Stirring Techniques Research Articles

Analysis of a novel high-speed homogenizer technique for methyl ester production using waste cooking oil: Multi-objective optimization and energy analysis

While fossil fuels continue to be the predominant energy source, the use of renewable energy is consistently growing. Biodiesel, with its various advantages over traditional fossil fuels, stands out as a promising alternative fuel that is produced from a sustainable and abundant waste cooking oil (WCO) via a transesterification reaction (due to the low acid value of WCO) with alcohol (MeOH) and homogeneous catalyst (KOH) in a high-speed homogenizer. Biodiesel is produced in the industry using conventional mechanical stirring techniques, which are time-consuming and less efficient. It has been recently reported that high-speed homogenizers have the scale-up potential as per industrial requirements and can significantly reduce the transesterification/esterification reaction time. In the present investigation, the Taguchi technique has been applied for the design of experiments and multi-response process optimization using a composite desirability approach. The optimized values observed for yield, yield efficiency, and pour point were 99.18 ± 0.2%, 5.4 × 10–3 g/J, and − 14.9 ± 0.5 °C, respectively, at alcohol to oil molar proportion of 7:1, KOH amount of 0.5 wt%, rotor speed of 14000 rpm and 10 min of process time. The physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel were found within EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards limits.

Influence of Chemical Nature of Citric and Tartaric Acids on Reaction Time of the Crosslinking of Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) is a water-soluble polymer having a hydroxyl group as a functional group contributing to excellent membrane-forming and mechanical performance. PVOH is obtained by the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate, and its physical properties are affected by its degree of hydrolysis, whether, partial or complete. In this study, PVOH hydrogels were synthesized by a solution under stirring and heating techniques with citric (AC) and tartaric acids (AT) crosslinker agents, with different time reactions of 20 min.; 1; 2, and 3 h were investigated. These samples were characterized by the kinetics of water uptake, gel fraction, thermal analysis, and physical-chemical analysis, and their structure was elucidated. The results obtained have shown chemical modification by organic acids and improved the properties to good thermal stability and swelling to AT hydrogels up to 900% water uptake. In the gel fraction, the samples' esterification was shown and verified by FTIR spectra. To AC hydrogels the chemical modification was low due to the steric hindrance, which caused disintegration of the hydrogel in swelling and gel fraction test, but with absorption in the moisture test performed. The incorporation and effects of citric and tartaric acids enable the development of new hydrogel systems, with specific properties.

Effect of Ti6Al4V reinforcement particles on the mechanical, wear, and corrosion properties of AZ91D magnesium matrix composites

This study aims to synthesize composite materials using TC4 particles and AZ91D alloy through semi-solid stirring and hot extrusion techniques. The main objective is to investigate the microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, and corrosion behavior of composites comprising a minor volume fraction (0, 2, and 5 vol%) of spherical TC4 particles. The findings showed that the dual synergistic effect of TC4 particles and the β-phase leads to a refinement in the grain size of the composite material. Moreover, the incorporation of TC4 particles enhances the hardness, yield strength (YS), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the magnesium matrix, with almost no reduction observed in ductility. Additionally, the TC4/AZ91D composite displays lower wear rates and friction coefficients compared to the matrix when subjected to forces of 150 N and 300 N. However, the corrosion performance of the composite material deteriorates due to the influence of the galvanic effect between the particles and the matrix.

Damage evolution of polymer matrix composites reinforced by nanoparticles modified under the three-point bending test by acoustic emission methods

This study aimed to investigate the behavior, and failure resistance of composite materials, and the effect of nanoparticles on their flexural properties. Nanoparticles with different weight percentages of nano-clay, and nano-silica were added to a plain weave C-glass fabric/epoxy/nano SiO2/nano-clay hybrid composite to analyze their effect. A three-point bending test was used to determine the findings. Initially, nano-clay and nano-silica were dispersed into epoxy resin at loadings of 0, 1, 3, and 5 weight percent for all hybrid composites using ultrasonic and mechanical stirring techniques. The test results show that the addition of both these nanoparticles up to 1 wt.% improved flexural strength, and flexural modulus by 12% and 26%, for nano-clay, 13% and 29%, for nano-silica, respectively. Then, during three-point bending tests, acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to detect damage mechanisms. Afterward, to classify damage mechanisms using AE features (peak amplitude and frequency), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) was used. Additionally, the evolution of damages in samples containing and without nanoparticles was investigated and studied using cumulative AE energy. The results show that the samples containing nanoparticles were more resistant to the growth of monotonous damage than those without nanoparticles.

