Stomatal Types Research Articles

Cotyledon architecture and anatomy in the Acacieae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)

Abstract Cotyledon size, shape, venation pattern and anatomy have been investigated in Faidherbia albida and 152 species of Acacia representing the three subgenera Acacia , Aculeiferum and Heterophyllum. Cell volumes of epidermis, palisade and storage tissue, stomatal frequency, stomatal index and frequency of stomatal types have been determined for F. albida and 12 species from each subgenus. The data obtained support the recognition of the subgenera of Acacia as separate taxa but provide no indication of their status. The evidence from cotyledons also supports the separation of Faidherbia from Acacia , and the amalgamation of the Acacieae and Ingeae.

Stomatal patterning in monocotyledons: Tradescantia as a model system

Stomatal patterning in monocotyledons is reviewed in two sections. Patterning is distinguished from stomatal development and results from Tradescantia are presented as a model organism for this plant group. The first section provides pertinent background information on theories of stomatal patterning, stomatal differentiation, monocot leaf growth, common stomatal arrangements, variations in patterning resulting from leaf position and environment, and stomatal types. The second section presents a developmental and mechanistic outlook to stomatal patterning based on published studies. A synopsis relates these data to the current patterning theories and a prospectus suggests areas of research likely to be profitable in understanding stomatal patterning in the future.

Structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in some Indian Amaranthaceae

The structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in 45 taxa belonging to 19 genera have been stuthed. In all, six stomatal types have been recognized viz., anomocytic, anisocytic, diacytic, paracytic, hemiparacytic and brachyparacytic. The majority of the taxa are amphistomatic whereas hypostomatic leaves are confined to only three taxa. Stomatal diversity is common but most of the taxa show either dominance or codominance. Stomatal distribution is helpful in distinguishing the three tribes of the Amaranthaceae, The tribe Celosieae shows exclusive presence of anomocytic and anisocytic stomata whereas Amarantheae and Gomphreneae show other stomatal types viz., paracytic and diacytic in addition to anomocytic and anisocytic stomata. Further, the latter two tribes are each distinguishable into two subtribes on the basis of stomata.

Ontogenetic basis for classification of stomatal complexes — a reapproach

Summary The majority of existing ontogenetic classifications of stomatal complexes is considered to be, in fact, a mixture of structural and ontogenetic ones. Purely ontogenetic classifications should be based on only three characters: a) orientation of guard cells' mother cell division in relation to the plane of the preceding cell division; b) orientation of the divisions of cells other than guard cells' mother cell and c) number of cell divisions leading to mature stomatal complex formation. This method would result in three independent and reciprocally supplementary stomatal classifications. The first one consists of only Payne's anomo-, dia-, and parameristic types. The second one contains both Payne's allelo- and helicocytic types and new concentro-, radi-, and tangenticytic stomatal types. For the third classification, monomeristic and bimeristic types, and so forth, are proposed. Two neglected unnamed Strasburger's and Prantl's stomatal types are reintroduced as initial, resp. terminal.

Stomatal types of the genus Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae): an appraisal of diversity and taxonomic interest

The stomatal types of 102 species illustrating the different subdivisions of Bentham's classification of the genus Acacia were studied at two or three ontogenetic stages: first pinnate leaf to bipinnate leaves or to phyllode. Six stomatal types are recognized on the basis of Guyot's nomenclature (1966): 1, 2, 3, 4, 4′, 6; a new type (3′) is described. The specialization of the leaf up to the phyllode stage is followed by a decrease of diversity of the stomatal formula and an increasing frequency of the 'basic core' 3, 3′, 4. The distinction between the two Australian groups of bipinnate species (series Pulchellae and Botrycephalae) is confirmed. Possible relationships between the cosmopolitan series Vulgares (the most primitive group) and some Australian taxa as well as between the Pulchellae and some phyllodic species from the Australian series Phyllodineae are commented on. The series Gummiferae looks quite distinct from other groups.

Stomatal types of the genus Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae): an appraisal of diversity and taxonomic interest

The stomatal types of 102 species illustrating the different subdivisions of Bentham's classification of the genus Acacia were studied at two or three ontogenetic stages: first pinnate leaf to bipinnate leaves or to phyllode. Six stomatal types are recognized on the basis of Guyot's nomenclature (1966): 1, 2, 3, 4, 4′, 6; a new type (3′) is described. The specialization of the leaf up to the phyllode stage is followed by a decrease of diversity of the stomatal formula and an increasing frequency of the 'basic core' 3, 3′, 4. The distinction between the two Australian groups of bipinnate species (series Pulchellae and Botrycephalae) is confirmed. Possible relationships between the cosmopolitan series Vulgares (the most primitive group) and some Australian taxa as well as between the Pulchellae and some phyllodic species from the Australian series Phyllodineae are commented on. The series Gummiferae looks quite distinct from other groups.

