Stomach Gland Research Articles

Histological and Histochemical Detection for the Gastric gland in Neonatal Wild Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) in Iraq

The aim of this study to determine the histological structure of stomach in neonatal wild rabbit in Iraqi. Ten neonatal wild rabbit are collected from the Wasit city markets which divide into two group, first group include five animals in 5day, second group include 5 animals in 10 day. Animals were deeply anesthetized with intramuscular injections of ketamine and xylazine, then slaughter were done. uptake 10 tissue specimens from stomach then cut into 3 parts cardiac, fundus, and pyloric, routine histological procedure to prepare histological slides. This study showed the stomach wall in neonatal was consist of tunics; mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis & serosa. Mucosa surface lining by simple columnar (S.C) epithelium .it showed increase in thickness tunics of wall stomach with the progressive of age. Three types of stomach glands appears in wall of stomach and raise with the old progress. As bifurcated tubular spiral short gland in the first and third glands zone while in second glands zone they appear as simple bifurcated tubular long straight over most of their length and spiral at base portion, The cardiac glands zone revealed as composed of the prominent cells mucous secreting cells and few number of oxyntic cells which not obviously raise in numbers with age progress. The fundic glands consist of various kinds of cells but the two major cells are oxyntic & peptic cells which very mild raise in numbers with the old. Pylorus glands appear consist of mucous secreting cells which are the prominent cells with less numerals of oxyntic cells which not obviously raise in number with old progress.

Characterization of giant endocrine cells in the fundic stomach of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) demonstrated by histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructure microscopy methods suggesting their role in immunity

Endocrine cells in the fundic stomach of Clarias gariepinus were characterized in this work using transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and histochemistry. Performic acid mixed with alcian blue pH2.5 and silver stain were among the histochemical stains used for endocrine cells. Endocrine cells can be found in the epithelium, lamina propria, submucosa, muscular layer, serosa, and the area between the stomach glands. Endocrine cells with one or more nuclei were found. Endocrine cells were studied using CD3, CD21, and CD68 in an immunohistochemistry analysis. The expression of the lymphocyte marker CD3 by endocrine cells is remarkable. In addition, they had a strong immunological response to CD21 and CD68, which are characteristics of phagocytic cells. Granules of varied sizes and electron densities are packed densely into the cytoplasm of the cells, as seen by transmission electron microscopy. We propose that endocrine cells play a crucial role in immune defense. The role of endocrine cells in the gut’s immune system is an area that needs further investigation.

Distribution characteristics of gastric mucosal colonizing microorganisms in different glandular regions of Bactrian camels and their relationship with local mucosal immunity.

Bactrian camels inhabiting desert and semi-desert regions of China are valuable animal models for studying adaptation to desert environments and heat stress. In this study, 16S rRNA technology was employed to investigate the distribution characteristics and differences of mucosal microorganisms in the anterior gland area, posterior gland area, third gland area, cardia gland area, gastric fundic gland area and pyloric gland area of 5-peak adult healthy Bactrian camels. We aimed to explore the possible reasons for the observed microbial distribution from the aspects of histological structure and mucosal immunity. Bacteroides and Fibrobacteria accounted for 59.54% and 3.22% in the gland area, respectively, and 52.37% and 1.49% in the wrinkled stomach gland area, respectively. The gland area showed higher abundance of Bacteroides and Fibrobacteria than the wrinkled stomach gland area. Additionally, the anterior gland area, posterior gland area, third gland area, and cardia gland area of Bactrian camels mainly secreted acidic mucus, while the gastric fundic gland area mainly secreted neutral mucus and the pyloric region mainly secreted a mixture of acidic and neutral mucus. The results of immunohistochemistry techniques demonstrated that the number of IgA+ cells in the anterior glandular area, posterior glandular area, third glandular area, and cardia gland area was significantly higher than that in the fundic and pyloric gland area (p < 0.05), and the difference in IgA+ between the fundic and pyloric gland area was not significant (p > 0.05). The study revealed a large number of bacteria that can digest and degrade cellulose on the mucosa of the gastric gland area of Bactrian camels. The distribution of IgA+ cells, the structure of the mucosal tissue in the glandular region, and the composition of the mucus secreted on its surface may have a crucial influence on microbial fixation and differential distribution.

