Stone Alignments Research Articles

A quantitative study on the exterior wall texture of stone-built dwellings in traditional villages in China: A case study of the xisuo village in the Jiarong Tibetan area

Building wall texture is an important manifestation of national architectural culture and plays an important role in the protection and inheritance of national architecture. The walls of traditional villages in Jiarong Tibetan area have unique textures. Xisuo Village, as a representative traditional village in Jiarong Tibetan area, represents the geographical heritage of national cultural memory and brick and stone technology. The wall texture of traditional buildings in the village is unique and representative. Therefore, this paper conducted field research and sampling on the texture of jiarong Tibetan stone masonry building in Xisuo Village, and conducted quantitative analysis with the combination of digital processing technology. Meanwhile, we also selected the wall texture of stone buildings in other areas for comparative analysis. Finally, through the quantitative analysis of the four factors of stone size, shape, horizontal and vertical arrangement of the Jiarong Tibetan stone building walls, the variation law of the wall texture is summarized, and the irregular index of the wall texture is calculated. The results show that the indexes of factors affecting the texture of the building wall in Xisuo Village are Stone shape index (0.4–0.7), stone size index (0.25–0.6), stone horizontal arrangement index (0.05–0.35) and stone horizontal arrangement index (0.25–0.8), the overall irregularity index of the wall is (0.4–0.5). Compared with the building walls in other areas, it was found that the closer the stones of the building wall to the regular rectangle, the smaller the value of the stone shape factor. The stone size index value would decrease along with the increase of the content of large sized stones on the wall, and the regularity degree of the wall was related to the content and alignment of smaller stones. At the same time, the more irregular the stone shapes were and the changes in masonry angle, the more tortuous the horizontal joints would become; the larger the size of the stones, the more direct vertical seams formed a more favorable wall texture. Geological environment, construction methods, different Tibetan branches and administrative divisions will have certain influence on the texture of the building wall. The characteristic of the image formation of this texture was unique which was different from other regions. This study provides a quantitative research method for the protection of traditional village buildings, objectively defines the irregular index range of the texture of the building walls in Xisuo Village, and analyzes the changing rules and influencing factors of the texture characteristics of stone building walls. It also provides techniques and methods for the preservation and inheritance of traditional architectural texture culture.

La nécropole dolménique de Aïn Medouja (région de Makthar)

The archaeological site of Ain Medouja is located in the Tunisian Haut Tell, in Makthar region. The ancient ruins are essentially Roman. The pre-roman period is represented by Libyan inscriptions, stone alignments and a dolmenic necropolis. The dolmens of this necropolis are divided into two groups and have an interesting typology: simple dolmen and dolmen with circular enclosure. In the absence of excavations or surveys, the proposed classification depends on both the current state of conservation of each tomb and its external form. Two orientations are attested for these funerary monuments: South-West for the first set and south-east for the second set. The necropolis of Ain Medouja illustrates an example of already known burials in the north west in general and in the Haut Tell region in particular.