Pyrolysis kinetic study of the thermal degradation of pre-treated empty fruit bunches

Empty fruit bunch (EFB) wastes are a significant source of biomass waste in Malaysia and have the potential to be a high-quality source of energy. This study aims to evaluate the kinetic of EFB biochar degradation and its characteristics under three conditions of washing pre-treatments. Prior to biochar production via slow pyrolysis process, stirring and soaking techniques were utilised as part of the pre-treatment for the washing process, with varying solid-to-liquid (S:L) ratios of 1:50, and 1:50 to 1:70, respectively. The study analysed the higher heating value (HHV), pyrolysis yield and kinetic activation energy of the biochar. The morphology and elemental composition of the biochar samples were determined using ultra-high resolution scanning electron microscopy (UHR-SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray detector (EDX). The Coats-Redfern model was used to estimate the activation energies of the EFB biochar from thermogravimetric (TGA) data in a temperature range of 30 °C to 800 °C and a constant heating rate of 10 °C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. The results showed that washing pre-treatment significantly changed the morphology and elemental compositions of the EFB biochar samples. The higher S:L ratio of 1:70 has a more significant impact on the breakdown of the lignocellulosic structure of EFB. The soaked samples had slightly lower biochar and bio-oil yields (22.73 mf wt. % to 24.86 mf wt. % and 27.97 mf wt. % to 39.39 mf wt. %, respectively) than the stirred samples (25.22 mf wt. % and 49.59 mf wt. %). The pre-treatment process improved the carbon content while reducing potassium by 60.7 to 81.39%. The HHVs of EFB-4 (28.24 MJ/kg) and EFB-3 (26.57 MJ/kg) were higher than those of EFB-2 (26.2 MJ/kg) and EFB-1 (23.14 MJ/kg), indicating an improvement in their fuel properties. The higher kinetic activation energies of EFB-4 (43.27 to 48.30 MJ/mol) indicate better thermal stability than the others. Therefore, concerning improved fuel properties, the recommended pre-treatment of EFB for the pyrolysis process is soaking at 90 °C with an S:L ratio of 1:70. The kinetic analysis revealed that the pyrolysis of pre-treated EFBs follows a multi-step reaction mechanism, with different activation energies for each stage. The obtained kinetic parameters can be used to optimize the pyrolysis process and design efficient pyrolysis reactors for the valorization of EFBs. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the thermal behavior of pre-treated EFBs and their potential for bioenergy production.

Passive Antenna Characterization Through Impedance Correlations in a Diffuse Field

Ambient noise correlations allow the passive recovery of Green’s functions between two probes. Recently, the same approach has been applied to electromagnetism, but by correlating diffuse fields in mode-stirred chambers. Until now, only the correlation of S-parameters has been studied. However, it has very recently been shown that the result can be difficult to interpret. To overcome this limitation, a new approach is proposed in this article to directly estimate the self- and mutual impedances of two coupled antennas from impedance correlations. The theoretical developments presented are validated experimentally in a reverberation chamber (RC) excited by a single antenna where mechanical and source stirring techniques are combined to generate a sufficiently diffuse field environment. It is shown, with antennas of different properties, that this approach allows reconstructing with good accuracy the complex impedance matrix between two receiving antennas as well as the transmission coefficient between them. The extracted gain pattern, in good agreement with that measured in an anechoic chamber, shows the good sensitivity of the proposed passive characterization technique.

