Stomach Ulcers Research Articles

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antibiotic-Modifying Activity of Croton grewioides Baill Essential Oil

Background: Croton grewioides Baill., a species native to the Caatinga, popularly known as canela de cunhã, is used in traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal diseases such as diarrhea, gastritis and stomach ulcers. The combination of essential oils with antibiotics reveals several beneficial effects associated with the increased efficacy of these drugs against pathogenic agents. Through this perspective, this study aimed to identify the chemical composition of the essential oil of C. grewioides (OECG) and evaluate its antibacterial and antibiotic-modifying activities against standard and multiresistant bacteria. Methods: To analyze the compounds present in the oil, the techniques of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) were used. In the bacteriological tests, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was obtained by the broth microdilution technique. The modulating effect of the essential oil was determined by calculating the subinhibitory concentration, followed by a serial microdilution of the antibiotics. The MIC reduction factor (CRF) was calculated, and its data were expressed as a percentage. Results: The analysis of the chemical composition identified the presence of the major compound estragole with a relative abundance of 50.34%. The MIC values obtained demonstrated efficacy in K. pneumoniae isolated from urine with MIC values of 512 µg/mL. OECG potentiated the effects of all antibiotics tested on the strains S. aureus ATCC 29213, K. pneumoniae Carbapnemase, E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213 with their CRF of 97.65%, 99.80%, 99.85% and 99.88%, respectively. Conclusions: Thus, the essential oil of C. grewioides presents synergistic effects when combined with the antibiotics tested, in addition to acting in the fight against bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

Radiosynthesis, Preparation, and Biological Evaluation of [99MTC]Tricarbonyl Pantoprazole for Stomach Ulcer Detection in Mice

Radiosynthesis, Preparation, and Biological Evaluation of [99MTC]Tricarbonyl Pantoprazole for Stomach Ulcer Detection in Mice

CURRENT STATUS OF DIAGNOSTIC INFECTIONS CAUSED BY HELICOBACTER PYLORI

The article is devoted to the review of the latest scientific research related to methods of diagnosis of infections caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. Based on the review of research in the field of diagnosis of infections caused by Helicobacter pylori, modern approaches used in global medical practice were analysed. In modern times, diagnosing H. pylori is a significant problem given the variety of methods and their effectiveness, and there is no single universal approach for detecting this pathogenic bacterium. Infection caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is one of the world's most common stomach and intestinal infections. More than half of the world's population is infected with this bacterium, which often leads to severe diseases such as stomach and duodenal ulcers, as well as stomach cancer. Modern medicine develops every day, providing new methods of diagnosis and treatment. Significant scientific and technological changes are taking place in Helicobacter pylori diagnostics, which open up new perspectives and opportunities. One of the leading prospects is the search for more accurate, fast and convenient diagnostic methods that would be less invasive and more accessible to patients. The development of molecular and genetic methods, in particular polymerase chain reaction (PCR), opens up opportunities for accurate and rapid detection of H. pylori and the determination of its virulent properties. Another perspective is the development of accurate biomarkers and prognostic methods that will predict the risk of developing complications due to H. pylori infection. This will help plan and individualise treatment strategies for patients with this infection. The search for new drugs to eradicate H. pylori is also a critical prospect, especially considering the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. The article compares invasive and non-invasive methods of disease research, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Therefore, leading scientists and practitioners in the field of gastroenterology are recommended to use two or more methods, in particular, to combine invasive and non-invasive approaches, to use a serological method for population screening, to control and eradicate H. pylori mainly by non-invasive methods, using PCR as the most accurate method for diagnosing H. pylori, as well as to determine the molecular and genetic characteristics of the microorganism and assess its virulence to form an idea of the further course and prognosis of the disease. The purpose of the work is to systematically review modern methods of diagnosing infections caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) to evaluate their effectiveness, advantages and limitations. An overview of the state of the art in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infections is presented, focusing on the various detection methods, their advantages and disadvantages, and their role in the course of the disease and the treatment of this infection. A variety of diagnostic methods are reviewed, including both invasive and non-invasive approaches, including endoscopy, histology, urea breath test (UBT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, next-generation sequencing (NGS), biosensors, and MALDI-TOF MS . The advantages and limitations of each of the methods, as well as their effectiveness in the diagnosis of H. pylori infections, are discussed. Studies have shown the importance of developing new approaches and their application in practice to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this infection.

