The fatigue performance of the rubber-sleeved stud shear connector, which is a composite of ordinary stud and rubber sleeve, is not clear yet, which limits its application in steel and concrete composite structures subjected to fatigue loading. In this paper, fatigue push-out tests on nine shear connector specimens were conducted to provide insight into the influence of shear stress range and rubber sleeve height on the fatigue performance of shear connectors. Nominal shear stress-based fatigue strength curves for rubber-sleeved stud shear connectors were established. It was observed that the fatigue strength of shear connectors decreases with the rubber sleeve height. In addition, rubber sleeves with low stiffness lead to a larger relative slip growth rate of rubber-sleeved stud shear connectors. However, the static stiffness degradation laws of the ordinary stud and rubber-sleeved stud shear connectors are similar, and a unified static shear stiffness degradation model was established. Moreover, fatigue failure mechanism of rubber-sleeved stud shear connectors was analyzed. The results illustrated in this paper can provide reference for the fatigue design of rubber-sleeved stud shear connectors and support their application in steel and concrete composite structures.