A Review on Polyherbal Formulation Used in the Treatment of Gastric Acidity

Acidity is a medical condition caused by an excess of acid production. This acid is produced by the stomach glands. Acidity causes symptoms such as stomach ulcers, gastric inflammation, heartburn, and dyspepsia. Acidity is a global issue caused by an imbalance between the acid-secreting mechanisms of the stomach and the proximal intestine. It causes a lot of problems in the lives of many people. An antacid reduces acidity and provides relief. This review article discusses different polyherbal formulations (PHF) used to treat gastric acidity. Due to its role in medicine and therapy, PHF has been used all over the world. The current study discusses a variety of commercial and non-commercial polyherbal formulations used worldwide to treat gastric acidity, as well as their therapeutic potential, clinical and preclinical outcomes, and safety and efficacy. This review will make it easier to learn everything about the previous scientific research as well as the crucial details about the antacid properties of polyherbal preparations, which will encourage young researchers to conduct additional studies in the future to protect people from gastric acidity. Natural herbs and their extracts are used in herbal treatment as an alternative to conventional medication to treat various conditions. It has been demonstrated that several medications contain medicinal components useful for treating ulcers or stomach acidity. The subject of the current work is the claim that a polyherbal formulation can be utilised as an alternative to currently available antacid formulations on the market. As a result, those plants that can reduce stomach acid are chosen, and a formulation is created.

Anatomical Studies of the Gastrointestinal Tract of snake Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus (Geoffroy, 1809)

Studies aim to study the morphometrical and anatomical features of a gastrointestinal tract of Malpolon insignitus, and compared with that of other examined reptiles So, It is clear that the tissues in the gastrointestinal tract adapt to feed the meat. The wall of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine is a buildup of four layers from outside inwards are serosa, muscularies, submucosa and mucosa. The esophagus was longer than the stomach and It may measure one-quarter the body length of the snake it is highly stretch to facilitate movement the food to the stomach. The mucosal epithelium was consist of simple and compound stomach glands and consist of three types of glands; they are the cardiac glands, pyloric glands, and fundus glands. The majority of the mucosal folds were primary folds as for secondary folds were rare. The small intestine is long on and that of the animal is purely carnivorous. The small intestine is composed of short transverse loops in snakes. The intestine consists of many longitudinal folds that allow the surface area to increase digestion. The mucosa of the small intestine members in the form of leaf like villi provided with shallow branched Lieberkühn crypts at their bases. It consists of three types of cells; the endocrine cells, the goblet and the absorptive. The large intestine is short and has a larger diameter and consists of colon and rectum. The mucous membrane of the colon consists of cavernous and vertical cells, while that of the rectum is, straight and is rich in lymph spaces and goblet cells.

Hydrolases of the digestive glands in human sweat

The sweat eccrine and apocrine glands of human skin secrete many functionally significant substances, including hydrolytic enzymes, onto its surface through the mechanisms of secretion, excretion and recruitment. Shown is their recreational origin as a secretory product of the digestive glands—pepsinogen by the stomach glands, α-amylase—by the pancreas. Hydrolases in the epidermal barrier of the skin provide hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates and fats have antibacterial, antiviral and antidehydration eff ects. The functional role and importance of digestive gland hydrolases in the sweat of human skin requires special research.

Features of autonomic nervous system homeostasis in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis combined with thyroid pathology

Background. The indicators of heart rate variability reflect the vital processes of managing the physiological functions of the body — autonomic balance and functional reserves of its management mechanisms, the adaptive capacity of the body, and stress resistance. At the expressed disturbances of autonomic nervous system homeostasis, the risk of emergence and progression of diseases increases. This is especially true for the elderly, who are characterized by comorbidity. The purpose of the study was to assess the state of adaptive capacity and autonomic regulation of the body in patients with precancerous conditions of the stomach with the thyroid gland pathology. Materials and methods. Seventy-two patients with chronic atrophic gastritis were divided into groups: group I consisted of 34 patients with nodules in the thyroid gland; group II included 23 patients with pathological changes of the thyroid gland and 15 patients of group III had a normal thyroid gland. The heart rate variability was assessed based on the results of PRECISE-diagnostics. To diagnose the functional state of the small intestinal microbiota, a hydrogen breath test was performed. Results. In 81.9 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis and thyroid pathology, an imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system with a prevalence of vagotonia including the patients with thyroid nodules (64.7 %) and pathological changes in the thyroid gland (56.5 %) (р &lt; 0.05). A significant violation of the body’s adaptive capacity was found in 63.2 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis. The frequency of reduced adaptive capacity of the organism was twice higher in patients with comorbid pathology (p &lt; 0.05). 56.1 % of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis associated with thyroid pathology experienced a decrease in functional reserves of the body. In the spectrum of detected disorders, 68.8 % of patients presented with depletion of functional reserves of the body with increased central control and 31.2 % of patients — hormonal imbalance with a predominance of the humoral link with the inclusion of autonomous control (p &lt; 0.05). The analysis of the stress index showed in half of the examined patients insufficient stress resistance with a probable increase in mean figures to (136.8 ± 7.4) m/s (p &lt; 0.05). Correlations were found between the frequency of detection of excessive bacterial growth syndrome and maladaptation (r = 0.64; p &lt; 0.05), imbalance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system (r = 0.59; p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. The course of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with thyroid pathology is associated with an imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system, depletion of adaptive mechanisms, reduced functional reserves of the body, and stress resistance. At the same time, disorders of the body’s adaptive potential and changes in autonomic balance are associated with the disorders of the small intestinal microbiota, which requires a multidisciplinary approach to the management of patients with comorbid pathology of the stomach and thyroid gland.

