Stock Photo Research Articles

Billedindeksering og sociale medier

This article focuses on the methodologies, organization, and communication of digital image collection research that utilizes social media content. “Image” is here understood as a cultural, conventional, and commercial—stock photo—representation. Two methodologies i.e. PRISMA and Grounded Theory are employed to examine, categorize and analyze images and comprehend how humans consider them. The literature review covers research since 2005, when major social media platforms emerged. It demonstrates that the images on social media have not changed the overall direction of research into image indexing and retrieval, though new topics on crowdsourcing and tagging have emerged in it. A citation analysis includes an overview of co-citation maps that demonstrate the nexus of image research literature and the journals in which they appear. The results point to new possibilities influencing the research by providing large image collections as new testbeds for improving or testing research hypothesis on a new scale.

Understanding Nature through Photography: An Empirical Analysis of the Intents of Nature Photographers and the Preparatory Process

ABSTRACTThis study examined the intent, preparatory processes and challenges of nature photographers mainly shooting plants and animals in northern Japan. Findings revealed efforts to actively absorb scientific knowledge related to subjects during the preparatory process. Thus, a core intention is to capture nature in a scientifically credible manner, thereby demonstrating intimate understanding of subjects acquired from both scientific knowledge and first-hand field observations. In constructing their self-identity and attributing purpose to their work, photographers are grappling with internal tensions and contradictions when deciding the optimal distance to place between their field and related professions such as stock photography and artistic expression. We also observed cases where the original intentions of scientifically credible images from nature photographers might be lost as images are freely diffused via digital stock photo libraries. This harbors implications for the ability of the public to knowingly view photographs with a sort of “quality assurance” based on natural science.

Perception and Farmer Know-How on Conservation Techniques for Cereals and Pulses in the Far North of Cameroon

Introduction: The storage and preservation of agricultural products remain the only conditions ensuring the almost permanent availability of foodstuffs. However, infestations due to insects and microorganisms are very often noted.
 Objective: This present work aimed at understanding farmers' constraints, perceptions, and know-how on the post-harvest conservation of cereals and pulses.
 Place and Duration of Study: A survey was conducted from March 2017 to March 2018 among 320 producers in the Far North region (Cameroon).
 Methodology: The questionnaire consisted of closed and open questions which mainly related to the principal stored grains, the main constraints, and the usual means of control of stocks. The interview was conducted in a local language (Fulfulde), Arabic and/or French during 25 minutes for each participant. Insect stock photos were also presented to the participants for confirmation of the information given.
 Results: The results show that producers in our study area are aware of the post-harvest damage and adopt stock control techniques according to the nature of the products, the fate of the grain and the storage structure. The main food crops grown are sorghum (44.4%), cowpea (24.1%) and maize (15.60%). Six main types of storage structure; three methods of storing foodstuffs, five modes of packaging and, six usual methods of control were identified but store maintenance and warehouse monitoring (56.25%) was the most used. According to respondents, insects are the main causes of post-harvest losses. 11 species belonging to four orders were recorded.
 Conclusion: The producers in our study area are aware of the post-harvest damage and adopt stock control techniques according to the nature of the products, the fate of the grain and the storage structure. But this control would be more efficient if all producers had access to training on storage techniques, isothermal bags or the use of resistant varietal genotypes.

A Software Tool Aimed at Automating the Generation, Distribution, and Assessment of Social Media Messages for Health Promotion and Education Research.

BackgroundSocial media offers promise for communicating the risks and health effects of harmful products and behaviors to larger and hard-to-reach segments of the population. Nearly 70% of US adults use some social media. However, rigorous research across different social media is vital to establish successful evidence-based health communication strategies that meet the requirements of the evolving digital landscape and the needs of diverse populations.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to expand and test a software tool (Trial Promoter) to support health promotion and education research by automating aspects of the generation, distribution, and assessment of large numbers of social media health messages and user comments.MethodsThe tool supports 6 functions (1) data import, (2) message generation deploying randomization techniques, (3) message distribution, (4) import and analysis of message comments, (5) collection and display of message performance data, and (6) reporting based on a predetermined data dictionary. The tool was built using 3 open-source software products: PostgreSQL, Ruby on Rails, and Semantic UI. To test the tool’s utility and reliability, we developed parameterized message templates (N=102) based upon 2 government-sponsored health education campaigns, extracted images from these campaigns and a free stock photo platform (N=315), and topic-related hashtags (N=4) from Twitter. We conducted a functional correctness analysis of the generated social media messages to assess the algorithm’s ability to produce the expected output for each input. We defined 100% correctness as use of the message template text and substitution of 3 message parameters (ie, image, hashtag, and destination URL) without any error. The percent correct was calculated to determine the probability with which the tool generates accurate messages.ResultsThe tool generated, distributed, and assessed 1275 social media health messages over 85 days (April 19 to July 12, 2017). It correctly used the message template text and substituted the message parameters 100% (1275/1275) of the time as verified by human reviewers and a custom algorithm using text search and attribute-matching techniques.ConclusionsA software tool can effectively support the generation, distribution, and assessment of hundreds of health promotion messages and user comments across different social media with the highest degree of functional correctness and minimal human interaction. The tool has the potential to support social media–enabled health promotion research and practice: first, by enabling the assessment of large numbers of messages to develop evidence-based health communication, and second, by providing public health organizations with a tool to increase their output of health education messages and manage user comments. We call on readers to use and develop the tool and to contribute to evidence-based communication methods in the digital age.

