Stock Capacity Research Articles

Carbon Stock Dynamics in Rubber Plantations Along an Elevational Gradient in Tropical China

Carbon (C) losses due to the conversion of natural forests adversely affect the biotic and abiotic components of terrestrial ecosystems. In tropical China, rubber cultivation often extends from its traditional range to elevations of up to 1400 m. However, C stock in rubber plantations along elevation gradients is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated biomass and C stock along elevation gradients in two age groups (8- and 12-year-old) of rubber monoculture plantations in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. The C distribution across various tree sections, ranging from aboveground biomass (AGB) to belowground biomass (BGB), including litter, big dead branches, and different soil depths were measured. A significant negative correlation was observed between AGB, BGB, litter, and total ecosystem C stocks and elevation gradients in both age groups. However, no correlation was observed between the total soil C stock and elevation gradients in 8-year-old rubber plantations, while significant decline was detected in 12-year-old rubber plantations. The highest ecosystem C stock of 197.90 Mg C ha−1 was recorded at 900 m in 8-year-old plantations; whereas, in 12-year-old rubber plantations, the highest value of 183.12 Mg C ha−1 was found at 700 m. The total ecosystem C stock decreased to their lowest level at 1000 m in both the 8-year-old and 12-year-old plantations, ranging between 113.05 Mg C ha−1 and 125.75 Mg C ha−1, respectively. Moreover, total ecosystem C stock significantly decreased from 51.55% to 8.05% and from 42.96% to 11.46% between 700 m and 1100 m, in both 8-year-old and 12-year-old plantations, respectively. Regardless of elevation gradients, the total ecosystem C stock of 12-year-old rubber plantations was 1.98% greater than that of 8-year-old rubber plantations. Biomass was the second largest contributor, while soil accounted for 82% to 90%, and the other components contributed less than 2% of the total ecosystem C stock in both age groups. These fluctuations in C stock along elevation gradients in both 8- and 12-year-old plantations suggested that rubber growth, biomass, and C stock capacity decreased above 900 m, and that age and elevation are key factors for biomass and C stock in rubber monoculture plantations.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PERISHABLE GOODS DELIVERY IN THE CITY OF KHARKIV

The article analyses the existing methods for building perishable goods delivery technologies and identifies strategies to study the prospects for developing perishable goods delivery systems, which allowed the authors to formulate the research objective in this development. The chosen topic is quite relevant since the formation of rational transport and technological schemes for the delivery of perishable goods allows for increasing the efficiency of resource use, decreasing the cost of their delivery, and reducing the delivery time of perishable goods. One of the ways to improve the efficiency of perishable goods delivery and reduce delivery time is to determine rational distribution routes and rational brands of rolling stock. The study established that foreign scientists have proposed solutions related to the construction of transport and technological schemes for the delivery of perishable goods, taking into account the choice of vehicles and routes for the delivery of goods. Most of these solutions focused on determining the appropriate loading capacity of rolling stock and the optimal delivery routes for perishable goods. A result of the conducted research was a proposed methodology for a comprehensive improvement of the perishable goods delivery process, consisting of determining rational distribution routes for a selected set of vehicles with different loadings. The authors implemented the software for the algorithm for choosing routes for vehicles of various capacities with the definition of the core technical and operational and technical and economic indicators of efficiency of the delivery process of perishable goods. The software implementation of the algorithm for selecting routes for vehicles of different capacities with the determination of the core technical and operational and technical and economic indicators of the efficiency of the delivery process of perishable goods allows one to quickly, in real-time, perform calculations and determine the rational parameters of the transport process and choose the appropriate routes and rolling stock. Keywords: perishable goods, cargo delivery, distribution routes, truck capacity, costs.

Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Ecosystem Services and Driving Factors in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province, China