Comparative morphology and ph of the alimentary tract in Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina

A study was carried out to investigate the comparative morphology and pH of the gut in the Giant African Land Snails, in Archachatina marginata and Achatina achatina respectively. The crop is long, distended and less fleshy with reddish brown coloured juice (5.8 ml volume) in A. marginata, while it is short, compact and fleshy with greenish brown coloured juice (3.2 ml volume) in A. achatina. The digestive gland was heavier (17.36 vs. 15.74 g) in the latter than the former. The absolute weight of the crop in A. marginata was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than in A. Achatina, however, the absolute and relative weights of the digestive gland in A. achatina was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than in A. marginata. There were significant (p&lt;0.05) differences in linear measurements of the salivary gland and crop for absolute values and the salivary gland, crop, stomach and digestive gland for relative values. Archachatina marginata had significantly (p&lt;0.05) longer salivary gland and crop than Achatina achatina for absolute length values and significantly (p&lt;0.05) longer salivary gland, crop and digestive gland for relative length values. However, the relative stomach length in A. achatina was significantly (p&lt;0.05) longer than in A. marginata. The gut pH was more acidic in the crop (5.38 and 4.83) than in the mouth (6.93 and 6.82) where it tended towards neutrality in A. marginata and A. achatina respectively. The pH profiles in the two species, decreased by 1.65 and 1.99 from the mouth to the crop while it increased by 1.46 and 1.97 from the crop to the distal digestive gland in A. marginata and A. achatina respectively. In the herbivorous snails, the pH along the gut regions remained acidic all through (5.38 – 6.93 and 4.83 – 6.82) in A. marginata and A. achatina respectively, confirming the herbivorous habits in these snail species. The longer gut and distended crop with higher volume of crop juice in A. marginata, implies its ability to store, utilize and digest more food materials than A. achatina. These results provide the basis for a better understanding of the physiology of the digestive processes in these snails.

Expression of LGR5 in mammary myoepithelial cells and in triple-negative breast cancers

Lineage tracing in mice indicates that LGR5 is an adult stem cell marker in multiple organs, such as the intestine, stomach, hair follicles, ovary, and mammary glands. Despite many studies exploring the presence of LGR5 cells in human tissues, little is known about its expression profile in either human mammary tissue or pathological lesions. In this study we aim to investigate LGR5 expression in normal, benign, and malignant lesions of the human breast using RNA in situ hybridization. LGR5 expression has not been observed in normal lactiferous ducts and terminal duct lobular units, whereas LGR5-positive cells have been specifically observed in the basal myoepithelium of ducts in the regenerative tissues, ductal carcinoma in situ, and in ducts surrounded by invasive cancer cells. These findings suggest LGR5 marks facultative stem cells that are involved in post injury regeneration instead of homeostatic stem cells. LGR5 positivity was found in 3% (9 of 278 cases) of invasive breast cancers (BC), and it showed positive associations with higher histologic grades (P = 0.001) and T stages (P < 0.001), while having negative correlations with estrogen receptor (P < 0.001) and progesterone receptor (P < 0.001) expression. Remarkably, all LGR5-positive BC, except one, belong to triple-negative BC (TNBC), representing 24% (9 of 38 cases) of all of them. LGR5 histoscores have no correlations with EGFR, CK5/6, Ki-67, or P53 expression. Additionally, no β-catenin nuclear localization was observed in LGR5-positive BC, indicating that canonical Wnt pathway activation is less likely involved in LGR5 expression in BC. Our results demonstrate that LGR5 expression is induced in regenerative conditions in the myoepithelium of human mammary ducts and that its expression is only observed in TNBC subtype among all invasive BC. Further studies regarding the functional and prognostic impact of LGR5 in TNBC are warranted.