Protective effect of evodiamine on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats through regulation of ROS/ICAM1/Nrf2 signaling pathway

Purpose: To study the effect of evodiamine on the signaling pathway of ROS/ICAM-1/Nrf2 in rats with acetic acid-induced stomach ulcers. Methods: The rats were randomly assigned to five groups containing 10 rats each. Prior to acetic acidinduction of gastric ulcers, omeprazole (4.0 mg/kg/day), low-dose evodiamine (L-EVD, 20 mg/kg/day), and high-dose evodiamine (H-EVD, 40 mg/kg/day) were orally administered to the respective groups for 15 days. Following ulcer induction, the same treatments continued for an additional 7 days, for a total treatment duration of 22 days. The control (0.9 % saline) and acetic acid (model) groups were administered 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (10 mL/kg) for the same period. Thereafter, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were conducted on the gastric mucosa. Results: The acetic acid group showed significantly higher levels of oxidative and inflammatory markers, as well as damage and degeneration of the gastric mucosa when compared to control group (p < 0.05). However, both low-dose and high-dose evodiamine treatment groups demonstrated significant gastric healing. Administration of low-dose and high-dose evodiamine resulted in significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, p < 0.05). Furthermore, evodiamine treatment led to significantly increased levels of glutathione (GSH) and nuclear facterythroid factor 2 (Nrf2). Conclusion: Evodiamine reduces oxidative stress, suppresses inflammatory reactions, and exerts an anti-ulcer effect on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats by modulating ROS/ ICAM-1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. More studies into the integration of evodiamine into conventional pharmaceutical treatments for gastric ulcers should be conducted.

Trimetazidine protects against acute indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal, hepatic, and renal injury in rats

Background: Peptic ulcers are increasingly reported as a challenging disease in clinical settings. Several medications are employed in the management of peptic ulcers. Thus far, there is no medication devoid of any adverse effects that may achieve a 100% curative rate or provide a total remedy for the ailment. Aim: We aimed to examine the healing effects of trimetazidine against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in albino rats. Methodology: A total of 25 rats were used, divided into five groups (each group contained five rats): a negative control group that was only treated with distilled water, a positive control group that was only treated with a single dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg) orally, a group that received indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and low doses of trimetazidine (17.5 mg/kg) orally, a group that received indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and medium doses of trimetazidine (35 mg/kg) orally, and a group that received indomethacin (30 mg/kg) and high doses of trimetazidine (52.5 mg/kg) orally. The induction of gastric ulcers occurred on the first day of the experiment through the administered indomethacin and, subsequently, the rats were treated orally with either trimetazidine or distilled water, three times daily, for 7 days. Serum urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin levels were measured. Stomachs were excised from the rats’ bodies and opened along the greater curvature; they were then rinsed with saline, extended on a white corkboard, and examined macroscopically. The stomach tissues were also processed in order to generate microscopic slides for microscopical examination. Results: Indomethacin administration caused multiple ulcerations in the gastric mucosa, significant elevations in serum urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels, and a significant reduction of the serum albumin levels. The treatment with trimetazidine significantly healed the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin can induce substantial gastric ulcers, which may be linked to a direct toxic effect on the histological architecture of the gastric linings in addition to the reduction of blood flow to gastric mucosa; this effect can be treated by administration of trimetazidine. Ultimately, this study suggests that administering the optimal dosage of trimetazidine can be advantageous in treating stomach ulcers caused by NSAIDs. Moreover, the study suggests that the indomethacin-induced liver and renal dysfunction can also be alleviated by the use of trimetazidine.

Exploring the Antibacterial Activity of Ipomoea staphylina Extracts Against H. pylori: A Pharmacognostic Investigation of Whole Plant and Matured Stem with Emphasis on Quercetin Isolation.