The Henan Yellow River Basin is an ecological support belt for the entire basin. It holds a significant position in high-quality development and ecological conservation within the Yellow River Basin. However, due to improper development activities, such as urban expansion and deforestation of farmland, certain areas of the region have encountered a series of ecological issues, posing significant challenges to ecosystem services. The scientific foundation for the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the Henan Yellow River Basin is established by research on the evolution characteristics and driving factors of ecosystem service functions. This study focuses on the Henan Yellow River Basin, by introducing remote sensing data and biomass data, assessing the spatiotemporal variations in ecosystem service by the InVEST model—including carbon stock, water yield, and soil conservation—from 2000 to 2020. It analyzes the ecosystem service functions of different land use types. It employs the Geodetector to identify the dominant driving factors behind the changes in these functions based on the improved InVEST model evaluated results. The findings reveal that from 2000 to 2020, total carbon stock increased by 1.86%, carbon stock per unit area rose by 1.81%, and the spatial distribution remained largely stable. The high-value regions were clustered in the west and part of the north, primarily consisting of forest land. Carbon stock capacity in other regions, mainly farmland and construction land, was poor, with forest land having the strongest carbon sequestration capacity, followed by grassland. Total water yield decreased by 20.08%, and water yield per unit area decreased by 20.03%, with a spatial distribution closely following the trend of precipitation distribution. The high-value regions were clustered in the south, primarily in forest land and farmland. The total amount of soil conservation decreased by 19.96%, and soil conservation per unit area decreased by 19.93%, with spatial distribution patterns similar to those of carbon stock and water yield. The high-value regions were concentrated in the southwestern and northern forested regions, while soil conservation capacity in areas primarily consisting of farmland and construction land was weaker. The divergence of carbon stock was most influenced by population density, water yield by precipitation, and soil conservation by slope. In conclusion, during the study period, while carbon storage increased, the significant decline in water yield and soil conservation highlighted critical issues in the ecosystem service functions of the region. These findings indicate the need for targeted conservation measures and sustainable development strategies to address the decline in ecosystem services and mitigate adverse environmental impacts, ensuring the long-term health of the region’s ecosystems. This study offers an in-depth understanding of the differentiation of ecosystem service functions and their driving factors, enabling precise assessment of regional ecosystem services, and providing a theoretical foundation for formulating effective regional ecological conservation policies.

Biomass and Carbon Stock Capacity of Robinia pseudoacacia Plantations at Different Densities on the Loess Plateau

Forests make an important contribution to the global carbon cycle and climate regulation. Caijiachuan watershed false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia Linn.) plantation forests have been created for 30 years, but a series of problems have arisen due to the irrationality of the density involved at that time. To precisely assess the contribution of R. pseudoacacia plantations with different densities to this cycle, we measured the diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height (H), biomass, and carbon stocks in trees, shrubs, herbs, litter, and soil across different density ranges, denoted as D1 = 900–1400, D2 = 1401–1900, D3 = 1901–2400, D4 = 2401–2900, and D5 = 2901–3400 trees ha−1. In order to achieve the purpose of accurately estimating the biomass, carbon stocks and the contribution rate of each part in different densities of R. pseudoacacia plantations were measured. The results are as follows: (1) Both DBH and H decreased with increasing density, and field surveys were much more difficult and less accurate for H than DBH. Based on the two allometric growth models, it was found that the determination coefficient of the biomass model that incorporated both H and DBH (0.90) closely resembled that of the model using only DBH (0.89), with an error margin of only 0.04%. (2) At the sample scale, stand density significantly affected R. pseudoacacia stem biomass and total biomass. At the individual plant scale, stand density significantly affected R. pseudoacacia organ biomass. Increasing stand densities promoted the accumulation of vegetation biomass within the sample plot but did not improve the growth of individual R. pseudoacacia trees. The stem biomass constituted the majority of the total R. pseudoacacia biomass (58.25%–60.62%); the total R. pseudoacacia biomass represented a significant portion of the vegetation biomass (93.02%–97.37%). (3) The total carbon stock in the sample plots tended to increase with increasing stand density, indicating a positive correlation between density and the carbon stock of the whole plantation forest ecosystem. Hence, in future R. pseudoacacia plantations, appropriate densities should be selected based on specific objectives. For wood utilization, a planting density of 900–1400 trees ha−1 should be controlled. For carbon fixation, an initial planting density of 2900–3400 trees ha−1 should be selected for R. pseudoacacia. This study provides theoretical support for local forest management and how to better sequester carbon.

