Pentatomidae Research Articles

Performance of two egg parasitoids of brown marmorated stink bug before and after cold storage.

Introduction: The genus Trissolcus includes a number of egg parasitoids that are known to contribute to the control of Halyomorpha halys. The number of progenies, particularly females, is important for the efficient mass rearing of species used in augmentative biological control programs. Cold storage is an important technique for extending the shelf life of natural enemies used in such programs. Methods: We assessed how fecundity, sex ratio, lifespan, and the number of hosts parasitized within 24h were affected by host density for T. japonicus and T. cultratus when offered fresh H. halys eggs and how these parameters were affected if adult parasitoids were first placed in cold storage (11°C in the dark) for 19weeks before being used for propagation. Results: The fecundity were 110.2 and 84.2 offspring emerged at 25°C, for parasitoids not placed in cold storage; among the offspring that emerged, 82.6% and 85.6% were female for T. japonicus and T. cultratus, respectively. If first placed in cold storage, T. japonicus and T. cultratus produced 35.1 and 24.6 offspring per female, respectively, although cold storage significantly extended the shelf life. The survival rates of parasitoids that were placed in cold storage were 90.3% and 81.3% for females, and 3.2% and 0.9% for males of T. japonicus and T. cultratus, respectively. The number of hosts parasitized within 24h was not shown to be density dependent, but it was significantly lower after cold storage. Discussion: This information can be used to estimate the likely production for augmented rearing colonies for use in biological control programs.

Predation and parasitism of naturally occurring and sentinel stink bug egg masses ofHalyomorpha halys(Stål) andNezara viridula(L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in various southeastern habitats

Stink bugs, including Halyomorpha halys (Stål) and Nezara viridula (L.), are agricultural pests that feed on fruit in a variety of crops. Monitoring predation and parasitism of stink bug egg masses furthers our understanding of potential biological control tactics. However, best practices for laboratory and field assessments of parasitism and predation of egg masses require further attention. We carried out a series of laboratory and field experiments to test whether parasitism and predation for three types of sentinel H. halys egg masses, fresh, frozen, and refrigerated, varied in agricultural commodities. In addition, we asked if predation and parasitism differed between sentinel and naturally occurring H. halys and N. viridula egg masses in soybean. In the laboratory, more H. halys eggs were parasitized by Trissolcus euschisti (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) if they were frozen or refrigerated compared to fresh eggs. Similarly, in the field, parasitism was higher for frozen egg masses than fresh. In 2018 and 2019, H. halys natural egg masses had higher parasitism and lower predation compared to sentinel egg masses in soybean. In a paired field test during 2020 and 2021, there was no difference in parasitism between H. halys natural and sentinel eggs, but much higher incidence of parasitism was detected in natural N. viridula egg masses than sentinel eggs. Collecting natural egg masses is the best methodology for field assessment of parasitism of stink bug egg masses; however, if natural egg masses are not easily available, deploying refrigerated sentinel egg masses is a good alternative.

A new model of stink bug traps: heated trap for capturing Halyomorpha halys during the autumn dispersal period

Invasive stink bug species, such as Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), are serious agricultural pests worldwide. During autumn dispersal, adults aggregate in large numbers in human-made structures, homes and on walls of buildings. Preferred overwintering sites are sun-warmed, well-protected shelters. Exploiting a new concept, we developed a new collection method for monitoring and controlling them in their pre-overwintering period. Our trap design exploits the heat preference of stink bugs seeking overwintering sites. As a result, significantly greater numbers of H. halys adults moved into our black box traps, equipped with a heating apparatus, than into unheated ones. Experiments were performed in October during the pre-overwintering autumn dispersal period. Traps were placed next to a building that served as an overwintering site, where stink bugs usually aggregate in large numbers. Heated traps were operated on sunny afternoon hours when stink bugs were found to be active by visual observations. Our results represent the first example of an effective collection method based on artificially heated traps placed in natural conditions.