THE EARLY IZAPA KINGDOM: RECENT EXCAVATIONS, NEW DATING AND MIDDLE FORMATIVE CERAMIC ANALYSES

AbstractIzapa is famous for its monumental architecture and extensive corpus of carved stelae dated to the Late Formative Guillén phase (300–100 calb.c.). The site was first established, however, as the capital of a kingdom during the second half of the Middle Formative period (750–300 calb.c.). Little is known of the first centuries of the site's occupation or how this early kingdom coalesced with Izapa as its capital. In 2012, the Izapa Regional Settlement Project (IRSP) excavated 21 test units and ran 10 radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates in order to begin correcting this lacuna. These excavations were the first at the site to screen soil matrices and recover artifact samples that can be quantitatively analyzed.We undertook excavations in areas north and south of Group B, the original center of Izapa. This work dates the northern expansion of the site's main platform (under Mound 30a) to the Terminal Formative Itstapa phase (cala.d.100–300) that resulted in a doubling of the platform's size. Further, we documented that there were three distinct construction episodes in the Terminal Formative expansion and that a central staircase and ramp were built of stone during the second episode. Buried below the Terminal Formative platform expansion was a white clay surface built during the Escalón phase (750–500 calb.c.) and used through to Guillén times. At the long, linear Mound 62 that defines the eastern edge of Izapa's site core, we documented two episodes of Guillén-phase monumental construction. Buried below this construction fill at Mound 62, a hearth feature and stone alignment are dated to the late Middle Formative based on radiocarbon assays and the results of ceramic analysis. Excavations at Mound 72 and 73 documented that Izapa's E-Group (newly recognized with lidar [light detection and ranging] data) was established in the late Middle Formative period and then significantly augmented during the Guillén phase. The architectural program at Izapa saw its apogee during the Late Formative period, but was first established during the preceding centuries of the Middle Formative. Ten new AMS dates confirm the dating of the Escalón, Frontera, and Guillén phases to 750–100 calb.c.Ceramic analysis allowed us to differentiate quantitatively between midden deposits and construction fill through the site's occupation and to recognize domestic versus public spaces during the first centuries of the Izapa kingdom's coalescence. We identify late Middle Formative period middens based on the high density of ceramics in addition to good surface preservation of sherds and a lack of temporal mixing of types. The designation of high-artifact density middens contrasts with the contents of Late and Terminal Formative construction fill with lower ceramic sherd densities and mixing of temporally diagnostic types. Off-mound contexts (where construction fill was mined) had even lower ceramic densities than construction fill and the sherds were very eroded. Analysis of ceramic remains from late Middle Formative period midden deposits also allowed us to infer differences in public and domestic areas of the site during the first centuries of its occupation. Formal and metric variables from these ceramic assemblages identify dish-to-jar ratios that differentiate domestic contexts (with an assortment of vessel forms) from more publically oriented areas of the site (with more serving dishes). The differential distribution of rim diameters of fancy and plain dishes allows us to identify areas of Izapa where domestic activities predominate and indicate that more publically oriented feasting practices occurred at the site center near the main pyramid (Mound 30a) during the late Middle Formative period.

Каменные индустрии рубежа плейстоцена – голоцена в долине Среднего Енисея (по материалам стоянки Бюза II)

Purpose. The Krasnoyarsk reservoir having flooded the lowest terraces of the Yenisei River, many archaeological sites were disturbed and destroyed, so archaeological data about the period of the Final Pleistocene to the Early Holocene on the territory of Central Siberia became scarce. Nowadays, our knowledge about this period is based on the materials from the sites around Krasnoyarsk city, such as Eleneva cave, Shalunin Byk, the upper layers of Sliznevo site and Listvenka site, and the middle part of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir area: Aieshka I, Kurtak II, Buzunova, Bateni, etc., and, probably, the territorial gap caused by Krasnoyarsk Dam. The Birusinka site and Byuza II, which were discovered in 2014 in the down part of Krasnoyarsk reservoir, prove that. We aimed to describe the findings of Byuza II, identify their types and date them. Results. This article summarizes the complex investigation of the Buza II site. Nowadays, Byuza II is the only one Early Holocene site in the lower part of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir. The site contained numerous findings – about 2000 artifacts were excavated from the cultural layer and 800 were picked from the costal shallow in 2016. Among others, the core collection includes wedgeshaped microcores and edge-faceted microcores on microblades. Fragments of big blades were found in the excavation area, too, which helped to reveal the existence of big cores within the site area. The material collection includes similar fragments of big cores. The cultural layer also had angel burins, transverse burins, burins on concave retouched truncation, sub-rectangular chisel-like tools, medium sized graftoirs, scraper-like tools, burins and retouched flakes. Such tools as scrapers, burins and chisel-like tools were also picked from the coastal shallow. Just one cultural layer and typological similar materials in situ point out that all these materials belong to the same complex. Porphyry slabs along the West-East line laid out a stone alignment with the diameter of 0.8–0.9 m. A bone fragment of an ungulate, which was found among the porphyry slabs, has been dated 14 893 ± 77 years ago (UBA-36027). There is a discrepancy between the expected age of the site and the age of the bone fragment found, which is about 5 thousand years. While the date points out to the cold Nyapan Stage, according to stratigraphy the site refers to the Early Holocene period within 9.7–9.2 thousand years ago. Conclusion. In comparison with a well-known Biryusa site (middle layer), Eleneva cave (15–17 layers), and Bolshaya Slizneva site (2 and 5 layers), Byuza II has no Mesolithic tools and demonstrates the traditional industry of producing big burins. It allows us to use the term "Epipaleolithic" when referring to the site. We conclude that the roots of Epipaleolitic go back to the complexes of the Kokorevo culture and the Final Pleistocene "microblade industry".