Stand Age and Climate Change Effects on Carbon Increments and Stock Dynamics

Carbon assimilation and wood production are influenced by environmental conditions and endogenous factors, such as species auto-ecology, age, and hierarchical position within the forest structure. Disentangling the intricate relationships between those factors is more pressing than ever due to climate change’s pressure. We employed the 3D-CMCC-FEM model to simulate undisturbed forests of different ages under four climate change (plus one no climate change) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios from five Earth system models. In this context, carbon stocks and increment were simulated via total carbon woody stocks and mean annual increment, which depends mainly on climate trends. We find greater differences among different age cohorts under the same scenario than among different climate scenarios under the same age class. Increasing temperature and changes in precipitation patterns led to a decline in above-ground biomass in spruce stands, especially in the older age classes. On the contrary, the results show that beech forests will maintain and even increase C-storage rates under most RCP scenarios. Scots pine forests show an intermediate behavior with a stable stock capacity over time and in different scenarios but with decreasing mean volume annual increment. These results confirm current observations worldwide that indicate a stronger climate-related decline in conifers forests than in broadleaves.

Mixed effects of climate and species richness on aboveground carbon stock in subtropical Atlantic forests

Tropical forests are global biodiversity hotspots and are crucial in the global carbon (C) cycle. Understanding the drivers of aboveground carbon stock (AGC) in a heterogeneous and biodiverse system can shed light on the processes underlying the relationship between biodiversity and carbon accumulation. Here, we investigate how biodiversity, environment, and landscape structure affect AGC. We examined such associations in 349 plots comprising over 95,346 km2 the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil, encompassing three forest types: Dense Ombrophylous Forest (DF), Mixed Ombrophylous Forest (MF), and Seasonal Deciduous Forest (SF). Each plot was described by environmental variables, landscape metrics, and biodiversity (species richness and functional diversity). We used diversity, environmental, and landscape variables to build generalized linear mixed models and understand which can affect the forest AGC. We found that species richness is associated positively with AGC in all forest types, combined and separately. Seasonal temperature and isothermality affect AGC in all forest types; additionally, stocks are positively influenced by annual precipitation in SF and isothermality in MF. Among landscape metrics, total fragment edge negatively affects carbon stocks in MF. Our results show the importance of species diversity for carbon stocks in subtropical forests. The climate effect was also relevant, showing the importance of these factors, especially in a world where climate change tends to affect forest stock capacity negatively.

Manajemen Risiko Rantai Pasok Produk Halal Pada Komoditas Daging Ayam

This study aims to analyze the supply chain management of halal products in the Yogyakarta Chicken Processing Region. The type of research used is a combination model/concurrent embedded design research. The method of House of Risk as the integration of Failure Models and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method was used in this research. The results of the research showed that the percentage of risk agents was used as the main factors including the risk agent A26, (Narrow Production Space) with a percentage of 12%, A27 with a percentage of 12% (Over Stock Capacity), A20 (negligence of the officer infollowing the SOP), A31 (Product damaged in shipping), A32 (Bad delivery vehicle), A34 (Company compensation to consumers for not meeting the consumer demand). Based on the results of calculations in the House of Risk model phase 2, the ranking of preventive actions that must be carried out first includes (PA 4) conducting training for workers, (PA 3) adding refrigeration machines, (PA 1) expanding production, (PA6) leasing transportation equipment, (PA2) managing production capacity, (PA7) having a clear agreement regarding the sale and purchase agreement.

The impact of ocean warming on selected commercial fisheries in New Zealand

AbstractWarming oceans affect the growth, reproduction and location of fish species. Using a bioeconomic framework, we estimate the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and the catch of de facto open‐access commercial fisheries of flatfish, trevally and jack mackerel in New Zealand. Assuming either a logarithmic or quadratic relationship between the SST and the carrying capacity of the fish stock, we consider three fishing methods (bottom trawl, set net and midwater trawl) and two measures of effort (count and duration). We show that ocean warming results in an increase in catch for all species if we assume a logarithmic relationship, with the highest marginal product of SST () for jack mackerel caught using midwater trawl. The highest marginal revenue product (computed by the MPSST, current price and fished area) is found for flatfish caught by set net. However, when assuming a quadratic relationship, there is a threshold above which catch starts to decrease, with the maximum catch of species ranging between 10 and 12.2°C. These results also vary spatially, with higher values of MPSST observed in areas closer to the South Pole. Our findings are relevant for any review of fisheries management systems in response to ocean warming.