Enhanced castor seed oil extraction assisted by the synergistic effect of ultrasound and microwave: Impact on extraction effectiveness and oil quality

The present study first time utilizes synergistic effect of ultrasound and microwave for oil extraction from castor seeds, with methanol as solvent. Taguchi's orthogonal array is selected as a tool for design of experiment for castor oil extraction through mechanical stirring, ultrasound, and hybrid (ultrasound + microwave) intensification techniques. The maximum extraction yield effectiveness of 98.37% is achieved based on optimized process conditions: 45 s grinding time, 12:1 solvent-to-seed ratio (v/w), 30 min extraction time, and 50 °C temperature. Along with the yield, significant enhancement in extracted oil quality in terms of oxidation stability and chemical composition is observed. The chemical composition of oil extracted through a hybrid technique shows a lower unsaturation level than ultrasonication. Ultrasound and hybrid technique both significantly increased proportion of ω-6 and ω-9 fatty acids, which has industrial as well as medicinal values. The viscosity of the oil extracted through hybrid solvent extraction is 199 ± 6 cp, which is significantly lower than that of a crushing-based technique (279 ± 6 cp). The energy consumption for the hybrid reactor is reduced by up to 40 % and 28 % than conventional mechanical stirring and ultrasound techniques, respectively. The developed process is industrially viable and environmentally sustainable.

Improving the Reverberation Chamber Performance Using a Reconfigurable Source Stirring Antenna Array

An antenna array composed of 16 asymmetric distributed monopoles on a circular dielectric substrate is proposed to use as a reconfigurable source stirrer in a reverberation chamber (RC). The distance between antennas is above λ2 to ensure the isolation between antennas below −15 dB. In order to ensure the mutual independence of the stirring modes of the antenna array, the 16 monopoles are asymmetrically distributed on both sides with X and Y as axes. The stirring efficiency of a stirrer is related to its size, and usually a higher stirring efficiency means a larger stirrer. The source stirring technique can achieve high efficiency, but the rotation of a source stirring antenna is limited to the radius of the turntable in an RC. To solve this problem, we propose to use an antenna array as a reconfigurable source stirrer, which can achieve a high efficiency of source stirring. As the antenna array can achieve source stirring and mechanical stirring at the same time, the source stirring section is not limited to the radius of the turntable; the switch between the selected antennas of the antenna array can increase the actual stirring samples of the stirring. Thus, the efficiency can be improved significantly and has been verified by the measurement results. The volume occupied by the conventional mechanical stirrer is reduced, which improves the working volume. The figures of merit, such as the field uniformity (FU), the independent sample numbers, the average K-factor, and the total scattering cross-section (TSCS), are measured and compared to the conventional mechanical stirring, mechanical stirring, and source stirring of the antenna array. Measurement results of the reconfigurable stir are illustrated below. FU has the best convergence and the lowest value, below 0.5 dB. The independent sample number is the largest. K-factor is the lowest, and most ranges are below −15 dB. Additionally, the proposed method has the largest TSCS, above 2 m2. These confirm that the proposed reconfigurable source stirring technique outperforms other three stirring techniques significantly. The antenna array can be easy to disassemble and install in different RC. With a wide range of working band, the proposed method can be applied to 5G OTA testing.

Enhancement of filament wound glass fiber/epoxy-based cylindrical composites by toughening with single-walled carbon nanotubes

In this study, the effect of incorporating nano-sized fillers (noncovalently functionalized with ethoxylated alcohol chemical-vapor-deposition-grown SWCNTs) within an epoxy resin on the performance of filament wound glass fiber (GF)-based cylindrical composites (GFCCs) was investigated. For this purpose, SWCNTs were dispersed with the concentration of 0.05 and 0.1 weight percent (wt.%) within an epoxy resin using mechanical stirring and calendaring (3-roll-milling) techniques. The rheological behavior of the SWCNT incorporated epoxy mixture was characterized to determine the suitability of blends for the filament winding process. It was revealed that the viscosity value of the resin was not significantly affected by the addition of SWCNTs in given concentrations. Moreover, contact angle measurements were also performed on the SWCNT/epoxy blends dropped on the GF for the evaluation of the wettability behavior of the GF in the presence of the SWCNTs in relevant concentrations. Eventually, it was observed that the wettability behavior of GF was not reasonably affected by the presence of the SWCNTs. The double cantilever beam (DCB), flexural, and short beam shear (SBS) tests were performed on the reference and SWCNT-modified GFCC specimens to evaluate the effects of the SWCNT presence on the interlaminar fracture toughness and out-of-plane properties of GFCCs. The fractured surfaces after the DCB and SBS tests were analyzed under the scanning electron microscopy to reveal the toughening mechanisms and the filler morphologies. Consequently, although SWCNT incorporation was on the outermost layer of GFCCs, it was found that the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) values and Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness values of the curved composite samples were improved up to 22 and 216%, respectively, due to the presence of the SWCNTs.