Структурно-функциональное состояние щитовидной железы у пациентов с предраковыми состояниями желудка

Актуальность. Механизмы функционального взаимодействия желудка и щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) базируются на биологическом действии тиреоидных гормонов. Согласно европейским рекомендациям MAPS II, к предраковым состояниям желудка относятся атрофия и кишечная метаплазия (КМ) слизистой оболочки желудка (СОЖ). Цель: оценить структурно-функциональные изменения паренхимы ЩЖ у больных с предраковыми состояниями желудка. Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено у 44 больных с предраковыми состояниями желудка. Среди обследованных больных было 32 (72,7 %) женщины и 12 (27,3 %) мужчин в возрасте от 33 до 76 лет, в среднем (59,7 ± 1,7) года. Верхнюю эндоскопию выполняли с использованием системы EVIS EXERA III с гастроскопом Olympus 190 (Япония). По результатам эндоскопического исследования пациенты были распределены на группы: I группа — 11 больных с атрофией СОЖ без КМ; II группа — 13 пациентов с атрофией СОЖ с КМ, ограниченной антральными отделом или телом желудка; III группа — 8 человек с диффузной КМ на фоне атрофии СОЖ. Группы были репрезентативны по возрасту и полу. Всем обследованным проводилось сонологическое исследование ЩЖ на ультразвуковом сканере Toshiba Xario (Япония) с использованием мультичастотного линейного трансдюсера с частотой 5–12 МГц. Для оценки функционального состояния ЩЖ в сыворотке крови определяли уровень тиреоглобулина и тиреотропного гормона иммуноферментным методом. Результаты. Установлено существенное увеличение частоты диффузных и очаговых изменений в ЩЖ у пациентов с диффузным распространением КМ в желудке (p &lt; 0,05), что подтверждено корреляционной связью частоты КМ тела и антрального отдела желудка с наличием узлов в ЩЖ (r = 0,44, p = 0,003 и r = 0,40, p = 0,006 соответственно). В то же время увеличение частоты очаговых гиперплазий СОЖ ассоциировалось с неровностью контуров ЩЖ (r = 0,41, p = 0,03) и увеличением плотности капсулы ЩЖ (r = 0,49, p = 0,04), что является признаками хронического воспалительного процесса. Распространение КМ сопровождалось увеличением уровня тиреоглобулина в более чем 3 раза (р = 0,0134). При этом содержание тиреотропного гормона достоверно снижалось по мере углубления перестроечных изменений СОЖ (р = 0,0474), а установленная корреляционная связь уровня этого гормона с наличием КМ в теле желудка (r = –0,46, р &lt; 0,05) свидетельствует о необходимости дальнейшего изучения роли гормонов ЩЖ в развитии предраковых состояний желудка. Выводы. У больных с предраковыми состояниями желудка наблюдается высокая частота структурных изменений паренхимы ЩЖ (81,8 %) как диффузного (75,0 %), так и очагового (43,2 %) характера. Распространение КМ СОЖ коррелирует со структурными изменениями паренхимы ЩЖ, что сопровождается достоверным увеличением содержания тиреоглобулина и снижением уровня тиреотропного гормона в сыворотке крови. Частота структурных изменений ЩЖ увеличивается по мере углубления перестроечных изменений желудка, что подтверждается положительной корреляционной связью между изменениями структуры ЩЖ и наличием ксантом СОЖ, которые являются маркерами предраковых состояний СОЖ (r = 0,52, p = 0,03).