Carbon stock of shatto forest along altitudinal gradients in masha district, southwest ethiopia: a contribution to climate change mitigation

Forests play a significant role in climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration from the atmosphere and retaining carbon in above and belowground biomass of trees, litter biomass and soil. However, there is little empirical data on the potential carbon stock of Ethiopia’s various forests. Therefore, this study was carried out to estimate the carbon stock potential of Shatto Forest along altitudinal gradients and its contribution to climate change mitigation in Masha district, southwest Ethiopia. Using a systematic sampling design, a total of 30 plots measuring 20 x 20 m were established at 200 m intervals along seven transect lines in order to inventory the woody species. Within the main plot, a 1 m x 1 m sub-plot was used to collect soil samples and litter biomass. The biomass carbon stock was estimated using allometric equations. Results revealed that the mean total carbon stock of the study forest was 714.4 ton/ha, of which 337.38ton/ha, 67.48 ton/ha, 0.79 ton/ha and 308.75 ton/ha were stored in the aboveground carbon, belowground carbon, leaf litter carbon and soil organic carbon, respectively. The mean total CO2 equivalent of the study forest was also 2621.85 ton/ha. Along the altitudinal gradients of the study forest, the total carbon stocks contributed by the forest varied significantly at (p < 0.05), with the largest stock found at lower elevation and the lowest stock found at higher elevation. Based on the study findings, it is concluded that the forest under investigation possessed a substantial carbon stock capacity, allowing it to sequester a significant amount of CO2 and mitigate climate change while offering other ecosystem services. Thus, in order to optimize the forest’s capacity to store carbon and obtain the financial benefits of CO2 mitigation, reduced emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) program in the area should be integrated with carbon sequestration.

Implementation of the AHP Method in Determining the Completion of Logistics Warehouse Stock Buildup Using the Expert Choice Application

The development of logistics services that are increasing has caused an increase in customers of PT. Astrans Putra Logistik also increased, this resulted in the logistics warehouse capacity experiencing a buildup of goods that almost filled the warehouse capacity which made operational activities disrupted, and many complaints from customers. Resolution to overcome this warehouse problem needs to be done so that the company’s operational efficiency is not disrupted and warehouse stock capacity becomes better. This study aims to find out the best solution of warehouse problems that occur through a decision making support system design using the AHP method assisted by the use of the Expert Choice 11 application. In making this decision, 4 stages are carried out, namely Intelligence, Design, Choice, and Analysis of Assessment Result which in the process have a 4 kinds of criteria and 4 kinds of alternative solutions. From the calculation of the AHP method assisted by the use of the Expert Choice 11 application, the weight of each criterion was obtained, namely Increased Operational Efficiency getting a weight of 0,259, Number of Items that can be Accommodated getting a weight of 0,086, Company Income getting a weight of 0,495, and Company Expense getting a weight of 0,160. From the calculation of alternative settlements, it was also found that The Addition of a New Departure Fleet got a weight of 0,385, The Construction of Branch Goods Warehouse got a weight of 0,279, Upgrading Small Trucks to Large Trucks got a weight of 0,187, and The Application of a Pre-order system for customers got a weight of 0,149.

Using bi-temporal ALS and NFI-based time-series data to account for large-scale aboveground carbon dynamics: the showcase of mediterranean forests

ABSTRACT New remote-sensed biomass change products will transform our capacity to monitor and validate large-scale carbon dynamic in the next decade. In this study, we evaluated the use of multitemporal Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) and the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) BIOMASS spaceborne mission to estimate AGB dynamics in different Mediterranean forest over an 8-year period (2010–2018). To do so, we evaluated different maps to estimate change in AGB, specifically indirect approach using forest-type specific ALS-based AGB maps using i) countrywide ALS coverage at 25 m resolution (2010–2018) and ii) the global, 100-m resolution CCI maps version 3 (2010–2018). The change in AGB (ΔAGB) was mapped across the study region to compute dynamics by forest type. Our results suggest that the indirect approach using ALS-model-based produced more accurate estimates in change of AGB than CCI when we compared with the design-based AGB estimation using Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI) at strata level. The spatial representation of the AGB change indicated that ΔAGB-ALS changes by forest type had an overall gain in biomass at regional level. The ΔAGB total and net annual changes by year and area (ΔAGB, Mg ha−1 year−1) were closed to the values obtained using SNFI at strata level. This study demonstrates the feasibility of enhancing carbon sequestration and stock capacity in Mediterranean forest using multitemporal ALS data and the limitations of global AGB maps at Regional Scale.