Enhancement of mixing efficiency in mechanical stirring reactors via chaotic stirring techniques: Application to the treatment of zinc-containing solid waste

The poor mixing of highly viscous fluids in reactors is a serious problem in many industries. Here, to enhance the mixing efficiency of industrial reactors, a chaotic revolution stirring (CRS) method based on chaos theory was proposed, and the corresponding control system was designed. CRS was applied to the treatment of zinc-containing solid waste to explore its enhancement effect. Experimental results show that, the diffusion rate increased from 7.9 to 9.5 mg/s, the contact area increases by 66.24% the reaction time was reduced by 50%, and the energy consumption was reduced by 42.08%. This study further simulated the unsteady mixing process under CRS by the overlapping dynamic grid method to explore its enhancement mechanism. A new correlation Re=60π·η·-lnφ/t·Vm was proposed, which is more suitable for rotating systems. After using CRS, the Re of the same system increased by close to 4 times, which is the reason for the good performance.

Influence of graphene oxide content on the morphology and properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

AbstractIn this article, the influence of graphene oxide (GO) content on the morphology and properties of carbon fiber/epoxy (CF/EP) composites was investigated. To obtain CF/EP composites with uniform dispersion of GO, electromagnetic stirring and ultrasonic dispersion techniques were employed in the wet transfer process. Combined with a new molding process, CF/EP composites with different GO content were prepared. The test results showed that the bending strength of CF/EP composites could be effectively improved by adding GO, among which 0.5 wt% GO–CF/EP composite exhibited the best bending strength and modulus increased by 47.20% and 21.24%, up to 1158.9 MPa and 115.3 GPa. Likewise, the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC) of the composite at the beginning of crack and the maximum during the propagation increased by 28.13% and 21.57%, reached 327.5 and 656.6 J/m2, respectively. The distribution of GO in the composites and the fracture morphology of the composites were observed. Finally, according to the test results and microscopic morphology analysis, the enhancement and failure mechanism of GO in CF/EP composites were clarified. It was found that GO could improve the properties of CF/EP composites by enhancing the interface properties of CF/matrix, enhancing the strength of the matrix and forming a net‐like structure inside the matrix.

Structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of silanized boron carbide doped epoxy nanocomposites

AbstractIn the presented study, the structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by doping silanized hexagonal boron carbide (h‐B4C) nanoparticles in varying proportions (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) into the epoxy resin by weight. For this purpose, the surfaces of h‐B4C nanoparticles were silanized by using 3‐(glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPS) to improve adhesion between h‐B4C nanoparticles and epoxy matrix. Then, the silanized nanoparticles were added to the resin by ultrasonication and mechanical stirring techniques to produce nanocomposites. The bond structure differences of silanized B4C nanoparticles (s‐B4C) and nanoparticle doped composites were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) technique was used to examine the distribution of nanoparticles in the modified nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis techniques were used to determine the thermal properties of the neat and s‐B4C doped nanocomposites. The tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis were performed to determine the mechanical properties. When the experimental results were examined, changes in the bonding structure of the s‐B4C nanoparticles doped nanocomposites and significant improvements in the mechanical and thermal properties were observed. The optimum doping ratio was determined as 2% by weight. At this doping ratio, the Tg, tensile strength and storage modulus increased approximately 18%, 35%, and 44% compared to the neat composite, respectively.

Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) synthesis from tin powderization waste

The necessity of finding a way to utilize Sn metal from tin powderization waste as effectively and efficiently as possible has risen because of the large number of industrial by-products of Sn waste and the broad applications of tin chemicals in the world. Stannous chloride (SnCl2) and stannous sulfate (SnSO4) are tin-derived compounds in which their applications are in various fields, and one of which is catalysts. Catalyst products produced from the two compounds are STO (Sulfated Tin Oxide) catalyst. In this study, tin powderization waste was used as raw material for the synthesis of SnCl2 and SnSO4. The purpose of using tin waste is an effort to create the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) program launched by the United Nations to obtain a sustainable consumption and production system. Tin powder from the off-spec product of the tin powderization process can be used as raw material to manufacture tin-derived chemical compounds. Overall, the process of developing tin products will produce a non-waste system (zero waste). The optimum conditions to synthesize SnCl2 are as follows; the tin powder particle size is 500 mesh with HCl 12 M at 80°C with a yield percentage of 95%. The synthesis of SnSO4 with the reaction of SnCl2 + (NH4)2SO4 can be carried out using stirring techniques. The results of the FT-IR spectrometer showed a spectrum of sulfate groups in the region ~ 1181 cm−1.

Electrical and Structural properties of (ZnTiO3)/Epoxy System Nanocomposite Thin films

Spin coating technique using to prepare two layers of epoxy reinforced by weight (0Wt%,1Wt%,2Wt%,3Wt%,4Wt%) nano ZnTiO3additives uniform thin films with a fixed thickness of (0.7 ☐m) on glass floors at room temperature, dispersion and magnetic stirring techniques are used to prepare the nanocomposites thin films. The purpose of this study was to produce a new modified polymer (ZnTiO3/Epoxy) nanocomposite thin films then evaluate electrical and structural properties of these thin films. The electrical properties of thin films have a degree effect temperature on the resistance (R) of thin films within the range (303- 433) k or (30-160) C0. Electrical conductivity and activation energy of the thin film was calculated where the results indicate that there is a two activation energy and this means there is two mechanisms connection. It is also shown by measurements of the effect of the whole (ZnTiO3/Epoxy) nanocomposite thin films have a connection from the negative type (n-type). Stractural properties include XR-D and SEM. XRD, show crystal structure of zinc titanite (ZnTiO3) nano powder. Scanning electron microscopy SEM, show clearly analysis for different weight ratio affected thin films surfaces.

Effect of Hybrid Ultrasonic and Mechanical Stirring on the Distribution of m-SiCp in A356 Alloy

The present study details the micro-scale silicon carbide particle (m-SiCp) homogeneous distribution in an A356 alloy through hybrid ultrasonic-stirring melt treatment under different operation conditions. Ultrasonically excited fluids were studied by particle image velocimetry to estimate the efficiency of the acoustic streaming in different distances to the sonotrode. Distinct particle approaches to introduce the melt and stirring techniques were performed to determine a successful route to promote a homogenous distribution of reinforcement particles. Results showed that the addition of m-SiCp in the semisolid state significantly improved particle wettability, preventing rapid sedimentation. The combination of ultrasonic induced streaming and mechanical stirring is an effective tool for the homogeneous distribution of m-SiCp along the casting specimen.

Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin with Sustainable Additives from Silk and Rice Husks for Improved Mode-I and Mode-II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness

This paper presents an effective method for enhancing both the mode I (GIC) and mode II (GIIC) interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin (CFRE). For precursor materials, silk fibroin nanofibers (nSF) and rice husk silica were prepared from sustainable resources. Nanocomposite samples were prepared using various loading ratios of the silica and nSF in epoxy resin (EP). Mechanical stirring and sonication techniques were used to prepare homogenous mixtures of silica and nSF in epoxy resin. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry and the Kissinger equation were used to examine and calculate the cure kinetics and activation energy (Ea) of EP and the composite samples. The CFRE sample with hybrid fillers of nSF and silica at the ratio 0.2/20 (wt%/wt%) exhibited the highest GIC, and improved upon the mode-I and mode-II toughness of the pure-resin sample by 36.08% and 30.06%, respectively. Study of the fracture surfaces indicated that adding nSF and silica as fillers increases the energy required to fracture the CFRE.