Sustainable safari practices: Proximity to wildlife, educational intervention, and the quality of experience

This research examines the perceived quality of experience for safari tourists within the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in relation to wildlife viewing proximities and the potential of an educational intervention as a management strategy to mitigate adverse impacts of safari participant crowding. Crowding originates from the safari tourists’ preference to obtain close proximity to large mammals, in this case, lions. Recognizing these preferences and the associated impacts to animal behavior defined in the previous research, we developed and delivered a survey instrument designed to measure the perceived quality of experience of the safari tourist while controlling for the viewing proximity variable. The survey instrument involves participants responding to stock photos selected to represent the safari-tour experience, using a Likert type rating scale. Using a ‘pre-treatment’ and ‘post treatment’ protocol, we measure an educational management intervention that correlates the impact of intervention on safari participants’ perceptions of the quality of safari experience based on proximity to animals. Our findings revealed a statistically significant relationship between an educational intervention conveying the adverse impacts of crowding on lion behavior and safari tourists’ perception of a quality experience in relation of proximity to lions. Management implications•To support the findings of Ngrongoro Conservation Area Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).•To inform the wildlife viewing policies and practices•To establish the validity of an education intervention.•To mediate visitor perceptions.•To ameliorate concerns related to tensions between revenue generation and conservation practices.•To model an environmental education intervention.•To generate a platform for understanding visitor preferences for safari guides.•To demonstrate the efficacy of precise environmental information on tourists understanding of complex environmental systems.•To inform management policies with respect to vehicular congestion as a variable of environmental concern.

Radon Risk: A Global Estimate of Radon's Contribution to Lung Cancer.

Open in a separate window Radon gas can seep into homes through cracks in floors and foundations. Even for people who have never smoked a cigarette, exposure to radon and its decay products can lead to lung cancer.1,2 Smoking compounds the risk, but according to new estimates published in Environmental Health Perspectives, radon exposure itself may be responsible for 14–17% of lung cancer cases and 3% of all cancer mortality in the 66 countries for which national data on radon exposure are available.3 Open in a separate window Radon gas is constantly flowing up through soil and rock. It can seep into homes through cracks in floors and foundations; without sufficient air exchange, it can accumulate in indoor spaces. But because radon cannot be seen, smelled, or tasted, people often do not realize they are inhaling the carcinogen. Image: © Mary Perry/Alamy Stock Photo.

Publisher Correction: Expanding the search.

The originally published Research Highlight incorrectly credited the image. The correct credit line should read Dennis Hallinan/Alamy Stock Photo. This has now been corrected in all versions of the original article.

Fuzzy Logic Using in Images Retrieval Depending on Their Features

Image processing has become one of the most important branches of computer science, especially after entering into several areas of life such as medicine, engineering and various sciences. In our current research, we have developed a system of image recognition based on image characteristics and some content information using the most important artificial intelligence algorithms, a fuzzy logic algorithm, to obtain complete image information using small values ranging from 0 to 1. The program was executed on a set of standard database called the WANG database. It holds the contents of 1000 images from the Corel stock photo database, in JPEG format. The system was evaluated using the recall method. This method calculates the proportion of correct results identified by the system as correct results with correct result identified by the classic system.

Contents Development of Web Services for Artificial Intelligence-based Stock Photos

Contents Development of Web Services for Artificial Intelligence-based Stock Photos

The organizational use of online stock photos: The impact of representing senior citizens as eternally youthful

The digital divide due to age is declining quickly. But this does not necessarily mean that the willingness to use stock photos depicting older people accompanying digital information is the same among all senior citizens. Three research questions are at the core of this paper: (1) To which extent can various senior citizens (women and men, younger old and older old, living alone or together, full of vitality or fragile) identify with online stock photos of older people accompanying information about pensions, income, health and housing?, (2) Which are the connotations of the visual signs used in such stock photos? and (3) What are the policy implications for organizations aiming at offering digital information for a diverse group of senior citizens? The results of a Dutch study among 31 older adult are used to get insight into the ways they identify with stock photos. Finally, implications for research and society are sketched.