The taxonomic value of epidermal characters in the leaf of <i>Heteromorpha</i> and some related genera (Apiaceae)

All 17 species of Heteromorpha Cham. Schltdl. (sensu Humbert 1956), all three species of Polemannia Eckl. Zeyh. and the monotypic Polemanniopsis B.L. Burtt were investigated for leaf epidermal characters. Stomatal type was anomocvtic. with an exception in only one Madagascar species, H. betsileensis. The distribution and density of stomata (on both leaf surfaces) are diagnostic for some species. The number, size and outline of normal epidermal cells are different in juvenile and adult leaves and these differences vary between species. Seven trichome types are recognized which, when combined with dispersion pattern, also serve to characterise the various species and forms.

The relevance of stomatal frequency, type and size in the delimitation of three complex species ofDioscorea L. (Dioscoreaceae) With 3 Figures, 8 Tables and 2 Plates

The relevance of stomatal frequency, type and size in the delimitation of three complex species ofDioscorea L. (Dioscoreaceae) With 3 Figures, 8 Tables and 2 Plates

Observations on developmental and structural aspects of stomata in six succulent species ofSenecio (Compositae)

The development and structure of stomata on the succulent leaves of six species ofSenecio are reported. It was found that in all the species investigated the development of stomata was of the mesogenous type and the structure of the stomata was anisocytic. The constancy in the development and structure of stomata in all the species of the genus investigated agrees with the view that a stomatal type and its developmental modes are constant at the genus level. Abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, degenerated guard cells, abortive and single guard cells are also recorded as natural phenomena.

An investigation of leaf-blade anatomy and photosynthetic characteristics of four Cyperaceae species from the Albany and Bathurst districts in the eastern Cape

The anatomy of the leaf-blades of four field-grown Cyperaceae, namely Cyperus albostriatus Schrad., Cyperus fastigiatus Rottb., Cyperus pulcher Thunb. and Mariscus congestus (Vahl.) C.B.CI., was investigated with light and scanning electron microscopes, to determine stomatal type and frequencies. Photosynthetic characteristics, including light and temperature response as well as post-illumination CO2 burst effect, were investigated using an ADC 225 MKIII infra-red gas analyser in open circuit. The leaf anatomy and gas exchange response suggest that C. pulcher is a C3 species, whilst C. albostriatus, C. fastigiatus and M. congestus are C4. The post-illumination CO2 burst studies suggest that C. albostriatus and M. congestus are C4-NADP-Me species type and that C. fastigiatus is either NAD-Me or PCK.

Trichomes within the Plantaginaceae

A survey of trichome types and their distribution within Plantaginaceae is presented based on a study of 112 species and 30 literary references. 14 different characters were distinguished, some are considered useful for phylogenetic studies. Stomatal types in 32 species are recorded.

Principles of comparative stomatographic studies of flowering plants

Baranova, M. (V. L. Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia. Principles of comparative stomatographic studies of flowering plants. Bot. Rev.58(1): 49–99, 1992.—Numerous unsolved taxonomic problems have caused systematists to go beyond the traditional methods of herbarium taxonomists and begin to utilize laboratory disciplines such as cytology, palynology, chemotaxonomy, and anatomy. The anatomy of wood and of leaves, among other things, have been used to provide data for systematic studies. The study of the morphology and ontogeny of the stomatal complex in leaves has been one fruitful area for research. The reader is warned that the taxonomic value of such leaf epidermal characters is very different in different taxa just as is true for traditional morphological characters. The terminology used for describing stomates and the whole stomatal complex or apparatus, as it has developed since the time of Vesque (1889) is given. The classifications of Vesque and Metcalfe and Chalk for angiosperms, and that of Florin for gymnosperms are given in detail. The problems inherent in including the ontogenetic development of the stomatal complex in the description and terminology of types are discussed. It is concluded that morphological classification of stomates is best based on their appearance in the mature leaf, excluding any attempt to include ontogeny as well. Fourteen morphological types of stomates are now recognized: anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, actinocytic, encyclocytic (cyclocytic), tetracytic, pericytic, desmocytic, polocytic, staurocytic, hemiparacytic, laterocytic, and stephanocytic. Other kinds seen in the literature are subtypes of these. In actuality, intermediates between these types exist in nature, and it is not always easy to distinguish these types. Nonetheless, stomatal types and their ontogenies have been used with success in the resolution of many taxonomic problems. The author outlines the many difficulties encountered in the utilization of such data. Even so, examples from the Celastraceae, Chloranthaceae, Polemoniaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, other dicotyledonous families, and some monocotyledonous families are given. The paracytic stomatotype is regarded as probably primitive in both dicotyledons and monocotyledons. Other types of stomates have repeatedly been derived from the paracytic type, so that the presence of similar advanced stomatotypes is not a sure indication of close relationship.