Ipomoea staphylina Rome & Schult, entrenched in ethnomedicinal practices, is recognised for its efficacy in treating stomach disorders. Traditionally used in Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu for stomach ulcers, its matured stem bark latex is therapeutically relevant, especially for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections. This prompts scientific exploration into its antibacterial properties. The research validates the antibacterial efficacy of I. staphylina extracts against H. pylori, scrutinising the whole plant and matured stem through a comparative pharmacognostic analysis. Utilising herbal standardisation techniques, we confirm the heightened purity of the powder. Antimicrobial assessments show exceptional efficacy of DME (dried Ethanolic extract of I. staphylina) and HLS (hydro alcoholic extract of I. staphylina) extracts. Quercetin isolation by using advanced instrumentation (Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], High resolution mass spectrometry [HR-MS], High-performance thin-layer chromatography [HPTLC], Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR]) ensures precise compound identification. This methodology guarantees an exhaustive analysis, confirming purity and identifying bioactive components. Standardisation underscores the elevated purity of I. staphylina, with phytochemical screening revealing a predominant presence of phenolics and flavonoids. Antibacterial investigations highlight significant activity, particularly with DME and HLS extracts. These findings substantiate I. staphylina's medicinal significance, especially its matured stem latex, as a promising treatment for H. pylori-induced stomach ulcers, affirming traditional use by Dharmapuri villagers.

Detect The Most Important Changes That Occur in The Stomach Tissue of Patients Infected With H. Pylori

The current study aimed to detect the most important changes that occur in the stomach tissue of patients infected with H. pylori. Samples were collected from the Endoscope Unit for the period from 12/14/2022 to 1/30/2024 at Azadi Teaching Hospital and Al-Watan Al-Ahli Hospital in Kirkuk Governorate, from both sexes for the age group (14-57) years. Stool samples were taken from the same patients those undergoing laparoscopy for the purpose of investigating the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Tissue biopsy samples were taken by the gastroenterologist using laparoscopic forceps, and (88) samples were obtained from these patients, with two tissue biopsies from each patient. The histological results of people infected with Helicobacter pylori bacteria showed many histological changes, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, which was accompanied by multiple tissue necrosis, and damage to some gastric glands as a result of degeneration of glandular epithelial cells with thickening of the basal membrane, in addition to necrosis and damage to most of the gastric glands. Narrowing of the lumen of some glands, sometimes their complete atrophy, metaplasia of the epithelial cells of the gastric glands and the epithelial tissue lining the antral area, and cell shedding occur. It is concluded from the current study that H. pylori has led to many tissue lesions in the stomach of patients, the most important of which is stomach ulceration.

Overview of mechanisms and novel therapies on rheumatoid arthritis from a cellular perspective.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation of joints in response to autoimmune disorders. Once triggered, many factors were involved in the development of RA, including both cellular factors like osteoclasts, synovial fibroblasts, T cells, B cells, and soluble factors like interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), etc. The complex interplay of those factors results in such pathological abnormality as synovial hyperplasia, bone injury and multi-joint inflammation. To treat this chronic life-affecting disease, the primary drugs used in easing the patient's symptoms are disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). However, these traditional drugs could cause serious side effects, such as high blood pressure and stomach ulcers. Interestingly, recent discoveries on the pathogenesis of RA have led to various new kinds of drugs or therapeutic strategies. Therefore, we present a timely review of the latest development in this field, focusing on the cellular aspects of RA pathogenesis and new therapeutic methods in clinical application. Hopefully it can provide translational guide to the pre-clinical research and treatment for the autoimmune joint disease.