Performance Comparison and Critical Examination of the Most Popular Stirring Techniques in Reverberation Chambers Using the “Well-Stirred” Condition Method

This paper presents a performance comparison and a critical examination of the most popular stirring techniques proposed in the literature for reverberation chambers, implemented in the same parallelepipedic cavity (excluding naturally vibrating intrinsic reverberation chambers). This yields a fair comparison (in our experimental conditions) of these techniques in terms of performance and, in particular, from which frequency, each stirring process can lead to a well-stirred reverberation chamber. This analysis is performed, thanks to a recently published method based on $S_{11}$ measurements of an antenna within the chamber for different stirring configurations (i.e., different positions of a mode stirrer for a mechanically stirred chamber). The method is applied (including some adjustments when necessary) for the three main families of stirring techniques. In order to exhaustively assess the performance of each implemented technique, experiments are performed for different quantities of absorbers inserted in the cavity in order to study the effect of the average composite qualify factor of the chamber on each stirring process.

Efficiency of ultrasound assisted extract of <em>Delonix regia</em> petals as natural antioxidant on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil

The possibility of improving the oxidative stability of sunflower oil by enriching it with carotenoids from Delonix regia petals was studied. A combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and stirring techniques was used. The optimal conditions were material/solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/v), ultrasonic power of 30 W and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of total carotenoids was 503.0 μg/g dry weight. Increasing the acoustic power density degraded carotenoids. A HPLC analysis was used for the quantification of β-carotene in the extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of the carotenoid-rich extract were found to be superior to the standard Butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT). The enrichment of sunflower oil with carotenoid-rich extract at 67.46 mg carotenoids/kg oil improved its oxidative stability by more than 50% as measured by the Rancimat method. These results suggest that the investigated extract has the potential to be used as a bio-preservative in food products.

Influence of milled glass fillers on the impact and compression after impact behavior of glass/epoxy composite laminates

The effects of milled glass fibre as fillers on the impact and post impact compression (CAI) behavior of glass/epoxy composite laminates is investigated. The milled glass fiber fillers 5% by weight of epoxy were incorporated into the glass/epoxy laminates by using ultra-sonication and mechanical stirring techniques then the results were compared with the baseline glass/epoxy laminate. The incident energy applied were 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 J. The glass filler loaded samples exhibited higher peak force than the baseline samples. The compression strength of Non-Impacted (NI) filler loaded samples was improved by 18% compared to the baseline samples. A good correlation between milled glass filler addition into the matrix of glass/epoxy composites and the improvement in impact damage and residual CAI behaviors were evident. The improved impact and CAI properties of milled glass filled composite indicate that this composite is a good candidate for load bearing applications.

Optimization of ‘green’ extraction of carotenoids from mango pulp using split plot design and its characterization

Mango, king of all fruits, is a good source of carotenoids. The present investigation was aimed at extraction of carotenoids from mango pulp using bio-refinery concept. Three green solvents, namely groundnut, sunflower and flaxseed oil were used. The carotenoids were extracted for different time intervals in different green solvents at different pulp to vegetable oil ratio using magnetic stirring (MS), ultrasonication (US), microwave (MW) and high shear dispersion (HSD) techniques. Out of 540 samples (3 × 180) analyzed, one combination was selected on the basis of highest total carotenoid content (TCC) using split plot design of statistical analysis. Maximum extraction was possible in flaxseed oil by using HSD technique. The selected combination was compared with corresponding vegetable oil (used as a control) for TCC, antioxidant activity (ABTS, μg Trolox eq./ml; DPPH, μg Trolox eq./ml and FRAP, μM Trolox eq./ml), tocopherol content and colour value (L, a, b) and showed a respective increase of 158.8-6, 123.72, 33.37, 11.95, 15.15% and 12.77, 5.57, 21.51 units. The increase in carotenoid content was further confirmed by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The carotenoid-rich extract can be applied in food formulations for preparation of functional foods.