Sternal Cartilage Research Articles

Rhinoplasty Training: An Innovative Learning Approach Using Chicken Breast.

Mastering rhinoplasty surgical techniques requires extensive learning involving theoretical studies, internships, cadaver laboratories, simulators, nonhuman models, and hands-on practice. A novel method using chicken breast simplifies skill development, offering flexibility and accessibility. Training on chicken breast allows surgeons to refine skills through various techniques and grafts. This study focuses on preservation techniques using chicken as a model. Surgical sequences simulate nasal structures using prepared chicken breasts. Documentation through media illustrates procedures from basic to advanced, using materials akin to traditional rhinoplasty but in reduced quantities. Chicken breast tissue, especially sternal cartilage, offers a suitable substrate for practicing techniques and grafting without live human or cadaveric tissue. This method provides an efficient, safe, and cost-effective approach to learning rhinoplasty.

Extraction and characterization of valuable compounds from chicken sternal cartilage: Type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate

Type II collagen (Col II) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are the main macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. This study investigated the characteristics of Col II and CS obtained from chicken sternal cartilage (CSC) via enzymatic hydrolysis for various treatment times. For Col II and CS, the highest efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis was achieved after 24 and 6 h of treatment, respectively. The average molecular weights were α1 chain-130 kDa, β chain-270 kDa for Col II, and 80.27 kDa for CS. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the Col II samples maintained their triple-helical structure and that the predominant type of CS was chondroitin-4-sulfate. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Col II and CS samples possessed fibrillar and clustered structures, respectively. This study suggests that collagen and CS obtained from CSC can be used as promising molecules for application in food and pharmaceutical industries.

An enzymatically crosslinked collagen type II/hyaluronic acid hybrid hydrogel: A biomimetic cell delivery system for cartilage tissue engineering

This study presents new injectable hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid and collagen type II that mimic the polysaccharide-protein structure of natural cartilage. After collagen isolation from chicken sternal cartilage, tyramine-grafted hyaluronic acid and collagen type II (HA-Tyr and COL-II-Tyr) were synthesized. Hybrid hydrogels were prepared with different ratios of HA-Tyr/COL-II-Tyr using horseradish peroxidase and noncytotoxic concentrations of hydrogen peroxide to encapsulate human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs). The findings showed that a higher HA-Tyr content resulted in a higher storage modulus and a lower hydrogel shrinkage, resulting in hydrogel swelling. Incorporating COL-II-Tyr into HA-Tyr hydrogels induced a more favorable microenvironment for hBM-MSCs chondrogenic differentiation. Compared to HA-Tyr alone, the hybrid HA-Tyr/COL-II-Tyr hydrogel promoted enhanced chondrocyte adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and upregulation of cartilage-related gene expression. These results highlight the promising potential of injectable HA-Tyr/COL-II-Tyr hybrid hydrogels to deliver cells for cartilage regeneration.

Supercritical cartilage decellularization: Cosolvent effect on mechanical properties

Decellularized animal tissue may serve as scaffolds in tissue engineering. Despite the well-disseminated use of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for decellularization, SDS-based methods are time-consuming and may cause extracellular matrix (ECM) denaturation. This study explores supercritical CO2 (scCO2) extraction as an alternative to decellularize chicken sternum cartilage. Various scCO2 decellularization methods were tested, including pure scCO2, scCO2 with water, ethanol, or their mixture. SDS outperformed in decellularization but caused the highest extracellular matrix damage. Pure scCO2 treatment for 2 h reduced mechanical resistance due to dehydration. scCO2 with 99 % ethanol led to extensive tissue dehydration, while the addition of 70 % ethanol increased cell removal without significant tissue damage. Further research is recommended to optimize scCO2 decellularization of this tissue with other cosolvents while maintaining adequate hydration.