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Оценка коморбидного статуса и структурных изменений щитовидной железы у больных с хроническим метапластическим атрофическим гастритом: обзор и собственные исследования

Актуальность. Коморбидная патология остается распространенной, но недостаточно изученной проблемой. В настоящее время частота и характер соединенной патологии у больных с хроническим метапластическим атрофическим гастритом (ХМАГ) окончательно не выяснены, как и роль щитовидной железы (ЩЖ) в этиопатогенезе данного заболевания. Цель: оценить состояние коморбидности у больных с ХМАГ и изучить частоту и характер структурных изменений ЩЖ у данной категории больных, исследовать литературные данные по этой проблеме. Материалы и методы. В обследование включен 41 больной с ХМАГ в возрасте (60,1 ± 2,4) года, среди которых было 29 женщин и 12 мужчин. Больным проводилась гастроскопия (с NBI-режимом и забором биопсийного материала), ультразвуковое исследование ЩЖ, анкетирование с помощью Сumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS), а также по историям болезни изучались коморбидные заболевания желудочно-кишечного тракта (ЖКТ). Результаты. У 82,9 % больных с ХМАГ выявлены ультразвуковые диффузные изменения ЩЖ, причем у 48,8 % обследованных они выявлялись впервые, а у 37,8 % пациентов данные изменения сочетались с наличием узлов в ЩЖ. К тому же у 9,8 % больных выявлены ультразвуковые признаки аутоиммунного тиреоидита. У 97,6 % пациентов с ХМАГ наблюдалась полиморбидная патология, причем у 92,7 % больных — со стороны 3 систем и больше и только у 4,9 % — со стороны 2 систем. Установлена положительная корреляционная связь между возрастом больных и суммарным количеством баллов, набранных с помощью опросника коморбидности CIRS (r = 0,412, p = 0,04). По данным СIRS, наиболее часто у пациентов с ХМАГ сочеталась патология верхнего и нижнего отделов ЖКТ (97,7 и 53,7 % соответственно), патология костно-мышечного аппарата и кожных покровов (68,3 %), патология глаз, ушей, горла, носа и гортани (56,1 %), сосудистая патология (56,1 %), заболевания сердца (51,2 %) и эндокринно-метаболическая патология (34,1 %). Выводы. У 82,9 % больных с ХМАГ выявлены ультразвуковые структурные изменения ЩЖ. Перспективным направлением дальнейшего исследования, на наш взгляд, было бы изучение аутоиммунных процессов в желудке и ЩЖ (установление возможных взаимосвязей между аутоиммунным тиреоидитом и аутоиммунным гастритом), а также особенностей течения данных коморбидных заболеваний. Необходимо уделить внимание ХМАГ не только как заболеванию, которое является фактором риска развития рака желудка, но и как возможному маркеру наличия сопутствующей патологии щитовидной железы.

Glycopatterns of the foregut in the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba, Meyen 1833 from the Mediterranean Sea

AbstractThe glycopatterns of the glycans secreted by the mucosa of stomach and duodenal ampulla of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba were studied by histochemical (Periodic acid‐Schiff, Alcian Blue pH 2.5, High Iron Diamine) and lectin‐binding (SBA, DBA, PNA, WGA, MAA‐II, SNA, ConA, UEA‐I, AAA, LTA) techniques. The stomach can be divided into four compartments: main stomach, two connecting chambers and pylorus. The pylorus is followed by the duodenal ampulla. Mucins are secreted by surface cells and intramucosal glands specific for each compartment. In the main stomach glands, neck cells were weakly sulphated, with prevailing glycosaminylated, glycosylated/mannosylated, and fucosylated residuals. Parietal and chief cells in general were scarcely reactive. In the connecting chambers glands, there were high levels of sulphation, glycosaminylation, glycosylation/mannosylation, and fucosylation, the latter with more complex patterns than those observed in the main stomach glands. In the pyloric glands sulphated, glycosaminylated and fucosylated residuals decreased, whereas the opposite was observed for galactosyl/galactosaminylated residuals. Glycosylation patterns in the glands of the duodenal ampulla differed from those of the pyloric ones, with similar levels of sulphation, lower levels of galactosyl/galactosaminylation and glycosaminylation, and higher level of fucosylation. The results are compared with those available in literature.