SOYBEAN PEST IDENTIFICATION BASED ON CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK AND TRANSFER LEARNING

Despite the fact that the ensemble classifier improved classification precision by integrating texture and colour. However, the significant image preparation process is a laborious and time-consuming. Manually depicting constrained feature extraction can result in a semantic void in a picture. These limits cause inaccuracy of agricultural disease identification. Thus, this study proposes a soybean pest detection method based on a hybrid of Transfer learning and pyramidal convolutional neural networks that can identify soybean pests quickly and accurately on small sample sets. Bean borer, soybean poison moth, mite, stink bug, and pod borer photographs are first pre-processed using standard data improvement methods, and then manually categorized into six groups based on pest characteristics. The weight parameters from the VGG16 model trained on the ImageNet image dataset were then transferred to the recognition of soybean pests using the transfer learning method, and the VGG16 convolutional and pooling layers were used as feature extraction layers, while the top layer was redesigned as a pyramidal convolutional layer, an average pooling layer, and a SoftMax output layer, with some of the convolutional layers frozen during training. According to the testing statistics, the model's average test accuracy is 98.23%, and the model size is only 95.4 M. For bean borer, soybean poison moth, mite, skewed night moth, stink bug, and bean pod moth, the model's recognition accuracy is 96.4, 97.78, 98.12, 98.4, 99.56, and 99.16, respectively. The results of the experiments show that the method has a high identification efficiency and a good recognition effect.

Genetic relationships among laboratory lines of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus from native and adventive populations

Candidate biological control agents of invasive insect pests are increasingly being found in new geographic regions as a result of unintentional introductions. However, testing the degree of genetic differentiation among adventive and native-range populations of these agents is rarely done. We used reduced-representation sequencing of genomic DNA to investigate the relationships among laboratory lines of Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid and biological control agent of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). We compared sequences from multiple adventive populations in North America (Canada, USA) and Europe (Switzerland) with populations sourced from part of its native range in China. We found considerably more genetic variation among lines sourced from adventive populations than among those within native populations. In the Pacific Northwest of North America (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA), we found preliminary evidence of three distinct genetic clusters, two of which were highly dissimilar from all other lines we genotyped. In contrast, we found that other adventive lines with close geographic proximity (two from Ontario, Canada, three from Switzerland) had limited genetic variation. These findings provide a basis for testing biological differences among lines that will inform their use as biological control agents, and provide evidence to support a hypothesis of several independent introductions of T. japonicus in western North America from different source areas.

Discovery of unknown new ponds occupied by the endangered giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) by combining environmental DNA and capture surveys

AbstractBasic ecological information (e.g. habitat or distribution) is indispensable for conserving endangered species. The giant water bug Kirkaldyia deyrolli is an aquatic insect in the large stink bug family (Belostomatidae). It inhabits ponds and is a critically endangered species. In this study, we developed a species‐specific primer–probe set (the cytochrome c oxidase I region in mitochondrial DNA) that was used in real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect K. deyrolli environmental DNA (eDNA). Next, using eDNA analysis, we investigated the presence of K. deyrolli in 89 study ponds (including one pond that had already been identified as the habitat of this species) in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The eDNA of K. deyrolli was detected in 11 of these 89 ponds. Furthermore, when the traditional method of direct capture survey was carried out in four of the 10 ponds where K. deyrolli eDNA had been detected and no prior occupancy information for this species was available, the capture of one K. deyrolli (female) was successful in only one pond. This study showed that combining eDNA analysis and direct capture methods can lead to discovering previously unknown habitats essential for conserving an endangered species.