Step by Step of a Creative Template for Rhinoplasty Training in Chicken Breast

Introduction: Rhinoplasty is a challenging surgery and provides balance, harmony, and symmetry to the face, so it should always be following the exact measurements and plan. Variations in techniques, measurements, and photographic studies have represented the surgeon's work tripod to optimize the aesthetic and functional results of nasal surgery. Furthermore, the creative template for rhinoplasty training will provide the young surgeons improve their practice and develop manual skills. Objectives: To demonstrate the rhinoplasty surgical sequence in a cadaveric animal (chicken) with an objective, systematic, and reproducible way for training the young surgeons. To establish grafts measurements in a clear, readable, and effective way. Casuistic and Method: This research is a prospective study for training the rhinoplasty technique in a cadaveric animal (chicken). The systematization of the surgical sequence in the animal model manufacture grafts for rhinoplasty in an objective way to simulate the nose. The breasts of cadaveric chickens coated with leather were selected and treated in the laboratory in São Paulo, Brazil. The models were photographed and filmed to record the stages of the grafts creation, such as spreader graft, columellar strut graft, shield graft, onlay graft, septal extension graft, alar batten graft, lateral strut graft, alar rim graft, free diced cartilage, combined graft, cap graft, and pump graft. The surgical materials are the same used in rhinoplasty, only in a small amount. Result: Surgical simulation model chicken sternal cartilage provides enough cartilage to practice rhinoplasty sculpting without involving live humans or human cadavers. The cartilage is abundant and properly to simulate the nose. The creative template is a clear, legible, and effective training of rhinoplasty grafts in an animal model. Conclusion: This article provides possibilities for training, creating grafts, and developing rhinoplasty techniques with the chicken breast cartilage. The creative template application shows an objective, clear, and systematic manner of learning without fear the beauty of the rhinoplasty art. This study is specially designed for young surgeons with a very low cost, artistry, and a reproducible way. No competing financial interests exist. No funding was received for this article. Runtime of video: 6 mins 44 secs

Effect of Compound Supplement on the Bone Health of Rats with Osteoporosis Induced by Ovariectomy

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized osteoporosis as the second most serious epidemic in the world. There are many factors in the occurrence of osteoporosis, among which amenorrhea and aging are major causes, therefore the risk of osteoporosis increases with age. Moreover, osteoporosis influences personal health and mobility, and in turn, greatly increases national healthcare expenses. It is known that chicken sternal cartilage (CSC) hydrolysate, salmon nasal cartilage extract, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) extract, mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) extract, soybean extract, calcium citrate, vitamin C, and vitamin D have the potential to reduce bone loss and protect bones. However, this novel combination for improving bone loss has not yet been studied or discussed. Objective: This study discussed the effect of a CSC formula containing chicken sternal cartilage hydrolysate, salmon nasal cartilage extract, turmeric extract, mangosteen extract, soybean extract, calcium citrate, vitamin C, and vitamin D on improving the osteoporosis of rats which had received ovariectomy. Their body weight, body length, serum biochemical value, bone tissue, and biomechanics were analyzed. Design: The 10-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats used in this study were randomly divided into six groups for the experiment, including the sham group (10 rats) and five ovariectomy (OVX) groups (53 rats). Two weeks after the ovariectomy, the following doses were administered to the corresponding groups respectively every day: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solvent group (represented by OVX+CMC), and CSC 339 mg/kg (represented by OVX+CSC-L), CSC 678 mg/kg (represented by OVX+CSC-M), CSC 1356 mg/kg (represented by OVX+CSC-H). The positive control (alendronate, 2.5 mg/kg represented by OVX+AD) was administered three times weekly. The rats were sacrificed 14-weeks after administration of the experimental materials. Results: According to the experimental results, in comparison to the OVX+CMC group, the OVX+CSC-L group, OVX+CSCM group, and OVX+CSC-H group could significantly reduce the N-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen, the N-telopeptide (NTX) concentration, and the osteocalcin concentration in the serum. According to the micro-computed tomography analysis, in comparison to the OVX+CMC group, the femoral bone mineral density, trabecular area percentage, and trabecular thickness of the OVX+CSC-L, OVX+CSC-M, and OVX+CSC-H groups increased significantly, and the trabecular separation decreased significantly. According to the biomechanical analysis, in comparison to the OVX+CMC group, the OVX+CSC-L, OVX+CSC-M, and OVX+CSC-H groups could increase the maximum load, hardness, absorbed energy, and Young’s modulus of the femur significantly. Conclusion: CSC can increase the bone mineral density, trabecular area percentage, and trabecular thickness significantly; it can reduce the trabecular separation, NTX and osteocalcin (OCN) concentrations in serum significantly, and it can retard the bone loss induced by ovariectomy effectively, as well as protect bones. It can be used as a mild and long-term dietary supplement; however, the result of long-term administration to the human body should be observed in the future.