Route capacity in designing urban public passenger transportation

Public transport is of crucial importance for urban agglomerations - it is the only transport system that can satisfy the mobility of the population with acceptable quality at minimum cost with less negative impact on the environment. In the tasks of designing public transport, ensuring the capacity of the routes is of particular relevance. This problem does not have an unambiguous solution, and in the majority of research, possible excess of capacity of vehicles, as a rule, are ignored. The paper presents the developed mathematical model, which allows us to calculate the highest intensity passenger flow from the transport demand for a day of transport operation and on this basis to determine the necessary throughput capacity at the established limits of rolling stock capacity. An example of calculation of dependence of intensity and interval of movement on nominal capacity of rolling stock is given, in which an example of the performance of restrictions of the capacity of rolling stock is provided on a section of a route with passenger flow of the greatest capacity.

Climate Change and Small Scale Poultry Production in Selected Local Governmentareas of Kwara State, Nigeria

The study examined climate change and small scale poultry production in selected local government area of Kwara State, Nigeria. A sample size of 100 poultry farmers were selected using multi stage sampling technique with the aid of a structured questionnaire, and analyzed using descriptive and inferential Statistics. The result of the study showed that dehydration of birds was the most challenging effect of climate change on poultry production perceived by poultry farmers with the mean value of 4.77. Giving plenty of water and providing heat source in poultry house were the mostly used adaptation strategy with 99% and 86% respectively. Double-log function was the lead equation with R-square (0.7882) and Feed, stock capacity, hired labour, depreciation, adaptation strategies, and age were the significant variables that affects adaptation strategies. The probability of farmers choosing management/medication adaption strategies against climate change increased with the farmers’ years of experience and number of birds, the severe constraints faced by poultry farmers in the study area include high cost of feed and limited capital. The study recommends involvement in cooperatives by poultry farmers in order to be kept abreast with new innovations and have easy access to loans to better their poultry production.

Оптимізація режимів взаємодії магістрального та міського пасажирського транспорту м. Кременчук

The purpose of the article is to determine the optimal value of the number of vehicles on the route network of Kremenchuk in the interaction of mainline and internal passenger transport by organizing the work of participants in the transport process of moving passengers during the transition from mainline (car, railway, river) to urban (trolley buses, buses, route taxis) transport. Optimization of the interaction was carried out according to the criterion of reducing the total reduced costs. A generalized criterion for assessing the total costs of participants in the transport process is proposed, which tends to be minimized as a result of the organization of transportation. The passenger capacity of a unit of rolling stock of mainline passenger transport differs from the passenger capacity of a unit of rolling stock of urban passenger transport. Taking into account that urban passenger transport operates in conditions of significant fluctuations in passenger flows, there are periods when the loading of rolling stock exceeds the nominal capacity, that is, the static coefficient of utilization of the passenger capacity of rolling stock is greater than one. The greater the number of vehicles of urban passenger transport, which ensures its interaction with mainline transport, on the route, the shorter the waiting time of passengers, which reduces social costs, but the higher the operating costs of the carrier. The combination of these aspects will allow to balance both the economic effect of the provision of transport services and the social aspect, which has a direct positive effect on the development of the interaction of highway passenger transport with city transport and the city as a whole. The search for ways to reduce the total costs can improve the level of quality of passenger transportation in the interaction of highway and urban transport. Using transport services as a generalizing criterion allows you to determine a compromise between the interests of the provider of transport services (carrier) and the consumer of services (passenger). The optimal value of the number of vehicles on the city's route network is directly proportional to the cost of transport service time and inversely proportional to the operating costs of the carrier's enterprise. Also, the increase in passenger turnover, which goes from highway to city passenger transport, and the length of the route, which determines the turnover time, requires an increase in the number of vehicles.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ROLLING STOCK DURING THE TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS BY ROAD TRANSPORT