The genome of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), a model organism and biocontrol agent of stink bugs

Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) is a minute parasitic wasp that develops in the eggs of stink bugs. Over the past 30 years, Tr. basalis has become a model organism for studying host finding, patch defense behavior, and chemical ecology. As an entry point to better understand the molecular basis of these factors, in addition to filling a critical gap in the genomic resources available for parasitic Hymenoptera, we sequenced and assembled the genome of Tr. basalis using short (454, Illumina) and long read (Oxford Nanopore) sequencing technologies. The three sequencing methods produced 32 million reads (4.10 Gb; 27.9×), which were assembled into 7,586 scaffolds. The 147 Mb (N50: 42.8 kb) assembly contains complete sequences for 93.1% of the insect BUSCO dataset, and an extensive annotation protocol resulted in 14,158 protein-coding gene models, 12,197 (86%) of which had a blast hit in GenBank. Repetitive elements comprised 13.8% of the genome, and a phylogenomic analysis recovered Tr. basalis as sister to Chalcidoidea, a result in line with other studies. We identified 174 rapidly evolving gene families in Tr. basalis, including olfactory receptors and pheromone/general odorant binding proteins. These genetic elements are an obligatory portion of the parasitoid-host relationship, and the draft genome of Tr. basalis has and will continue to be useful in elucidating these relationships at finer resolution.

Exploration of Candidate Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis, Regulation and Recognition of the Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone of Halyomorpha halys

The aggregation pheromone of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), is produced by adult males, and plays an important role in the behavioral regulation of H. halys. However, information on the molecular mechanisms underlying this pheromone's biosynthesis is limited. In this study, HhTPS1, a key candidate synthase gene in the aggregation pheromone biosynthesis pathway of H. halys, was identified. Then, through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the candidate P450 enzyme genes in the biosynthetic downstream of this pheromone and the related candidate transcription factor in this pathway were also identified. In addition, two olfactory-related genes, HhCSP5 and HhOr85b, involved in the recognition of the aggregation pheromone of H. halys, were detected. We further identified the key amino acid sites of HhTPS1 and HhCSP5 that interact with substrates by using molecular docking analysis. This study provides basic information for further investigations into the biosynthesis pathways and recognition mechanisms of aggregation pheromones in H. halys. It also provides key candidate genes for bioengineering bioactive aggregation pheromones necessary for the development of technologies for the monitoring and control of H. halys.

Development, survivorship and reproduction of Gryon aetherium Talamas (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), under eight constant temperatures

Environmental temperature is fundamental determinant of insect physiology and behavior, and the success of an importation biocontrol program often relies on the acclimatization capacity of the introduced biocontrol agent. Co-evolved natural enemies of a target pest that share the same climatic range are expected to be suitable candidates for introduction. The stink bug Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) is an invasive pest in the USA which damages mainly brassica crops in California and other Southwest states. An egg parasitoid from Pakistan, Gryon aetherium Talamas (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), is currently being evaluated as a classical biocontrol agent. In order to determine the range of temperatures suitable for G. aetherium, its development, reproduction and survivorship were evaluated in the laboratory under eight regimes of constant temperature, ranging from 15 to 40 °C. Gryon aetherium was able to develop successfully between 18 °C (46.9 ± 0.6 d) and 37.5 °C (7.3 ± 0.09 d) with a maximum emergence rate of 95.5 ± 1.9 % at 25 °C. The parasitoid reproduced under all tested temperatures, with maximum fecundity at 30 °C (104.5 ± 21.2 progeny/female). The mean longevity of adult females was 151.3 ± 6.8 days at 15 °C and declined to 4.3 ± 0.3 days at 40 °C. Our results suggest that G. aetherium should establish in the warmest regions of USA, but would not likely control B. hilaris in crucifer crops of the Californian coastal regions where lower temperatures are likely to limit its developmental success.

Detection of Soybean Insect Pest and a Forecasting Platform Using Deep Learning with Unmanned Ground Vehicles

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), a popular food resource worldwide, have various uses throughout the industry, from everyday foods and health functional foods to cosmetics. Soybeans are vulnerable to pests such as stink bugs, beetles, mites, and moths, which reduce yields. Riptortus pedestris (R. pedestris) has been reported to cause damage to pods and leaves throughout the soybean growing season. In this study, an experiment was conducted to detect R. pedestris according to three different environmental conditions (pod filling stage, maturity stage, artificial cage) by developing a surveillance platform based on an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) GoPro CAM. Deep learning technology (MRCNN, YOLOv3, Detectron2)-based models used in this experiment can be quickly challenged (i.e., built with lightweight parameter) immediately through a web application. The image dataset was distributed by random selection for training, validation, and testing and then preprocessed by labeling the image for annotation. The deep learning model localized and classified the R. pedestris individuals through a bounding box and masking in the image data. The model achieved high performances, at 0.952, 0.716, and 0.873, respectively, represented through the calculated means of average precision (mAP) value. The manufactured model will enable the identification of R. pedestris in the field and can be an effective tool for insect forecasting in the early stage of pest outbreaks in crop production.