A Literature Review of Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) in Joint Health and Disease

Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) is supplementary which is from chicken sternum cartilage. (Lugo, J. P., Saiyed,…,2015) UC-II has undenatured type II collagen componentand. The safety and capability of UC-II in adjusting joint discomfort in Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis support by previous preclinical and clinical studies. (Lugo, J. P., Saiyed,…,2013) Osteoarthritis (OA) is atrophy joint disease affecting the quality of life of the elderly population. A lot of evidence that nutraceuticals from natural herbs may play essential part in inflammation and joint catastrophe in OA. Moreover, various studies these supplements have been found to be proficient in OA. None of these supplements have reported side effects. However, questions connected to their capability and safety for OA prevention and treatment is quality trials are needed to give absolute answers. (Vaishya, R., Agarwal,…,2018)

Anatomical study of the sternoclavicular joint using high-frequency ultrasound

ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to determine whether ultrasound enables assessment of sternoclavicular structures.MethodsA preliminary study in 3 cadavers was followed by an ultrasound study, performed by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists working in consensus, in 59 patients without history of trauma, surgery or pain in the sternoclavicular joint. The visibility, echogenicity and thickness of the sternoclavicular structures were assessed.ResultsThe anterior sternoclavicular ligament and the interclavicular ligament could be seen in all patients (mean thickness: 1.4 mm and 1.3 mm, respectively). The articular disc was clearly seen in 66.1% of cases, and shoulder antepulsion enabled analysis in an additional 20.3%. Intra-articular joint gas was frequent (33.89% of cases), preventing analysis of the disc in 2 patients. Only the superficial anterior aspect of the clavicular and sternal articular cartilages could be assessed. Joint effusion was seen in 6.8% of cases. Clavicular osteophytes, sternal osteophytes and bone irregularities at the anterior sternoclavicular ligament insertion were detected in 33.9%, 16.9% and 16.9% of cases, respectively.ConclusionThe anterior sternoclavicular ligament, interclavicular ligament and anterior intra-articular structures can be visualized by ultrasound. This means of assessment may have clinical applications, particularly in patients with trauma or microtrauma.

Efficacy and Safety of Dietary Undenatured Type II Collagen on Joint and Motor Function in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study

Objective: Prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing alarmingly worldwide. Slowing down the progression of OA and diverse locomotive organ disorders is gaining interest in improving the quality of life (QOL) and extending healthy life-span. In a pilot study, intake of a small amount of undenatured type II collagen exhibited suppression of damage to the articular cartilage via oral immune tolerance. It also demonstrated improvement of knee and joint flexibility and mobility with continued intake of undenatured type II collagen (NEXT-II®) derived from chicken sternum cartilage. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical investigation (RCT) evaluated the efficacy and safety of 12 weeks of regular intake of NEXT-II® on joint and motor function in healthy Japanese male and female participants (aged 20 to <75 years). Method: Sixty-four participants were randomized to receive either NEXT-II® (undenatured type II collagen 3.2 mg/d) or placebo over a period of 12 consecutive weeks. Efficacy on joint and motor functions were evaluated measuring knee passive range of motion as the primary outcome; the Japan Knee Osteoarthritis Measure (JKOM), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for knee discomfort, and motor functions (10-meter walking and stair-climbing test) as the secondary outcomes; and Japan Low back pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JLEQ) and VAS for lower back discomfort as the exploratory outcomes. Results: Fifty-eight participants (placebo = 28; NEXT-II® group = 30) completed the study. In the assessment of knee passive range of motion, significant improvements in “flexion” and “flexible angle (range)” were observed in the NEXT-II® group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. NEXT-II® induced significant improvements in JKOM, VAS for knee and lower back discomfort, 10-meter walking test, stair-climbing test, and JLEQ. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that undenatured type II collagen is safe and efficacious in improving knee flexibility and mobility, reducing knee and lower back pain, and enhancing motor function.