Etude Archeothanatologique De La Sepulture Protohistorique Du Monument Funeraire Mbii (Boulmane, Moyen Atlas, Maroc)

The Moudmane Boulama site is a funeral structure located at 10 km South West of the city of Boulmane (Middle Atlas). It is a necropolis made of approximately twenty tumuli implanted on a hill. The MBII funeral monument is a tumulus built on the top of this hill, which culminates at 1970 m. It is an oval formation made of stack of stones and blocks. The funeral space is delimited in its West part by a low wall made of a sharpened stone alignment. The digs undertaken in June 2013 brought to light the burial place of a H3 adult and some remains of another adult as well as an immature subject. The skeleton of the most complete H3 individual is a male adult, buried in a lying dorsal position, oriented towards East West, head towards West and feet East. He is in a hyper contracted position and lays on an oval plane pit with a diameter of less than a meter. The calvarium and the mandible were subjected to a rotation and lay on the right side. The superior members are folded on themselves and laid on the thorax. The inferior members are also flexed. The skeleton is characterised by the maintaining of the connection of a number of labile elements which allows the characterisation of the burial place as being primarily in clogged space. This funeral monument has probably been used at first for the reception of the two individuals (H1 and H2) and then for the burial of the H3 individual in a sepulchral pit. The reuse of the monument could be explained by the three individuals belonging to the same family and that the last buried subject H3 has a more important familial and possibly social role. This tumulus has also released funeral furniture made of a few bones of domestic fauna. They were the object of a radiometric dating, which allowed the attribution of 2290 ± 35 years old to this tumulus14C B.P (GifA15085/ Sac A 41509).

The Jōmon Megalithic Tradition in Japan: Origins, Features, and Distribution

The Jōmon monumental structures on the islands of Kyushu, Honshu, and Hokkaido represent the earliest of the three such traditions, two others being associated with the cultures of Yayoi and Kofun. The beginnings of the tradition date back to the Early Jōmon (ca 8000 BP), while its peak coincides with the Late Jōmon (4000–3000 BP). Unlike people associated with two later traditions (agriculturalists and animal breeders), the Jōmon people were hunters, gatherers, and fishers. This is the first Russian study to address various types of Jōmon monumental structures (stone alignments, stone circles, earthen mounds, and “geometric” shell mounds), their distribution and chronology. The most interesting sites (Yubunezawa II, ōyu, Komakino, Sannai Maruyama, Kasori, etc.) are documented with drawings and photos. It is hypothesized that the tradition originated as early as the Final Paleolithic and the transition to the Jōmon Mikoshiba culture. We present parallels with sites in the adjacent territories of the Russian Far East (Primorye) such as Ustinovka-4, Suvorovo-4, and Bogopol- 4. Given the complexity of monumental structures (elaborate layout, traces of wooden structures, burials, numerous works of art, visual effects, astronomical marks, “sundials”), these sites can be viewed as multifunctional ritual centers. In terms of amount of material and labor required for construction, they are comparable with the Neolithic funerary structures of Western Europe.

Dating Stone Alignments by Luminescence

AbstractStone alignments, including tipi rings and drive lines, are abundant on the northern Plains and adjacent Rocky Mountains, but they have been notoriously difficult to date. This paper applies luminescence dating to sediments directly underneath the rocks to estimate the age of placement of the rock. This is based on the assumption that before the rock was emplaced, turbation processes brought sufficient grains to the surface, where sunlight reset the signal. Single-grain dating of potassium feldspars allowed isolation of these original well-bleached grains, which by now have built up a signal because the rock prevents transfer to the surface. Plotting the number of original well-bleached grains with depth showed that these grains were concentrated just under the rock and decreased with depth. This is what would be predicted if the assumption is true. Dates were derived from several samples from Kutoyis in north central Montana, from Whitewater in eastern Montana, and from several sites in northwestern Wyoming. Many samples from Kutoyis and Wyoming dated to the last 600 years, but some samples from both places were more than 2,000 years old. The Whitewater features also dated to around 2,000 years ago. The ages are consistent with the cultural history of the areas.

The South Arabian form and its implications for the interpretation of desert kites

There is a distinctive type of desert kite in southern Arabia. On low‐resolution aerial photographs it has the form of a Y and a closer look reveals a scissor‐shaped structure. The head and the tails are very distinctive: the head is an open structure with a continuous wall on the right side and many chambers on the left; the tail consists of many piles of stones arranged in a straight line, and only towards the head does it change into a continuous wall. These impressions, together with the—now known—wide distribution of desert kites in non‐arid regions as well, lead to the idea that the stone alignments of Carnac in France could also have served as animal traps.