Water oxidation on a mononuclear manganese heterogeneous catalyst

Water oxidation is the prerequisite for dioxygen evolution in natural or artificial photosynthesis. Although it has been demonstrated that multinuclear active sites are commonly necessary for water oxidation, as inspired by the natural oxygen-evolving centre CaMn4O5, a multinuclear manganese cluster, whether mononuclear manganese can also efficiently catalyse water oxidation has been a long-standing question. Herein, we found that a heterogeneous catalyst with mononuclear manganese embedded in nitrogen-doped graphene (Mn-NG) shows a turnover frequency as high as 214 s−1 for chemical water oxidation and an electrochemical overpotential as low as 337 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Structural characterization and density functional theory calculations reveal that the high activity of Mn-NG can be attributed to the mononuclear manganese ion coordinated with four nitrogen atoms embedded in the graphene matrix. Nature’s oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II is a multinuclear manganese cluster. Whether mononuclear manganese can also efficiently catalyse water oxidation has been a long-standing question. Now, Li and co-workers show that single atoms of manganese can be anchored on nitrogen-doped graphene to catalyse the oxygen evolution reaction. Credit: Water image Frankie Angel / Alamy Stock Photo.

What a scientist looks like: Portraying gender in the scientific media

How men and women are portrayed in the media informs societal attitudes towards gender. Although this is true for all media, the scientific media has received little scrutiny, despite known gender biases inherent in scientific culture. We asked whether the top scientific journals, Nature and Science, represented men and women equally as authors, subjects, and objects in photographs. Overwhelmingly, women were underrepresented in these magazines, an effect that was apparent even in advertisements and stock photographs. Clearly, gender bias in science exists at many levels.

Crowdsourcing architectural beauty: Online photo frequency predicts building aesthetic ratings.

The aesthetic quality of the built environment is of paramount importance to the quality of life of an increasingly urbanizing population. However, a lack of data has hindered the development of comprehensive measures of perceived architectural beauty. In this paper, we demonstrate that the local frequency of geotagged photos posted by internet users in two photo-sharing websites strongly predict the beauty ratings of buildings. We conduct an independent beauty survey with respondents rating proprietary stock photos of 1,000 buildings across the United States. Buildings with higher ratings were found more likely to be geotagged with user-uploaded photos in both Google Maps and Flickr. This correlation also holds for the beauty rankings of raters who seldom upload materials to the internet. Objective architectural characteristics that predict higher average beauty ratings of buildings also positively covary with their internet photo frequency. These results validate the use of localized user-generated image uploads in photo-sharing sites to measure the aesthetic appeal of the urban environment in the study of architecture, real estate, urbanism, planning, and environmental psychology.

Social Media and Televangelists: Examining Facebook and Twitter Content

A content analysis was conducted of televangelists’ Facebook and Twitter pages. Tweets and Facebook posts were coded for a period of two weeks. The posts/tweets were coded for a variety of categories including: dialogic features, content of the post, and theme. Televangelists tweet more often than they post to Facebook. Findings indicate most televangelists included links to their websites, an email address, links to other forms of social media, phone numbers, and additional content about their organizations. Only a third of the posts/tweets included a reference to the Lord/Jesus/Holy Spirit, and less than 90 percent of posts included specific scripture or Bible verses. Televangelists post different types of content on Facebook compared to Twitter. For example, it is more common for Christian leaders to include the terms Lord/God/Jesus in a tweet than a Facebook post. Tweets are more likely to contain an uplifting or inspirational message, promote an offer for a book/dvd produced by the televangelist, and include a stock photo with a message than Facebook posts.

Images in Social Media: Categorization and Organization of Images and Their Collections

Abstract This book focuses on the methodologies, organization, and communication of digital image collection research that utilizes social media content. (Image is here understood as a cultural, conventional, and commercial—stock photo—representation.) The lecture offers expert views that provide different interpretations of images and their potential implementations. Linguistic and semiotic methodologies as well as eye-tracking research are employed to both analyze images and comprehend how humans consider them, including which salient features generally attract viewers' attention. This literature review covers image—specifically photographic—research since 2005, when major social media platforms emerged. A citation analysis includes an overview of co-citation maps that demonstrate the nexus of image research literature and the journals in which they appear. Eye tracking tests whether scholarly templates focus on the proper features of an image, such as people, objects, time, etc., and if a prescribed ...