Oral administration of hydrolysates of cartilage extract in the prevention of osteoarthritis

As a degenerative disease, osteoarthritis (OA) has become a worldwide concern. This study aimed at investigating effects of chicken sternal cartilage hydrolysates (CCH) on the prevention of OA, which was established by medial meniscus resection and anterior to medial collateral ligament operation in rat. After the operation, rats were administrated with CCH, mainly including collagen peptides and chondroitin sulfate, for 12 weeks. Administration of CCH could inhibit abnormal subchondral bone, and then prevent osteophyte formation in a dose-dependent manner. According to histological analysis, administration of CCH at doses of 200 mg kg−1 d−1 and 500 mg kg−1 d−1 significantly ameliorated cartilage damage. Moreover, it significantly improved abnormal collagen metabolism, leading to a significant reduction of collagen loss in cartilage. Therefore, this study indicated that CCH may be used as the potential functional food ingredients for OA prevention.

Biologically active additives in the 21st century: undenatured type II collagen as an example of good medical practice

The paper deals with an update on biologically active additives (BAAs) and emphasizes their role in normalizing and/or improving the functional status of organs and systems, including the gastrointestinal tract microflora, in reducing the risk of diseases, etc. It gives data on the consumption and turnover of BAAs, definitions and classifications of this group of substances, the basic documents governing the control of their production and promotion in different countries and in Russia. Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II ® ) that is made from the chicken sternal cartilage and is a component of Sustaflex is considered as an example of the BAA that is compliant with good medical practice regulations. The therapeutic properties of UC-II ® have been confirmed in clinical trials. The paper describes the mechanism of action of the BAA, evidence for its efficacy and safety, and the possibility of its administration for the prevention and combination treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and its use as an alternative treatment for OA.

Oral administration of a novel hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract (BioCell Collagen®) reduces UVB-induced photoaging in mice

Abstract Excessive exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes skin aging (a process known as photoaging). This study examined whether subchronic (14-week) oral administration of a novel hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract—comprising naturally-occurring primarily hydrolyzed type II collagen peptides, chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, extracted from a single source—could reduce signs associated with photoaging in hairless mice. Administration of the extract to UVB-irradiated mice led to significant increases in skin elasticity and hyaluronic acid content, compared with UVB-irradiated controls. Matrix metalloproteinase expression, transepidermal water loss, dermal inflammatory cells and wrinkles were all significantly reduced by administration of hydrolyzed chicken sternal cartilage extract. This study is the first to demonstrate that oral administration of this novel extract, containing a unique single-source complex of primarily hydrolyzed type II collagen (rather than the more widely studied type I form), chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, reduces UVB-induced photoaging in hairless mice.

Extraction of collagen-II with pepsin and ultrasound treatment from chicken sternal cartilage; physicochemical and functional properties.

A simple and green approach was developed to extract the pepsin soluble collagen-II using the ultra-sonication treatment that significantly increased the extracted yield from chicken sternal cartilage (CSC). The pretreatment of raw CSC had positive effects on proximate composition. The maximum yield of pepsin soluble collagen was obtained by ultrasound treatment time 36min (UPSCII36; 3.37g) as compared to non-ultrasound treated pepsin soluble collagen at zero minutes (UPSCII0; 1.73g) (control). The amino acid profile, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of UPSC were significantly (p<0.05) improved by the application of ultrasound. The results showed the secondary structure of ultrasound treated PSC-II was partially altered as the ultra-sonication time prolonged. Moreover, ultrasound-treated collagen had superior functional properties such as water, oil absorption capacity, water holding capacity, foaming and emulsifying properties than non-ultrasound treated collagen. The poultry by-products CSC would be a potential source of land animal collagen-II. The utilization of ultrasound for the extraction of pepsin soluble collagen-II is a good alternative technology to expand the application of collagen at industrial level.

Effect of ultrasonication on the yield, functional and physicochemical characteristics of collagen-II from chicken sternal cartilage

The aim of this study was to extract collagen from chicken sternal cartilage with ultrasound for various times to investigate the effects of ultrasonic waves and, cavitation energy on the yield, functional and physicochemical characteristics of collagen. The highest yield of collagen was 84.14% based on protein weight after ultrasonic treatment for 36 min. Using SDS–PAGE, the extracted protein was identified as collagen-II and its structural integrity was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The triple helical structure remained the same, but some changes in the secondary structure were observed after longer ultrasonication treatments (≥36 min). The amino acid profile exhibited high thermal stability. The rheological and functional characteristics of collagen were also considerably improved after ultrasonication for the optimal period (24 min). The ultrasonication treatment is an effective process for the extraction of collagen-II from land animal co-products, which will further meet the increasing industrial demand.

