterioration rate of the Hoki I group was calculated fissure about 121 in number, 19% of sheeting-off zone and 51% of biological weathering in surface of area. And the Furuzono group was also evaluated as about 48 of fissures in number, 24% of sheeting-off zone and 41% biological weathering. The slope stability assessment results, the Hoki I developed discontinuous planes has possibility of planar, toppling and wedge failures in all caves. Ultrasonic velocity of the Aizen-myooh (basement rock) ranges from 1,520 to 2,794 (average 2,298m/s). And pedestal of Amita-yeorae which has been replaced by new fresh rock is measured as 3,242 to 4,141 (average 3,813m/s). Therefore, we establish of planing conservation treatment and reinforcement methods to fissure, cavity, sheeting-off zone in the Buddha surface.

A study of Standing Stone Buddha of Jidang-ri, Namwon

A study of Standing Stone Buddha of Jidang-ri, Namwon

Deterioration Assessment and Conservation of a Heavily Degraded Korean Stone Buddha from the Ninth Century

The standing Buddha image of Jincheon in the Republic of Korea created in the fourth year of Taehwa is engraved on a darkgray rock wall of shale. The front face has a backward inclination, meeting the strike of N40°W almost vertically. The host rock contains well-developed fine laminations and stratifications, and has small and large discontinuous planes irregularly distributed. Exfoliations make it hard to make out each part of the body. The surface of the surrounding rocks is severely contaminated with lichen and Bryophyta, and plant roots aggravate the mechanical and biological weathering. The rocks went through a series of conservation treatments, which consisted of dry cleaning followed by wet cleaning using distilled water. Broken or cracked parts were filled in or glued together using epoxy resin, surfaces with exfoliations were treated with ethyl silicate to become water-repellent and hardened. The color of the repaired parts was matched to harmonize with the rest of the image. Drainage was created to divert rainwater from the slope above away from the image, and surrounding plants were removed to control lichen growth. The bedrock of the Buddha image is deteriorated in its functions due to the surface weathering, therefore it is necessary to implement long-term monitoring and to search for comprehensive conservation solutions.

The "Stone Buddha" of Chiengmai and Its Inscription

The "Stone Buddha" of Chiengmai and Its Inscription