Stone-by-Stone Metrics Shed New Light on a Unique Stone Alignment at the Point Reyes National Seashore, Marin County, Alta California

The origin of a 260-meter alignment of granite boulders at the Point Reyes National Seashore is not known. An oral tradition says that it was built during prehistoric times by the Coast Miwok, but historical and circumstantial evidence associates it with nearby ranches. Detailed measurements on 322 boulders in the alignment demonstrate that the builders placed large oblong stones parallel to the main axis of the line and small oblong stones perpendicular; similar techniques were used by the builders of New England's historic stone walls. A 10-meter gap is present in the line and there are not enough extra stones near the gap to fill it. This suggests that the gap was planned from the beginning by the builders of the line. An 1862 map shows features at the gap that could represent paddocks and gates. North of the gap, the line changes direction by 10 degrees to intercept the head of a steep ravine. The alignment resembles a nearby American period unfinished section of stone wall. The evidence indicates that the line was built by nineteenth-century ranchers as a property boundary or as a stone wall that was never finished.

Identifying Stone Alignments Created by Adults and Children: A Case Study from a Dukha Reindeer Herder Summer Camp, Khövsgöl Aimag, Mongolia

Identifying Stone Alignments Created by Adults and Children: A Case Study from a Dukha Reindeer Herder Summer Camp, Khövsgöl Aimag, Mongolia

Hisat’sinom: Ancient Peoples in a Land without Water

Hisat'sinom: Ancient Peoples in a Land without Water Christian E. Downum (Editor) School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, 2012 196 pp. $59.95 Cloth, $24.95 PaperThis is a well-written and beautifully illustrated volume focusing on a relatively small but geographically diverse portion of the US Southwest-the Sin Agua culture area on the Mogollon Rim and immediately east of the San Francisco Peaks and present-day Flagstaff, Arizona. The focus is principally on the interplay between the harsh environment and Native American adaptive resilience from 400 CE or the advent of agriculture to no later than 1300 CE. Although the Paleo-Indian and archaic periods are represented in this zone, the material manifestations found here are also apparent in other better known areas (Chapter 8). Two aspects set this region apart: the lack of water, even by US Southwest measures, and its societal crossroads location, linking the heartland of the Hohokam with that of the Anazasi of Chaco Canyon. Because of this setting, it captures in microcosm much of what is revealed about the ancient social history of the US Southwest more broadly.The book is composed of 20 well-crafted essays by 25 contributors introducing and developing a comprehensive and encompassing set of topics meaningful to both scholar and well-informed layperson. A primary strength of the volume is its thoughtful assessments by several Hopi authors drawing from their own accounts of the ethnohistoric record as well as the ethnographic present (Chapters 2, 3, and 14). The tensions between academic archaeology-the arti-facts-and the Hopi way-the ancestral stories and their long-lived occupants-are not dismissed. As Lyle Balenquay notes, being Hopi was not a right but a privilege, hard earned, at great cost of effort (p 12). Too, the role of Northern Arizona University and the Museum of Northern Arizona pervade the volume by way of faculty and staffcommitment during decades of survey and excavation in this region. Christian Downum has done a fine service in envisioning this book.The geological backdrop for the cultural geography revolves around Sunset Crater, a volcanic blow paleomagnetically dated to 1080 CE and active for no more than 50 years (Chapter 5). The archaeology is significantly identified by pre- and post-Sunset Crater, as the intensity of occupation and agriculture markedly spikes for a hundred and fifty years following the generous deposition of cinder covering an extensive area. This cinder mulch allowed gardens to retain dry farming moisture over the thinnest of soils when the elevated bedrock prevented the further percolation of water deeper and away from the shallow root systems of maize-the latter a clear staple for most all US Southwest ancestral populations. Gregory Brown (Chapter 16) shows how linear and sometimes rectilinear stone alignments were positioned to shield juvenile corn plants from the persistent and sometimes severe spring and summer winds, rather than oriented to the slope angles of the terrain; the latter correlation one usually made in the semiarid world where infrequent cloud bursts and subsequent erosional runoffare credited with linear or contour alignments of rock (cf. Evenari, Shanan, and Tadmor 1982).Historically, during the 30s and 40s, Harold Colton founded and directed the Museum of Northern Arizona, and along with John McGregor defined the Sinagua culture. The black sands associated with the 1080 CE blast were viewed as the catalyst for increased agricultural production and populations, with the significant in-migration of others from neighboring culture areas (Chapter 10). Recent assessments strongly suggest that actual movements of peoples were likely less pronounced, but the exchange of goods and the ideas that they revealed were a principal change in the region. Michael O'Hara's chapter (9) provides a highly condensed and helpful introduction to the material remains. Agricultural populations were well established prior to the Sunset Crater eruption most prominently identified at Winoma Village with 36 pithouses, a three-room pueblo and perhaps an early ballcourt. …