Stomatal types in the Umbelliferae and their taxonomic value Tribe Apiaea, subtribe Foeniculinae

Stomatal types in the Umbelliferae and their taxonomic value Tribe Apiaea, subtribe Foeniculinae

Stomatal types as a taxonomical character in the Umbelliferae: Tribe Apieae, Subtribe Apiinae

Stomatal types as a taxonomical character in the Umbelliferae: Tribe Apieae, Subtribe Apiinae

A cluster analysis study on Cinnamomum from Kerala, India

AbstractA cluster analysis study was carried out in Cinnamomum species occurring in the Kerala state of India with an aim of solving some of the taxonomic problems existing in the genus. Twentyeight collections (OTUs) representing eight species were used in the study. Twenty characters recorded from the OTUs were subjected to numerical analysis by single, complete and average linkage analysis. The OTUs were grouped using the centroid linkage technique. The cluster analysis of characters established the following character clusters: (i) bud type, stomatal type, phyllotaxy, and epidermal thickness (ii) hairiness, hair frequency and hair length (iii) inflorescence length, nature and type (iv) thickness of leaf, palisade, and spongy parenchyma and (v) leaf length and leaf breadth. The centroid linkage clustering has shown that C. camphora, C. perrottetti, C. riparium and C. cassia are very distinct types and hence formed independent clusters. C. malabatrum and C. veruum are closely related and formed close clusters. C. malabatrum is more complex having considerable intraspecific variability and hence ended up in more than one cluster, pointing to a need for a reexamination of this species.

Stomatal types as a taxonomical character in the Umbelliferae: Tribe Apieae, Subtribe Apiinae

AbstractMorphological types of stomata, occurrence of stomata on abaxial and adaxial sides of the leaf, and forms of anticlinal walls of epidermal cells have been investigated in 126 species distributed among 33 genera of the subtribe Apiinae. Anomocytic, hemiparacytic, diacytic and paracytic types of stomata have been revealed. There were two groups of species – in the first group stomata with two surrounding cells (diacytic and paracytic) dominated, in the second group there were few (less than 20%) or no stomata of these types. As a rule, all the species of any genus belonged to one of these groups.

Stomatal types in the Umbelliferae and their taxonomic value Tribe Apiaea, subtribe Foeniculinae

AbstractStomatal types of 65 species representing 32 genera of the subtribe Foeniculinae have been investigated, the material origined from the territory of the USSR and some other regions of Asia and Europe. Anomocytic, hemiparacytic, diacytic, paracytic and anisocytic types have been registered. Predominant types in many genera were anomocytic or anomocytic along with hemiparacytic, rarely a mixture of hemiparacytic and anisocytic; some genera had significant number (sometimes predominance) of diacytic and paracytic types. The genera Kadenia and Macrosciadium were found to be extremely variable as concerns stomatal types.

A new stomatal type inChenopodiaceae

A new stomatal type—paracytic mesoperigenous—which has not been separated from the paracytic mesogenous type in previous studies of theChenopodiaceae, is described. The frequent occurrence of this previously unknown paracytic mesoperigenous type in this family is demonstrated. As a result a new phylogenetic pathway between anisocytic mesoperigenous and paracytic mesogenous types may be drawn.

Features of foliar epidermis and stomata in eight species of Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae)

AbstractThe features of mature foliar epidermis and stomata are described in eight species of Alternanthera. They showed diversity as regards the size of the epidermal cells and the nature of anticlinal walls; the stomatal size, frequency, index and basic type also varied. The epidermal cells are generally polygonal or irregular in outline while the anticlinal walls are usually sinuous, occasionally undulate or arched. The stomatal size varied from 20.3 × 13.6 μm (A. bettzichiana) to 37.4 × 18.8 μm (A. philoxeroides). Rather unusually, within the eight taxa examined, the genus showed as many as three basic stomatal types, namely, diacytic, paracytic and anisocytic.

Stomatal types in the Umbelliferae in relation to taxonomy Tribes Coriandreae and Scandiceae

AbstractStomatal types of 14 species representing seven genera of the tribe Coriandreae and of 34 species of ten genera of the tribe Scandiceae were investigated, the species were mainly from the USSR flora. The tribe Coriandreae is rather homogenous as concerned to stomatal types, hemiparacytic and anomocytic stomata predominate; however, some exceptions are observed: in Schrenkia golickeana stomata are partly anisocytic and in Fuernrohria setifolia some stomata are diacytic; all the species have amphistomatic leaves. In the tribe Scandiceae diacytic stomata predominate or occur in significant frequency in many species, mainly belonging to the genera Chaerophyllum, Grammosciadium, Scandix. The rest of the species explored have anomocytic and rarely hemiparacytic stomatal types. In some species leaves are amphistomatic, in other species hypostomatic. Relevant taxonomic problems are discussed.