A Mathematician's Work

A Mathematician's Work Christina Dixie (bio) Constructs (amplitudes;that's it). For the nosebleedsand the code of points are counted. Or the three pointers,(solves the equation in seconds; okay have twenty-five feet)alley-oops, or the slam dunks are applied—whoosh. Over the tennis net,with winning shots and side spins.(From here, the height should be.) Throw spirals and tackle and get tackled.(From this angle.) And each movement—sweat,elastic therapeutic tapes (swollen muscles and sprains).And kneels or holds up fists pre-gameand with hyperpnoea breaths, remembers namesand grievesin the press conference or the interviewee's mic—See. [End Page 91] Click for larger view View full resolution Kevin Durant, NBA All-Star, starts the play upcourt for the Brooklyn Nets, 2021. Photo by Dina Livotsky. Used with permission. [End Page 92] Click for larger view View full resolution July 1, 2009. Serena Williams in action against Russia's Elena Dementieva during the Wimbledon Championships at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Wimbledon, London. Photo courtesy of PA Images / Alamy Stock Photo. [End Page 93] Christina Dixie CHRISTINA DIXIE is a poet and a writer living in Orlando, Florida. Her works Sherbet Vines and Keep the Porch Light On (a PushCart Prize Nomination) were published on an online zine, Lucky Jefferson in the year 2021. In 2020, her poem "Art in Mockingbird's Sky" was published in Sonku Collective and her poem "Failed Intervention" was published in GUMBO Magazine. In 2019, Soul 7 literary magazine published her poetry: Peaches & Jazz, "Same Old Blues, and Truth's Speech"; and Eve's Poetry (website) Magazine published "Beloved's Robe: A Love Letter to Self." Some of her works can also be found on her blog https://tinaloves2write.blogspot.com and additional social media sites. She received her Bachelor of Arts Degree in English: Creative Writing Track with a Minor in Humanities from University of Central Florida in 2007. Copyright © 2022 Johns Hopkins University Press

Publisher Correction: Maya meteor mystery

In the version of this Research Highlight originally published, the figure credit was incorrect. The figure has now been correctly attributed to ‘Sébastian Lecocq / Alamy Stock Photo’ in all versions of the Research Highlight.

Computational Design Synergy: Stimulation Through Simulation

Figure 1. (Previous page). Crowds of commuters at Admiralty Station on the Mass Transit Railway in Hong Kong. (Photo credit: Paul Springett 07 / Alamy Stock Photo.)In complex decision-making such a...

Stock Photographs Do Not Comply With Infant Safe Sleep Guidelines

We evaluated images in popular stock photography websites for adherence with American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for safe infant sleep practices. Three top stock photo websites were used to collect photographs generated from key phrases. All images depicting an infant sleep environment were analyzed for consistency with AAP guidelines. Descriptive statistics, chi-square and z test of proportions, were conducted. A total of 1233 of 1947 stock photographs showed sleeping infants on a flat surface. In all, 627 (50.8%) photographs showed the infant in the supine position and 79 (5%) of all infant sleep environments were adherent with AAP recommendations. Bedding inconsistent with safe sleep recommendations was identified in 1133 images (71.3%), with blankets noted in 49.5%. Images depicting sleeping infants on stock photography sites do not routinely adhere to AAP recommendations. Media messages inconsistent with health care messages create confusion and misinformation about infant sleep safety and may lead inadvertently to unsafe practices.

Quantification of the Aesthetically Desirable Female Midface Position

The purpose of this study was to attempt to determine a reliable method of evaluating midface position. We assessed a novel parameter called WIZDOM (Width of the Interzygomatic Distance of the Midface) and its relationship to other facial metrics. The goal was to evaluate midfacial position quantitatively in women by examining 2-dimensional photographs of a subset of women with idealized facial proportions. Three examiners analyzed stock photographs of nonsmiling female model faces. Numerous parameters were analyzed for each photograph, including: interpupillary distance, medial canthus (MC) to lip, brow length, WIZDOM, WIZDOM to MC, WIZDOM to hairline, WIZDOM to chin vertical, and lateral brow to WIZDOM. Meaningful relationships between various parameters were statistically analyzed. Examiner measurements were assessed for interobserver reliability. Fifty-five female model photographs were included in the analysis. The average interpupillary distance was 59.2 mm ± 3.54 (range, 50.5-67.3 mm). The WIZDOM average was 108 mm ± 5.81 (range, 93-127 mm) and brow length was 107 mm ± 5.87 (range, 96.7-124 mm). The difference between brow length and WIZDOM was not statistically different (P = 0.834). The interobserver reliability between the 3 examiners was excellent for all parameters (P < 0.01), ranging from 0.718 (WIZDOM-MC) to 0.993 (interpupillary distance). The WIZDOM measurement was reproducible with an interobserver coefficient of 0.939. WIZDOM can be used to quantify aesthetically desirable midfacial position in patients and can be used as a measurement to aid in assessment and as an ideal to achieve balanced aesthetic results in midface restorative procedures-lifting or volumization-in females.