Factors affecting consumption of edible insects as food: entomophagy in Myanmar

With the world’s population rapidly increasing, food security and malnutrition have emerged as critical issues. Edible insects offer an alternative protein source that requires less land and water than conventional livestock production and emits lower levels of greenhouse gases. Myanmar has a long history of consuming insects such as crickets, grasshoppers, palm weevil larvae, giant water beetles, stink bugs, honeybees, cicadas, and ants. Although insect consumption is common in Myanmar, very little is known about the factors that could potentially encourage or discourage people from consuming edible insects as an alternative meat protein. This study analyses data from 872 respondents to investigate consumer acceptance of entomophagy and the factors influencing edible insect consumption in Myanmar using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression model with sample-selection analysis. Results show that consumer acceptance towards edible insects as food is 67%; moderately high in Myanmar, but consumption frequency is occasional. Edible insect consumption is influenced by ethnicity, religion, opinion towards entomophagy, insect phobia, nutritional properties, social concerns, and discomfort. Meanwhile, consumption frequency is influenced by income, ethnicity, family size, taste, smell, and safety concerns. We find that negative opinions, insect phobia, safety concerns, social concerns, and discomfort are significant bottlenecks for insect consumption in Myanmar. In contrast, the nutritional properties of edible insects motivate individuals to consume them. This highlights the importance of increasing public awareness of the benefits of entomophagy, creating a favourable impression, and reducing social fears about insect consumption. Providing novel insect-based foods, such as flour, could boost consumption. The government should implement, monitor and communicate good manufacturing practices to ensure actual and perceived food safety.

Efficacy of Kairomone Lures to Attract Parasitoids of Halyomorpha halys

In its native range, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) is suppressed by parasitoids in the genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Trissolcus native to Utah have demonstrated low parasitism of H. halys, while adventive Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead) have shown parasitism of up to 20%. Custom rubber septa lures containing stink bug kairomones, n-tridecane (attractant), and (E)-2-decenal (repellent), at 100%, 90%, and 80% levels of attractant (10 mg load rate), were placed adjacent to sentinel H. halys egg masses in northern Utah field trials. Egg masses were evaluated for the presence and intensity (proportion of parasitized eggs) of parasitism. Parasitism by T. japonicus and T. euschisti (Ashmead) was low; however, the 100% lure showed double the parasitism of the control and more than three times that of the 90% and 80%. Two-way choice mesocosm trials in the laboratory evaluated previous lures and a lower load rate of 5 mg-100% attractant treatment. Lures of 10 mg at 100% and 80% were more attractive to T. japonicus than the control, while 5 mg at 100% and 10 mg at 90% showed no significant attraction. Our results support a proof-of-concept of rubber septa as release devices for kairomones to attract T. japonicus and provide a baseline for future field-based studies.

Role of herbivore‐induced maize volatiles in the chemotactic behaviour of Telenomus podisi and Diceraeus melacanthus

AbstractPlants respond indirectly to herbivore injury in a species‐specific way and emit a specific blend of volatiles that are attractive to the enemies of herbivores. We evaluated whether maize plants, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), can recognize herbivory damage from a generalist stink bug, Diceraeus melacanthus Dallas (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). This species is not a common pest in maize, but is currently found on maize crops in Brazil. We aimed to answer the following questions: (1) does D. melacanthus use maize plant volatiles for host location? (2) Do maize plant chemical volatile profiles change due to feeding by D. melacanthus? And (3) do herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) emitted by maize plants play a role in the foraging behaviour of the generalist stink bug egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)? The results show that females of D. melacanthus do not use constitutive volatiles or HIPVs as host location cues. However, feeding by D. melacanthus activates maize indirect defence, inducing emission of HIPVs and attracting the herbivore's enemy. Thus, strengthening indirect defence of plants can be a strategy to protect crops in the field by recruiting natural enemies through chemical information, as an additional approach to control D. melacanthus within an integrated pest management program.