A Rosetta Stone for the Prehistoric Solar Calendar? Kerbstone K15 at Knowth, Ireland

Interpreting Neolithic passage grave art is difficult but, according to middle range theory, could be achieved with analogies with known other factors. Celestial phenomena present one possibility and can easily be assessed qualitatively and quantitatively; however, a single match in modern eyes need not necessarily have been intended by Neolithic minds; independent corroboration is needed. The late fourth millennium BC kerbstone KI5 at Knowth, Ireland, bears a fan-shaped pattern that has been controversially interpreted as a solar calendar yet it has not been noted until now that there is independent evidence for exactly this calendar, in fine detail, in the standing stone alignments of Britain. A new examination and reinterpretation of the rock carving reveals a strikingly good match with this “menhir calendar” of Alexander Thom and strongly supports his statistical deductions from his survey data. Also offered is an interpretation of the “diamond and spiral” symbol that appears rarely on passage grave art and once on a sherd of Orkney Grooved ware. A link with the solar calendar is possible.

THE ASTRONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF 'NILURALLU', THE MEGALITHIC STONE ALIGNMENT AT MURARDODDI IN ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA

The stone alignment 'Nilurallu' at Murardoddi is a megalithic monument containing standing stones of 12 to 16 feet high that are arranged somewhat in a squarish pattern. This is one of the stone alignments listed by Allchin (1956) as a non-sepulchal array that might have some astronomical connotations. This impressive stone alignment seems to be similar to that at Vibhuthihalli, that was studied earlier, but constructed with much larger stones. The observations conducted by us show that the rows of stones are aligned to the directions of sunrise (and sunset) on calendrically-important events, like equinoxes and solstices. In contrast to Vibhuthihalli, the shadows of stones provide a means of measuring shorter intervals of time.

Prehistoric gold markers and environmental change: A two-age system for standing stones in western Ireland

The Murrisk Peninsula in southwest County Mayo is a major target for gold exploration in Ireland. The most productive areas include the Cregganbaun Shear Zone and Cregganbaun Quartzite Belt on Croagh Patrick, both geologically related to Iapetus closure, and gold is concentrated in alluvial deposits of river systems draining these areas. A comparison of gold occurrences with the location of prehistoric stone monuments reveals that simple standing-stone monuments, though isolated from other monument types, correlate with alluvial gold. South of the Murrisk Peninsula in Connemara, isolated standing stones are associated with a wide range of mineral resources and with other monuments. Dating of the stones relative to blanket-bog expansion and coastal landform changes indicates that standing stones were raised as markers of gold placer deposits before a climatic deterioration at 1200 B.C. Late Bronze Age monuments with a ceremonial purpose are more complex and include stone alignments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Prefocal alignment improves stone comminution in shockwave lithotripsy.

The Dornier HM-3 machine continues to be one of the most effective lithotripters in use. However, tissue damage occurs in most, if not all, shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) treatments. Cavitation appears to contribute to desired stone comminution as well as to undesired tissue damage. Studies of cavitation in electrohydraulic shockwave lithotripters indicate that the greatest cavitation activity occurs, not at the geometric focus, F2, but at a site proximal to F2 by 1 to 3 cm. In clinical practice, however, stones are aligned with F2. In vitro stone comminution, hemolysis, and free-radical production were assessed along the focal axis, and pig kidneys treated with SWL in vivo were sectioned to determine the extent of hemorrhagic injury along the focal axis. Model gypsum stones received 200 shockwaves in vitro at 18 kV. At F2, the average number of fragments >1.5 mm was 1.3 +/- 0.5, and the weight loss was 11.3 +/- 1.1%. At 2 cm from F2 (F2-2 cm), these values increased to 4 +/- 2.8 and 16.1 +/- 4.2%, respectively. Samples of 10% hematocrit blood were similarly exposed. Hemolysis was equivalent at F2-2 cm (14.7 +/- 2.3%) and F2 (15.2 +/- 3%) but decreased significantly at all other positions. Samples of iodine solution received 1500 shockwaves at 20 kV. Hydroxyl radical production was greatest at F2-2 cm (0.384 +/- 0.035 microM) and decreased significantly distal to this position. The volume of tissue injury in pig kidneys was greatest with prefocal shockwave exposure. Stone comminution may be achieved more rapidly without greater tissue damage by a simple shift in stone alignment to F2-2 cm.