Co-production of chondroitin sulfate and peptide from liquefied chicken sternal cartilage by hot-pressure

Co-production of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and peptides was realized from the liquid fraction of chicken sternal cartilage subjected to hot-pressure (HP) by membrane combination separation technology. Cartilage was liquefied via the HP treatment at 110 °C (0.07 MPa) and 120 °C (0.1 MPa) for 0.5 − 2.5 h, respectively. The optimized co-production procedure was as follows: enzymolysis temperature, 61.2 °C; the enzyme ratio of trypsin and papain, 1.3:1 (W/W); enzymolysis time ratio, 2:2 (h/h), under which the highest yields of CS and peptides were 18.85% and 67.99%, and the recoveries were 93.63% and 92.69%. The average molecular weight of CS sample was 67.79 kDa. CS sample was confirmed using agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Taken together, HP can be as a pretreatment method to liquefy cartilage for the industrial co-production of CS and peptides with eco-friendly.

The Effects of Skin Aging Associated with the Use of BioCell Collagen: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial (P06-122-19)

ObjectivesThe aim of the study intended to correlate the effects of the dietary supplement, BioCell Collagen, with any changes associated with skin aging, since dietary supplements claim cutaneous anti-aging properties for their products; however, research supporting these claims remains sparse. MethodsA 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 128 female subjects, aged 39–59 (50.57 ± 5.55) randomly assigned to treatment or placebo. Intervention: Twice daily oral administration of a supplement containing 500 mg of a naturally occurring matrix of collagen type-II peptides, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin sulfate, derived from chicken sternal cartilage, or placebo. Primary outcome measures: trans-epidermal water loss, viscoelasticity, hydration, collagen content, chromophore (melanin) content and hemoglobin level, and photographic analysis. Expert visual grading for facial lines/wrinkles, crow’s feet lines/wrinkles, skin texture/smoothness, and skin tone. Secondary outcomes: Tolerance and incidence of adverse events. Presence of erythema and/or dryness determined tolerance. Participant’s perception of the product’s value. ResultsDietary supplementation significantly reduced facial lines and wrinkles (p = 0.019), crow’s feet lines/wrinkles (p = 0.05), increased skin elasticity (p = 0.05), cutaneous collagen content (p = 0.001), and improved indicators of youthful skin appearance and wrinkle width (p = 0.046), and decreased skin dryness and erythema, compared to placebo. There was no difference between supplement and placebo for skin surface water content or retention. Supplement was well tolerated with no reported adverse reactions. ConclusionsDietary supplementation of this chicken sternal cartilage extract supports the accumulation of types-I/III collagen in skin to promote increased elasticity and reduced skin wrinkling in women 39 to 59 years of age. Funding SourcesBioCell Technology, LLC.

Continuous preparation and characterization of immunomodulatory peptides from type II collagen by a novel immobilized enzyme membrane reactor with improved performance.

In this study, a novel method of continuous coupling of immobilized enzymatic hydrolysis reactor and membrane separation (CIEH-MS) was used to isolate the immunomodulatory peptides from type II collagen (CII) in chick sternal cartilage. The immobilized neutral protease was successfully prepared with an activity of 400.5 U/g. The CIEH-MS system loaded with immobilized neutral protease had high operational stability with enzyme decay constant of 0.0077 and half-life of 89.61hr. Using a CIEH-MS system, the immunomodulatory peptides were obtained with lymphocyte proliferation of 66.23%, peptide yield of 23.43%, degree of hydrolysis (DH) of 22.41%, and permeate flux of 6.17 L/m2 h. The peptide fractions were further purified and the P3-2-4 fraction (RGQLGPM) with 760.4Da molecular weights exhibited the highest lymphocyte proliferation activity (85.54%) and binding ability to human leukocyte antigen-DRB1 (HLA-DRB1) molecules (133.2ng/ml). The results demonstrated that CIEH-MS system is an effective way to obtain immunomodulatory peptides from CII. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Chick sternal cartilage is one of the by-products of meat processing, and it is often discarded as waste or used for low-value purposes. CII is the most abundant collagen in chick sternal cartilage, and recently studies have demonstrated that CII peptides possess the ability to induce immunologic tolerance for the treatment of chronic disease. In order to find potential applications for this by-product, immunomodulatory peptides from CII hydrolysates in chick sternal cartilage were isolated using a novel CIEH-MS system. The result showed that CII peptides exhibited a high immunomodulatory activity, and had a potential application in functional foods and medical fields.