A Review of Insect Pest Management in Vegetable Crop Production in Nigeria.

Insect pest infestations and damage can limit the production of vegetables in the farming systems in Nigeria. This review looks at integrated insect pest management as a possible panacea for resolving insect pest issues in vegetable crops. The main vegetable crops which include okra, tomatoes, chilli peppers, cucumbers, green amaranth, carrots and onions are highlighted. The major insect pests of the various vegetables which include foliage beetles, caterpillars, aphids, fruit flies, stink bugs, and grasshoppers are also mentioned. The various control measures that have been empirically verified for the mitigation of the impact of these insect pests, including the application of synthetic insecticides, modification of agronomic practices, use of resistant varieties, application of botanicals, biological and mechanical controls, are discussed. Studies which have been carried out attempting to integrate two or more of the control strategies for better insect pest control are also reviewed. Strategies that can be put in place for the integrated pest management of vegetable insect pests in Nigeria are considered. Among the IPM (Integrated Pest Management) practices instituted for the mitigation of pest infestations on vegetable crops in Nigeria, intercropping of suitable vegetables in combination with the application of aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica and Piper guineense seeds under good farm hygiene and sanitation proved to be most successful.

Seasonal Incidence of Insect Pests and Predatory Fauna in Black Gram

The succession and seasonal incidence of insect pests and predatory fauna in black gram were studied in a field experiment at the Agronomy farm, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during kharif 2019 and 2020. The results revealed nine species of insects (7 pests and 2 predators) from seedling to pod maturity stage. Besides, the peak incidence of whitefly, jassid, flower thrips, tobacco caterpillar, Bihar hairy caterpillar, and spiders were observed during 37th standard meteorological week (SMW); with spotted pod borer and coccinellids, maximum incidence was observed during 38th SMW, and the green stink bug during 35th SMW. Correlation coefficients revealed that tobacco caterpillar had a significant positive correlation with minimum temperature, morning RH and evening vapour pressure; and the incidence of spotted pod borer showed a significant negative correlation with bright sunshine hours and rainfall.

Impact of Post-Harvest Management Practices in Corn (Zea mays L.) Fields on Arthropods in Subsequent Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Plantings.

There is increased adoption of cover cropping and conservation tillage in the USA. Many farmers view these practices as methods for improving their soils. However, different cover cropping and tillage practices conducted post-harvest can have a disparate impact on arthropods within the subsequent cash crop. Field experiments were conducted during 2017 and 2018 at two experimental sites to examine the influences of different post-harvest practices following corn (Zea mays L.) harvest on pests and beneficials in subsequent soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plantings. Experimental treatments included: (1) tillage via chisel plow (CP), (2) no-tillage in which corn residue/stubble remained on the soil surface (CS), and (3) planting a cover crop into corn residue (CC) following corn harvest. Overall, insect herbivore abundance was greater in the CP treatment. Foliar predator numbers were similar among treatments or of greater abundance in CP. The activity density of epigeal insect predators varied according to site and feeding guild. However, spider activity density was greatest in CP. Stink bug egg mortality due to predation and parasitism varied among treatments. However, the percentage of stink bug eggs that hatched was greatest in the CC during both years. Findings suggest that post-harvest practices investigated during this study will have a similar influence on most epigeal and foliar arthropods in soybean.