Purpose. Transport costs increase the cost of a product by one third, and in some cases, the delivery of cargo increases the cost of goods by an amount equivalent to the cost of the goods themselves. Therefore, reducing the share of transport costs is a priority for many businesses. One of the ways to achieve the goal of reducing transport costs is through the efficient use and distribution of rolling stock. A purpose is the research and development of a mathematical model for solving the problem of optimal distribution of vehicles, which takes into consideration the real necessities of cargo owners and possibilities of trucking companies at distribution of vehicles to the lines of transportations. Methodology. The research task is the efficient use of rolling stock for the delivery of goods between shippers and consignees in full according to the efficiency criterion – the minimum total carrying capacity of rolling stock. The object of modelling is the process of vehicle distribution. To solve this type of problem, the optimisation modelling method was used, which allows for the optimal assignment of consignees to shippers. Findings. This article provides the mathematical model of task of optimal distribution of vehicles, which solves the problem formulated as follows: according to the given direction of cargo delivery and volume of transportation along them and the determined number of trucks of different types, need to distribute the vehicles for ensure of delivery of cargo to each customer in full volumes and most effectively. Originality. Mathematical model allows to solve the problem of optimal distribution of vehicles in case of insufficient number of trucks in two different ways. In case of a possibility to the increasing of number of vehicles for performing of a given volume of transportations – due to the increasing of amount of vehicles. If there is no possibility to the increase of number of vehicles – due to reduction of volume transportations considering an equivalence of customers in case of under delivery of cargo. Practical value. Practical value is that a mathematical model allows takes into consideration the real necessities of cargo owners and possibilities of trucking companies at distribution of vehicles to the lines of transportations. On the basis of the created models there can be developed algorithms for the solving of tasks of optimal distribution of vehicles, each of that can be programed and realized by means of the computer technology and used for practical calculations.

Металознавчі аспекти дисперсійного нітридного зміцнення високовуглецевих сталей Повідомлення 1. Вплив параметрів аустенізуючого нагріву та відпуску на фазовий перерозподіл азоту та ванадію в сталях

Systemic fundamental research for several decades at the FTIMS of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the accumulated experience of industrial application have shown that the technology of dispersion nitride hardening, which is based on the alloying of steels with nitrogen and vanadium, is a method of significantly improving the entire complex of physical, mechanical and operational properties of cast and deformed carbon, low-alloy and alloy steels of various functional purposes. The most significant advantage of the steels developed at the FTIMS of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is a simultaneous significant increase in their static and cyclic strength, fracture toughness, thermal strength and heat resistance, wear resistance, annealing, weldability, reduction or complete elimination of the tendency to natural, deformation and warm embrittlement. Medium- and high-carbon pre-eutectoid and eutectoid steels of high strength and wear resistance are widely used in various fields of mechanical engineering. However, they are most widely used for railway wheels and rails. The reliability and operational resource of wheels and rails, which are in extremely harsh operating conditions, mainly determine the technical and economic performance indicators of railway transport. At the same time, existing relatively cheap non-alloyed and low-alloyed medium- and high-carbon wheel and rail steels no longer meet the modern requirements of increased speeds and load capacity of rolling stock. Keywords: carbon steels, dispersion nitride hardening, austenization, tempering, phase redistribution of nitrogen and vanadium.

Analisis Strategi Penjualan Dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan Barang Dimasa Pendemi Covid-19 Pada PT. Andalan Bintang Sampali

To create a sales strategy for PT. Andalan Bintang Sampali must know the appropriate market share during Covid-19, and be accompanied by customer needs. If PT. Andalan Bintang Sampali implements a strategy to sell goods that is not in line with market share, so what has been done could be in vain. And things like that must be avoided, because the strategy for selling goods is useful for increasing sales volume. The problem in this research is to analyze the strategy for selling goods in increasing sales during the Covid-19 pandemic at PT. Mainstay Bintang Sampali. The type of research used is descriptive research, namely research carried out by collecting, compiling, analyzing and designing strategies for selling goods to increase sales during the Covid-19 pandemic at PT. Mainstay Bintang Sampali. The results of the research concluded that the strategy for selling goods is through components products implemented very well by PT. Bintang Sampali's mainstay in increasing sales volume during the Covid-19 pandemic is by selling goods that are complete needs of the community in building houses. The strategy of selling goods through price components is implemented very well by PT. Bintang Sampali's mainstay in increasing sales volume during the Covid-19 pandemic is by providing the best prices that can be reached by all groups, and always providing attractive promotions every day. The strategy of selling goods through distribution channels is implemented very well by PT. Bintang Sampali's mainstay in increasing sales volume during the Covid-19 pandemic is by choosing a place or location based on the strategic location so that it is easily accessible to consumers, and based on the stock capacity of goods. Highways with easy access, spacious parking lots and spacious goods warehouses making it easier for company operations to distribute goods ordered by consumers.Keyword: Strategy, Sales, Covid -19