Scintigraphic tracking of 99mTechnetium-labelled equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells after intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection in healthy dogs

BackgroundMesenchymal stem cell treatments in dogs have been investigated as a potential innovative alternative to current conventional therapies for a variety of conditions. So far, the precise mode of action of the MSCs has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to gain more insights into the pharmacokinetics of MSCs by evaluating their biodistribution in healthy dogs after different injection routes.MethodsThree different studies were performed in healthy dogs to evaluate the biodistribution pattern of radiolabelled equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells following intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in comparison with free 99mTechnetium. The labelling of the equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells was performed using stannous chloride as a reducing agent. Whole-body scans were obtained using a gamma camera during a 24-h follow-up.ResultsThe labelling efficiency ranged between 59.58 and 83.82%. Free 99mTechnetium accumulation was predominantly observed in the stomach, thyroid, bladder and salivary glands, while following intravenous injection, the 99mTechnetium-labelled equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells majorly accumulated in the liver throughout the follow-up period. After intramuscular and subcutaneous injection, the injected dose percentage remained very high at the injection site.ConclusionsA distinct difference was noted in the biodistribution pattern of the radiolabelled equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells compared to free 99mTechnetium indicating equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells have a specific pharmacokinetic pattern after systemic administration in healthy dogs. Furthermore, the biodistribution pattern of the used xenogeneic equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells appeared to be different from previously reported experiments using different sources of mesenchymal stem cells.

Identification of Early Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers via WGCNA in Stomach Adenocarcinoma.

Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is a leading cause of cancer deaths, and the outcome of the patients remains dismal for the lack of effective biomarkers of early detection. Recent studies have elucidated the landscape of genomic alterations of gastric cancer and reveal some biomarkers of advanced-stage gastric cancer, however, information about early-stage biomarkers is limited. Here, we adopt Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to screen potential biomarkers for early-stage STAD using RNA-Seq and clinical data from TCGA database. We find six gene clusters (or modules) are significantly correlated with the stage-I STADs. Among these, five hub genes, i.e., MS4A1, THBS2, VCAN, PDGFRB, and KCNA3 are identified and significantly de-regulated in the stage-I STADs compared with the normal stomach gland tissues, which suggests they can serve as potential early diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, we show that high expression of VCAN and PDGFRB is associated with poor prognosis of STAD. VCAN encodes a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is the main component of the extracellular matrix, and PDGFRB encodes a cell surface tyrosine kinase receptor for members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family. Consistently, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes in the STADs indicates terms associated with extracellular matrix and receptor ligand activity are significantly enriched. Protein-protein network interaction analysis (PPI) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) further support the core role of VCAN and PDGFRB in the tumorigenesis. Collectively, our study identifies the potential biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of STAD.

Constitutive expression of Camelus bactrianus prochymosin B in Pichia pastoris

Camel chymosin can be efficiently employed to produce cheese. Traditionally the rennet enzyme produced by the glands of the fourth stomach of ruminant animals (abomassum) is used in cheese making. Full-length Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel) prochymosin gene was synthesized and constitutively expressed in Pichia pastoris cells under glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. It was purified by sequential anion and cation exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis resulted in two bands, approximately 42 and 35 kDa. The 42 kDa band vanished when the sample was treated with endoglycosidase H, indicating that the recombinant protein is partially glycosylated. Optimal pH for the activity of the highest-purity recombinant chymosin was pH 4.5 for cow's milk and pH 4.0 for mare's milk. The range 45–50 °C and 70 °C for cow's and mare's milk types, respectively, was found to be the most appropriate for maximal relative milk-clotting activity. Concentration of CaCl2 that ensured the stability of the chymosin milk-clotting activity was between 20 and 50 mM with an optimum at 30 mM. Milk-clotting activity of camel recombinant chymosin and ability to make curd was successfully tested on fresh mare's milk. Pichia pastoris strain with integrated camel chymosin gene showed high productivity of submerged fermentation in bioreactor with milk-clotting activity 1412 U/mL and 80 mg/L enzyme yield. These results suggest that the constitutive expression of the camel chymosin Camelus bactrianus in the yeast Pichia pastoris has good prospects for practical applications.

Neurotrophin-4 is essential for survival of the majority of vagal afferents to the mucosa of the small intestine, but not the stomach.

Vagal afferents form the primary gut-to-brain neural axis, communicating signals that regulate gastrointestinal (GI) function and promote satiation, appetition and reward. Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is essential for the survival of vagal smooth muscle afferents of the small intestine, but not the stomach. Here we took advantage of near-complete labeling of GI vagal mucosal afferents in Nav1.8cre-Rosa26tdTomato transgenic mice to determine whether these afferents depend on NT-4 for survival. We quantified the density and distribution of vagal afferent terminals in the stomach and small intestine mucosa and their central terminals in the solitary tract nucleus (NTS) and area postrema in NT-4 knockout (KO) and control mice. NT-4KO mice exhibited a 75% reduction in vagal afferent terminals in proximal duodenal villi and a 55% decrease in the distal ileum, whereas, those in the stomach glands remained intact. Vagal crypt afferents were also reduced in some regions of the small intestine, but to a lesser degree. Surprisingly, NT-4KO mice exhibited an increase in labeled terminals in the medial NTS. These findings, combined with previous results, suggest NT-4 is essential for survival of a large proportion of all classes of vagal afferents that innervate the small intestine, but not those that supply the stomach. Thus, NT-4KO mice could be valuable for distinguishing gastric and intestinal vagal afferent regulation of GI function and feeding. The apparent plasticity of central vagal afferent terminals - an increase in their density - could have compensated for loss of peripheral terminals by maintaining near-normal levels of satiety signaling.