Insect Growth Disruptors Cause Mouthpart Malformations, Inhibition of Feeding, and Mortality in the Neotropical Brown Stink Bug Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, is the most important sucking pest of soybean crops, quantitatively and qualitatively affecting grain and seed. This study aimed to determine mouthpart deformities, feeding inhibition, and E. heros nymphs’ mortality when in contact with insect growth disruptors (IGDs). The effects of two insecticides of the chitin biosynthesis inhibitor group (CBIs), lufenuron and diflubenzuron, and the juvenile hormone analog pyriproxyfen were tested in the laboratory. CBI application promoted mouthpart deformities, feeding inhibition, alteration of metamorphosis, and mortality of E. heros nymphs. Although pyriproxyfen did not cause mouthpart deformation, it caused certain mortality for nymphs, possibly due to physiological disorders. Lufenuron caused feed inhibition and mortality in less time when compared with diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen. It was also more toxic to 4th instar nymphs. The insecticides, when used in higher concentrations, increased nymph’s mortality in less time. Nymphs with deformed mouthparts were unable to feed and died. All IGDs in the tested concentrations caused 100% mortality and prevented adult formation.

Evaluation of the potential of near infrared hyperspectral imaging for monitoring the invasive brown marmorated stink bug

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is an invasive insect pest of global importance that damages several crops, compromising agri-food production. Field monitoring procedures are fundamental to perform risk assessment operations, in order to promptly face crop infestations and avoid economical losses. To improve pest management, spectral cameras mounted on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as smart traps or unmanned ground vehicles, could be used as an innovative technology allowing fast, efficient and real-time monitoring of insect infestations.The present study consists in a preliminary evaluation at the laboratory level of Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging (NIR-HSI) as a possible technology to detect BMSB specimens on different vegetal backgrounds, overcoming the problem of BMSB mimicry. Hyperspectral images of BMSB were acquired in the 980–1660 nm range, considering different vegetal backgrounds selected to mimic a real field application scene. Classification models were obtained following two different chemometric approaches. The first approach was focused on modelling spectral information and selecting relevant spectral regions for discrimination by means of sparse-based variable selection coupled with Soft Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (s-Soft PLS-DA) classification algorithm. The second approach was based on modelling spatial and spectral features contained in the hyperspectral images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Finally, to further improve BMSB detection ability, the two strategies were merged, considering only the spectral regions selected by s-Soft PLS-DA for CNN modelling.

Seleção de fungos entomopatogênicos para controle de percevejos e bicudo-do-algodoeiro

ABSTRACT Entomopathogenic fungi stand out in the biological control of several agriculturally important insects. Six isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae, Cordyceps javanica, Beauveria sp. and B. bassiana were screened to control Anthonomus grandis, Euschistus heros, Oebalus poecilus, O. ypsilongriseus and Thyanta perditor, important insect pests of soybean, cotton and rice. The bioassays were conducted in a completely randomized design, with four replications (10 insects/replication). Significant differences for virulence were observed between the tested fungal species and isolates. For A. grandis, the most virulent isolate was M. anisopliae BRM 2335, followed by Beauveria BRM 14527 and BRM 67744 [82.5 to 97.5 % of mortality; average lethal time (LT50) of 5.9 to 7.8 days]. M. anisopliae BRM 2335 was also highly virulent to the four stink bug species (75 to 97.5 % of mortality; LT50 of 5.2 to 9.7 days). For the stink bugs, Beauveria sp. BRM 67744 was infectious to O. poecilus (75 % of mortality), but failed to control E. heros (16.9 % of mortality). C. javanica BRM 27666 and BRM 14526 showed average virulence to the stink bugs and A. grandis (17.5 to 57.3 % of mortality; LT50 of 6.0 to 9.7 days). M. anisopliae was consistently more virulent to the stink bugs than the other fungi. Therefore, M. anisopliae BRM 2335 was selected for further studies under screenhouse and field conditions to control A. grandis and other stink bug species, especially E. heros.

Effects of Insecticides on the Control of Mexican Bean Beetle and Stink Bugs in Snap Beans in Virginia, 2022

Effects of Insecticides on the Control of Mexican Bean Beetle and Stink Bugs in Snap Beans in Virginia, 2022