Transport supply management on regular intercity bus lines

Introduction. Intercity public transport ensures the satisfaction of mobility not only for long-distance passengers, but also for residents of small settlements located on a regular line. There are often no other types of regular public transport between such settlements. The growing demand for intercity bus transportation increases the need for efficient transportation design in order to provide competitive public transport services and minimize the costs of carriers.Materials and methods. The article presents a mathematical model of transportation planning on an intercity regular bus line passing through settlements with different numbers of inhabitants. The objective function is aimed at forming a transport supply that satisfies potential demand, for which the gravitational method is used to determine. The analysis of the unevenness of passenger flows by months of the year, days of the week and flights shows that on most flights the capacity of the rolling stock is not used efficiently enough.Results. By comparing the potential number of passengers on flights with the actual one, it is shown that flexible regulation of transport supply taking into account demand will significantly improve the quality and efficiency of public transport services.Discussion and conclusion. Based on the data for 2022 of the booking system serving the regular bus line, it is shown that with the introduction of flexible regulation of the transport offer, the expected increase in passenger turnover will be about 25%.

The Significance of the Factors Increasing the Asphalt Pavement Recycling Rate in the Country, Determined Using Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Methods

Asphalt pavement, a component of transport infrastructure, deteriorates under the influence of destructive factors. The damages which have occurred during its period of use are repaired and the asphalt pavement is recycled when its further rehabilitation is economically and technically irrational. The material from the asphalt pavement layer that has reached its limit state is milled out or broken and crushed and then is repeatedly used in the production of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) or warm-mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures. In this paper, the dynamics of the percentage recycling ratio (RR) of old asphalt pavement material was investigated. RR represents the quantity of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) used in the production of HMA and WMA mixtures in Europe and the USA, divided by the total amount of RAP prepared in the country. Factors and goals affecting it are analyzed. An original system of 10 criteria that increase the RR country has been created. Decision makers do not know which factors have the maximum influence in increasing the use of RAP and this should go in connection with environmental pollution reduction and achieving economic utility. By applying different multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods and using the importance given to these criteria by 14 experts, the normalized subjective weights of the criteria were determined. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), rank correlation, average rank transformation into weight—linear (ARTIW-L) and non-linear (ARTIW-N), and direct percentage weight (DPW) methods were used in the study. The results show that the RAP recycle rate is close to 100% in countries with a sustainable economic background. In the Baltic countries, it is mostly increased by the adequacy of regulatory documents, the strategy promoting asphalt recycling in the country, and the homogeneity and classifying of RAP. The number and capacity of RAP stocks, the number and productivity of asphalt milling equipment and the wear and tear of the asphalt pavement have the least influence on the increase in RR. The opinions of experts in assessing the significance of all criteria are consistent. The averages of the weights of criteria determined by four MCDM methods (AHP, ARTIW-L, ARTIW-N, DPW) made it possible to obtain more reliable results. These results can be used to make strategic decisions and to create a plan of practical actions to increase the RAP recycling rate in the developing countries.

Підвищення ефективності перевезень на технологічних маршрутах транспортно-виробничої системи перевезення металургійних шлаків

In this article, the method of selecting the number and carrying capacity of rolling stock on the technological routes of the transport and production system of recycling technological waste of a metallurgical enterprise has been improved. The main features of the organization of the transportation of metallurgical slag at domestic enterprises are given, among which it is advisable to highlight the following: a limited number of types of rolling stock on the routes, a short distance of cargo transportation (compared to the transportation of other types of cargo), continuous technological processes, which lead to a 24-hour working mode with minimal interruptions for lunch and staff changes, fairly stable daily volume of transportation, etc. The selection of the number and carrying capacity of rolling stock as one of the main means of managing transport and production systems is substantiated. It is proposed to choose as a criterion for the effectiveness of the system's functioning - the minimum time for the transport to be idle while waiting for the performance of cargo operations. For this, the traditional formulas for calculating the required number of rolling stock on the transport route were transformed. Taking into account the above-mentioned features of the functioning of the transport and production system, the expressions for determining the necessary number of rolling stock were obtained, taking into account the criterion - the minimum time for the transport to be idle while waiting for the performance of cargo operations. This made it possible to carry out calculations with the simultaneous use of vehicles of different load capacities. The results of the calculations made it possible to determine the most rational option for using rolling stock of a certain carrying capacity. In order to assess the possible impact of unevenness, traffic schedules of vehicles on the transportation route were constructed. A statistical analysis of the duration of the load was carried out, which made it possible to determine that a decrease in the duration of idle time is observed in 40% of vehicle turnovers, of which only 3% of cases can lead to violations of the rhythmicity of the schedule. Thus, establishing a rational length of downtime of dump trucks while waiting for unloading is an important element of the organization of the transportation process.