An update on phytoconstituents and pharmacological importance of Asparagus racemosus

Background: Asparagus racemosus (family: Liliaceae), is a well-researched traditional or ancient medicine in the Siddha, Ayurveda, and Unani systems. It is commonly known as Satawar, Satamuli, Satavari, and found at low altitudes throughout India. It contains bioactive metabolites such as fructo-oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, asparosides, shatavarins, sapogenins, racemosols, isoflavones, glycosides, mucilage, and fatty acids, while saponin is one of the main active constituents of asparagus. Objective: Across the globe, Asparagus racemosus gained importance for its ethano-pharmacological value in curing various ailments. This review will outline the medicinal properties, uses, and value addition of Asparagus racemosus. Methods: We have reviewed and retrieved the relevant information by probing the main keywords in online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science, etc.). Screening of relevant abstracts/ title and full papers were done to pick the suitable content based on the pharmacological profile of Asparagus racemosus. Conclusion: The whole plant possesses pleiotropic therapeutic activity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, nootropic, antidepressant, etc., without showing any remarkable side effects. It also treats stomach ulcers, diabetes, kidney disorders, and Alzheimer's disease, etc.

Mitigation of Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats by 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline: Modulation of Inflammatory Mechanisms

Objective: To investigate the gastroprotective influence of 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline in a rat model of indomethacininducedgastric ulcers. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6) as follows: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (indomethacin only, 30 mg/kg), Group 3 (indomethacin and 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline, 30 mg/kg), Group 4 (indomethacin with 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline, 60 mg/kg), and Group 5 (indomethacin with esomeprazole, 30 mg/kg). The efficacy of 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline in mitigating gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin in rats was evaluated based on gastric morphology, histopathology, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results: Indomethacin-induced stomach ulcers resulted in epithelial damage and blood streaks on the gastric mucosa. However, treatmentwith indomethacin and 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline (60 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced ulcers compared to the indomethacin-only group. Inflammatory cells were observed in the indomethacin group, while the 60 mg/kg 2,3-Dichloro-6- (trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline-treated group exhibited the restoration of normal epithelial tissue and minimal inflammatory cells, similar to the control and esomeprazole-treated groups. Furthermore, 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline significantly decreased inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, INF-γ, and IL-β1) and increased gastroprotective mediator levels (PGE2 and mucin), both with P-values below 0.05, in contrast to the effects of indomethacin. Conclusion: This study provides clinical evidence highlighting the gastroprotective properties of 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline. Its initial application reveals, for the first time, its efficacy in treating gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin. However, further tests are warranted to validate these findings.

Pathogenicity of Duck Adenovirus Type 3 in Chickens.

Duck adenovirus Type 3 (DAdV-3) severely affects the health of ducks; however, its pathogenicity in chickens remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the pathogenicity and major pathological changes caused by DAdV-3 in chickens. Viral DNA was extracted from the liver of the Muscovy duck, and the fiber-2 and hexon fragments of DAdV-3 were amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The evolutionary tree revealed that the isolated virus belonged to DAdV-3, and it was named HE-AN-2022. The mortality rate of chicks that received inoculation with DAdV-3 subcutaneously via the neck was 100%, while the mortality rate for eye-nose drop inoculation was correlated with the numbers of infection, with 26.7% of chicks dying as a result of exposure to multiple infections. The main symptoms exhibited prior to death were hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), ulceration of the glandular stomach, and a swollen bursa with petechial hemorrhages. A histopathological examination revealed swelling, necrosis, lymphocyte infiltration, and basophilic inclusion bodies in multiple organs. Meanwhile, the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) demonstrated that DAdV-3 could affect most of the organs in chickens, with the gizzard, glandular stomach, bursa, spleen, and liver being the most susceptible to infection. The surviving chicks had extremely high antibody levels. After the chickens were infected with DAdV-3 derived from Muscovy ducks, no amino acid mutation was observed in the major mutation regions of the virus, which were ORF19B, ORF66, and ORF67. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that DAdV-3 infection is possible in chickens, and that it causes classic HHS with ulceration of the glandular stomach and a swollen bursa with petechial hemorrhages, leading to high mortality in chickens. The major variation domains did not change in Muscovy ducks or in chickens after infection. This is the first study to report DAdV-3 in chickens, providing a new basis for preventing and controlling this virus.