Comparative study on the histochemical structures of stomach, pyloric caeca and anterior intestine in the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The purpose of this study was to compare the histological features of pyloric caeca with that of the stomach and anterior intestine in Mugil cephalus. Specimens of M. cephalus were dissected and small pieces of each part were cut, fixed for routine histological procedures. The transverse sections were also stained by some stains for histochemical purposes. These sections were examined under a microscope, photographed, and described. Histologically, the wall of the stomach, pyloric caeca, and anterior intestine in Mugil cephalus mainly consists of serosa, muscular, submucosa, and mucosa. While the stomach and pyloric caeca have deeply mucosal folds in a narrow lumen, the anterior intestine has a long mucosal fold protruding towards the wide lumen. The mucosa of the three organs consists of columnar cells and mucus cells; in addition to gastric glands in the proventriculus stomach only. The columnar cells at the gizzard stomach are lined toward the lumen with a continuous koillin layer. The mucus cells are medium in size and numbers at the anterior intestine and less at pyloric caeca, but it absent from the stomach. Lymphocytes and wandering cells are abundant in between columnar cells and in the submucosal layer. Histochemical differences between these three digestive organs were also studied and described.

IBCL-344: Marginal Zone Lymphoma: Epidemiology and Outcomes in a Mexican Center

Context: Marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) is a rare entity, representing 5% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with straightforward differences in presentation. The treatment is diverse and depends on the location and the medical practice of each center. There is no information in Mexico regarding its presentation and long-term results. Objective: To describe and analyze the epidemiology and the prognostic factors of MZL relating to treatment response and survival. Design: Retrospective observational analytical study. Setting: Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, a hemato-oncological reference center. Patients: 113 diagnosed with MZL between 2008 and 2019. Interventions: No interventions. Main outcome measures: Descriptive statistics were used. Bivariate risk analysis with X2 and Fisher's exact test were utilized to search for prognostic factors for survival. OS and DFS were assessed with Kaplan Mayer and Log Rank curves. Results: Patients' average age was 57 and predominantly female (57.5%). The median follow-up was 44 months (1–141). MALT was the most common histological WHO variant (87.6%, 99), followed by nodal (8.8%, 10) and splenic (3.5%, 4) ones. For MALT, the most frequent location was conjunctiva and eye attachments (59.6%), followed by stomach (23.2%) and salivary glands (8.1%). H. Pylori was identified in 48% of stomach MALT. DHL was elevated in 8%. Most (108) received treatment: chemotherapy (46.9%) followed by RT (28%). The global response was 76%. The 8-year OS was 75% for the entire group. Regarding MALT, favorable prognostic factors for OS were complete response p = 0.043 (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.89-2.2) and location of ocular annexes p = 0.009 (OR 0.49 (95% CI 0.32–0.76). The stomach location was the unfavorable one p = 0.01 (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.09-2.86). The 5-year OS for gastric localization was 57.5%, with a median of 72 months. Other areas did not reach the median (log rank Conclusions: MZL has a heterogeneous presentation. In our series, conjunctival and ocular annexes MALT is found as the main variant–different from that reported in the international literature. The long-term prognosis is favorable, unlike in patients with gastric MALT lymphoma, in which it is less than what is described in other series.

A Summary of the 2020 Gastric Cancer Summit at Stanford University

There exists no coherent national strategy for the early detection or prevention of gastric cancer in the United States (US), even among identified high-risk groups such as Asian Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Alaska Native/American Indian peoples. As a result, patients with gastric cancer in the US are diagnosed at later stages and demonstrate worse overall survival compared to nations of East Asia with established screening programs (Table 1). The under-recognition of gastric cancer risk within minority communities is a significant unaddressed healthcare disparity.