Past records, new views: Carnac 1830–2000

The megalithic monuments of Carnac, Brittany, in the Département of the Morbihan, are amongst the most farnous in France. indeed in the world. This region has not only the densest conccntration of such sites in Europe but also retained its importance as a centre of monument-building from the late 5th to the :jrd millennium FK:, giving it a unique significance in the study of Neolithic landscapes (Sherratt 1990; 1998). Its menhirs, stone alignments, and megalithic tombs have attracted the attention of scholars since the 18th century, and there is thus an unusually full record, both written and pictorial, of the nature of these monuments as they were perceived over 300 years.

Cheyenne Pronghorn Procurement and Ceremony

Ethnographic literature shows that historic Cheyenne pronghorn trapping was closely intertwined with ceremonial activity. These procurement and ceremonial activities left behind distinctive archaeological remains, including hunting camps, drive lines, pits, stone and bone alignments, and possibly rock art. The ceremonies are linked through oral tradition to specific landscape features.

Effects of small-scale prehistoric runoff agriculture on soil fertility: The developing picture from upland terraces in the American Southwest

Prehistoric stone alignments and their associated terraces are common in upland ecozones of the American Southwest. These features are generally considered the archaeological consequences of “runoff agriculture” dedicated to domesticated-plant production. Furthermore, researchers have theorized that such production decreased soil fertility and ultimately promoted abandonment of the alignments, terraces, and surrounding landscapes. Recent investigations show that cultivated Mollisols indeed have less organic matter and less available P, and elevated pH, as well as several textural changes. In contrast, cultivated Aridisols have elevated CaCO3, available Ca, and cation-exchange capacity, as well as no textural changes. The developing picture, however, is that small-scale runoff agriculture has had largely benign effects on soil fertility and that anthropogenic terraces likely were abandoned for reasons unrelated to their productivity. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Modelling Megalithic Sites

AbstractIn this paper, we present the MégaFormes project which deals with the modelling of megalithic sites. The goal is to enable virtual visits of megalithic sites and to help archaeologists in picturing the evolution of a monument. A megalithic site is made of a set of elements that can be: fogous, dolmens, chamber tombs, stone alignments or circles. The description of such a site is done in two stages: during the first stage, a draft of the site is drawn, each stone being represented by its bounding box. The second stage allows the user to describe the content of the boxes (the stones).To describe fogous and chamber tombs, basic models of these monuments are used. These basic types are simplified representations of the monuments (walls only). The models can be modified by changing the dimensions and locations of the walls and by cutting the initial walls into individual stones. The definition of stone alignments or circles calls for the use of a one‐dimensional position vocabulary (along simple geometric primitives or curves). The different elements (alignments, circles, fogous, and chamber tombs) are then combined to obtain the draft of the site. A two‐dimensional vocabulary allowing to position the elements in the site is used. The paper is illustrated with examples obtained with the developed software.

Impacts, Tillites, and the Breakup of Gondwanaland: A Reply

Previous articleNext article No AccessDiscussion and ReplyImpacts, Tillites, and the Breakup of Gondwanaland: A ReplyVerne R. Oberbeck, John R. Marshall, and Hans AggarwalVerne R. Oberbeck Search for more articles by this author , John R. Marshall Search for more articles by this author , and Hans Aggarwal Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 101, Number 5Sep., 1993 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/648260 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1993 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Michael R. Rampino Are Some Tillites Impact-Related Debris-Flow Deposits?, The Journal of Geology 125, no.22 (Jan 2017): 155–164.https://doi.org/10.1086/690212W.U Reimold Exogenic and endogenic breccias: a discussion of major problematics, Earth-Science Reviews 43, no.1-21-2 (Mar 1998): 25–47.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(97)00037-8 Wolf Uwe Reimold , Victor von Brunn , and Christian Koeberl Are Diamictites Impact Ejecta?‐‐No Supporting Evidence from South African Dwyka Group Diamictite Wolf Uwe Reimold et al., The Journal of Geology 105, no.55 (Jul 2015): 517–530.https://doi.org/10.1086/515952 Michael R. Rampino Tillites, Diamictites, and Ballistic Ejecta of Large Impacts, The Journal of Geology 102, no.44 (Sep 2015): 439–456.https://doi.org/10.1086/629685