Immunoinformatics design and synthesis of a multi-epitope vaccine against Helicobacter pylori based on lipid nanoparticles

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is responsible for various chronic or acute diseases, such as stomach ulcers, dyspepsia, peptic ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux, gastritis, lymphoma, and stomach cancers. Although specific drugs are available to treat the bacterium's harmful effects, there is an urgent need to develop a preventive or therapeutic vaccine. Therefore, the current study aims to create a multi-epitope vaccine against H. pylori using lipid nanoparticles. Five epitopes from five target proteins of H. pylori, namely, Urease, CagA, HopE, SabA, and BabA, were used. Immunogenicity, MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) bonding, allergenicity, toxicity, physicochemical analysis, and global population coverage of the entire epitopes and final construct were carefully examined. The study involved using various bioinformatic web tools to accomplish the following tasks: modeling the three-dimensional structure of a set of epitopes and the final construct and docking them with Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4). In the experimental phase, the final multi-epitope construct was synthesized using the solid phase method, and it was then enclosed in lipid nanoparticles. After synthesizing the construct, its loading, average size distribution, and nanoliposome shape were checked using Nanodrop at 280 nm, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and atomic force microscope (AFM). The designed vaccine has been confirmed to be non-toxic and anti-allergic. It can bind with different MHC alleles at a rate of 99.05%. The construct loading was determined to be about 91%, with an average size of 54 nm. Spherical shapes were also observed in the AFM images. Further laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the safety and immunogenicity of the multi-epitope vaccine.

The Antiulcer and Hepatoprotective Effects of Euphorbia hirta Petroleum Ether, Chloroform and Ethanolic Extracts on Paracetamol-induced Ulcerated Wistar Rats

Background: Hepatic and gastric diseases are two of the most common ailments in people. Numerous researches have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of herbal remedies in the treatment of hepatitis and stomach ulcers. Objective: The study aimed to determine the antiulcer and hepatoprotective activities of Euphorbia hirta petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanolic extracts on paracetamol-induced ulcerated Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Euphorbia hirta was collected from the area of Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. The air-dried whole plant was crushed, and 500 g of the powder and petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol were used for continuous extraction by the Soxhlet device. Phytochemical analysis of the extract was done by conventional and GC-MS analysis. Nine sets of six male Wistar rats, each weighing between 150 and 200 g, were used in this study. The standard control group, Group I, received only 1% v/v tween 80. Group II, negative control, received saline (1 ml/kg p.o.). Group III animals were given silymarin (200 mg/kg p.o.) and paracetamol (2 g/kg), which served as the standard of care. Animals in groups IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX received two separate doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L. Liver tissue was taken for histological investigation and placed in a 10% formalin solution. The liquid supernatant of liver cells was used to measure antioxidant parameters, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and LPO. Results: Phytochemical and GC-MS examination confirmed Euphorbia hirta extracts to have different biologically active phytoconstituents, like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, phenolic, flavonoids, tannin, sterols and alkaloids. Euphorbia hirta has been found to significantly protect against paracetamolinduced ulcer and hepatotoxicity compared to the negative control. A significant (p < 0.001) reduction in SGPT, SGOT, ALP, DB and TB levels in the EEEH 400 mg/kg extract-treated group was observed compared to the paracetamol group. The PEEH extract exhibited no significant decrease in all biochemical parameters compared to the negative control. However, the standard drug showed a significant (p < 0.001) decrease when compared to the negative control. SGPT, ALP, and DB levels demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) reduction with EEEH 200 mg/kg. The PEEH extract induced no significant decrease in all biochemical parameters compared to the negative control, and the chloroform extract of 200 mg/kg showed a less significant (p < 0.05 & p < 0.01) difference compared to the negative control. The histopathology study confirmed EEEH 200 mg/kg to show good hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The findings have demonstrated Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract to have effective antiulcer capabilities, and a decrease in LPO activity along with an increase in SOD, CAT, and LPO content have been observed, thereby leading to reduced oxidative stress. The antioxidant activity of Euphorbia hirta extract as a free radical scavenger and the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanolic extract have been indicated by the results of liver enzymes, DB and TB, and histology of liver tissue. More research is needed to recommend Euphorbia hirta as an effective supplement to treat paracetamol-induced ulcers and hepatotoxicity.

Clinical Spectrum of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Pediatric Age Group: An Experience From a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

Background: The bleeding occurring proximal to the ligament of the treitz is known as Upper GI bleeding. The patient may present with hematemesis or melena. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children can result in complex and perhaps fatal clinical circumstances. It fluctuates significantly depending on changes in the patient’s demographics and other diseases. Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted at the Department of Paediatrics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. The study was conducted during the period of Jan’2020 to July 2022. The total number of study patients was 92. Result: The most extensive prevalence of UGIB is found in children aged 5 to 10 years (71.4%), followed by those aged 1 to 12 years (26.8%). Varices accounted for 67 (72.8%) of the UGIB causes, followed by erosive gastritis (6.5%), stomach ulcers (3.3%), esophagitis (2.2%), and Mallory Weiss tears (1.1%), with 13 (14.1%) of them being judged to be normal. Pallor was the most common presenting symptom, making up 82 (89.1%), then hematemesis 61(66.3%) and melena 30.4%, splenomegaly 55(59.8%), hematemesis plus melena (30.4%), hepatomegaly (28.3%), jaundice (15.6%), and melena (3.3%). Conclusion: Hematemesis is the most common presenting symptom of upper GI haemorrhage, which is more common in kids between the ages of 5 and 10. Esophageal varices were the most common source of intestinal bleeding. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2022; 31(2) : 215-219

Phytochemistry, Anti-Tyrosinase, and Anti-Diabetes Studies of Extracts and Chemical Constituents of Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis Leaves

Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Koekemoer, also known as rhinoceros bush and previously called Elytropappus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Less., is from the Asteraceae plant family. The plant is traditionally used to treat indigestion, stomach ulcers, influenza, and diarrhea. This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, anti-glucosidase, anti-amylase, and anti-tyrosinase effects of D. rhinocerotis as research in this area is limited. The air-dried plant materials were macerated in 80% methanol (MeOH) and fractionated between hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and butanol (BuOH). Column chromatography on silica gel was employed for the isolation of the compounds. A total of six compounds (1–6) were isolated from the fractions viz. acacetin (1), 15-hydroxy-cis-clerodan-3-ene-18-oic-acid (2), acacetin-7-glucoside (3), pinitol (4), apigenin (5), and β-sitosterol-3-O-glycoside (6). Compounds 2–4 and 6 are reported for the first time from this plant. Among the different fractions, the BuOH and EtOAc fractions had strong tyrosinase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 13.7 ± 1.71 and 11.6 ± 2.68 µg/mL, respectively, while among the isolated compounds, apigenin (5) had the strongest inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 14.58 µM, which competes favorably with Kojic acid (17.26 µM). The anti-glucosidase assay showed good activity in three of the fractions and compound 5, while the anti-amylase assays did not show significant inhibition activity.

Explainable AI based automated segmentation and multi-stage classification of gastroesophageal reflux using machine learning techniques

Presently, close to two million patients globally succumb to gastrointestinal reflux diseases (GERD). Video endoscopy represents cutting-edge technology in medical imaging, facilitating the diagnosis of various gastrointestinal ailments including stomach ulcers, bleeding, and polyps. However, the abundance of images produced by medical video endoscopy necessitates significant time for doctors to analyze them thoroughly, posing a challenge for manual diagnosis. This challenge has spurred research into computer-aided techniques aimed at diagnosing the plethora of generated images swiftly and accurately. The novelty of the proposed methodology lies in the development of a system tailored for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases. The proposed work used an object detection method called Yolov5 for identifying abnormal region of interest and Deep LabV3+ for segmentation of abnormal regions in GERD. Further, the features are extracted from the segmented image and given as an input to the seven different machine learning classifiers and custom deep neural network model for multi-stage classification of GERD. The DeepLabV3+ attains an excellent segmentation accuracy of 95.2% and an F1 score of 93.3%. The custom dense neural network obtained a classification accuracy of 90.5%. Among the seven different machine learning classifiers, support vector machine (SVM) outperformed with classification accuracy of 87% compared to all other class outperformed combination of object detection, deep learning-based segmentation and machine learning classification enables the timely identification and surveillance of problems associated with GERD for healthcare providers.

Formulation and Evaluation of Tablets Using the Solvent Evaporation Method to Increase the Solubility of Lansoprazole

The inability to determine sufficient and repeatable bioavailability and/or desirable pharmacokinetic features in humans is one of the biggest obstacles to the oral administration of new medicines. The solubility and absorption of a medicine determine its bioavailability, which in turn determines its therapeutic efficacy. Achieving the target drug concentration in the systemic circulation and ensuring drug biological activity in humans are both affected by solubility. A stomach ulcer has the potential to rip through the stomach lining, the initial section of the small intestine, and possibly even the lower esophagus. Distinct ulcers form in different parts of the intestines; one forms in the duodenum and one in the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are most commonly characterized by upper abdominal pain at night that subsides after eating. Eating might exacerbate the discomfort from a stomach ulcer. Preparing and assessing the pills will yield optimal outcomes. The active component content is 99.90%, as is the active ingredient release rate. Compared to other formulations, solid dispersion tablets performed better in in-vitro tests (98.85%). The optimized formulation (lansoprazole solid dispersion tablets) outperformed the labeled formulation (conventional lansoprazole tablet) in terms of drug-releasing capacity within 6 hours, outperforming both formulations.

Gastroprotective effects of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rosa foetida Herrm. against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers

Gastroprotective effects of the silver nanoparticles synthesized from Rosa foetida Herrm. against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers

FREQUENCY OF HELCIOBACTER PYLORI AMONGST PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT SYMPTOMS

Worldwide, H. pylori is recognised as a serious concern for public health that causes peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer and chronic gastritis. The frequency of H. pylori infection ranges from 13% to 81%. Globally, H. pylori infection accounts for around 89% of stomach cancer. Objective: To determine the frequency of helicobacter pylori amongst patients with gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Methodology: The current cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Medicine General Hospital Peshawar from September 2023 to February 2024. The overall sample size of the current study was 150 patients. All the patients were assessed for the pylori SAT (Stool antigen test). All the information was gathered on a specialized proforma designed for our research. All the data was analysed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: In the current study, 150 patients were enrolled. Male patients were 100 (66.67%) while female patients were 50 (33.33%), with a ratio of males to females of 1:2. Among 150 patients, 129 (86%) individuals tested positive for H. pylori, whereas 21 (14%) patients tested negative. The enrolled patients' ages ranged from 15 to 85 years with a mean age (SD) of 50.3 (11.01). After analysing the endoscopic reports of patients, it was found that fifteen patients (25%) had chronic gastritis, thirty-five patients (58%) had duodenal ulcers, ten patients (16.6%) had stomach ulcers, and eight patients (13.3%) had non-ulcer dyspepsia. Conclusion: Our study concludes that Helicobacter pylori is the most prevalent problem among patients with gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are fundamental to avoiding this severe problem.

Comprehensive insights on treatment modalities with conventional and herbal drugs for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.

Areas of the body accessible to gastric secretions, such as the stomach and duodenum, are most commonly damaged by circumscribed lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease is the term for this illness (PUD). About 80% of peptic ulcers are duodenal ulcers, with stomach ulcers accounting for the remaining 20%. Duodenal ulcers are linked to the two primary results about Helicobacter pylori infection and COX inhibitor users. Additional causes might include drinking, smoking, stress, and coffee consumption. The indications and symptoms of a duodenal ulcer depend on the patient's age and the lesion's location. For duodenal ulcers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the usual course of treatment. This comprehensive study included an in-depth literature search in the literature and methods section using electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The search method included publications published from the inception of the relevant database to the present. Inclusion criteria included studies investigating different treatment options for duodenal ulcer disease, including traditional pharmacotherapy and naturopathic treatments. Data mining includes information on treatment techniques, treatment outcomes, and possible synergies between conventional and herbal treatments. In addition, this review critically examines the available information on the effectiveness, safety, and possible side effects of different treatments. The inclusion of conventional and herbal treatments is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the many treatment options available for duodenal ulcer disease. A more comprehensive and personalized treatment plan can be achieved by incorporating dietary changes, lifestyle modifications, and, if necessary, herbal therapies to complement other treatments normally.