Liquefaction of chicken sternal cartilage by steam explosion to isolate chondroitin sulfate

Chondroitin sulfate (CS), together with peptide, was isolated from the liquid fraction of chicken sternal cartilage subjected to steam explosion (SE) by membrane separation. Cartilage was liquefied via the SE conditions, including various pressures (1.0–1.6 MPa) and times (60–140 s). The extraction procedure was optimized as follows: the amount of papain added, 0.11%; enzymolysis time, 10.5 h; and enzymolysis temperature, 56.5 °C, under which the highest recovery and total yield of CS were 92.15% and 18.55% at 1.4 MPa for120 s, and the counterparts of peptides were 87.35% (1.0 MPa, 140 s) and 63.07% (1.6 MPa, 140 s). The average molecular weight of CS samples ranged from 30 to 35 kDa. CS sample was confirmed using agarose-gel electrophoresis, and the structure was analysed Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Taken together, SE can be an eco-friendly pretreatment method to liquefy cartilage for CS isolation.

Articular cartilage and sternal fibrocartilage respond differently to extended microgravity

The effects of spaceflight on cartilaginous structure are largely unknown. To address this deficiency, articular cartilage (AC) and sternal cartilage (SC) from mice exposed to 30 days of microgravity on the BION-M1 craft were investigated for pathological changes. The flight AC showed some evidence of degradation at the tissue level with loss of proteoglycan staining and a reduction in mRNA expression of mechano-responsive and structural cartilage matrix proteins compared to non-flight controls. These data suggest that degradative changes are underway in the AC extracellular matrix exposed to microgravity. In contrast, there was no evidence of cartilage breakdown in SC flight samples and the gene expression profile was distinct from that of AC with a reduction in metalloproteinase gene transcription. Since the two cartilages respond differently to microgravity we propose that each is tuned to the biomechanical environments in which they are normally maintained. That is, the differences between magnitude of normal terrestrial loading and the unloading of microgravity dictates the tissue response. Weight-bearing articular cartilage, but not minimally loaded sternal fibrocartilage, is negatively affected by the unloading of microgravity. We speculate that the maintenance of physiological loading on AC during spaceflight will minimize AC damage.

Spectrum-Effect Relationships between High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Fingerprints and the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Collagen Peptides.

A total of 13 batches of collagen peptide samples were extracted, isolated, and purified from chicken sternal cartilage under various process parameters. The fingerprint profiles of 13 batches of collagen peptides were established by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, the amino acid profiles and molecular weight distributions of collagen peptides were investigated. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the peptide samples were measured using the 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and an assay of the oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the degenerative cartilage cells from the knee joint of rat C518 (C518 cell line). The anti-inflammatory activities of the peptide samples were assessed by measuring the inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in C518 cells. Subsequently, the spectrum-effect relationships between HPLC fingerprints and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of collagen peptides were investigated using grey relational analysis (GRA). Fifteen common peaks were obtained from the HPLC fingerprints of collagen peptides. Each collagen peptide sample had a characteristic set of amino acid types and contents. All of the hydrolysates of the collagen peptides were primarily composed of fractions II (500–1000 Da) and III (1000–3000 Da). Collagen peptides exhibited good scavenging activity on ABTS radical, DPPH radical, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Collagen peptides were also effective against H2O2-induced cellular oxidative damage in C518 cells. The antioxidant activity of collagen peptides was due to the low molecular weight and the presence of antioxidant and hydrophobic amino acid residues within its sequence. Collagen peptides significantly inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE2 in C518 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity of collagen peptides may include increased synthesis of the key components of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inhibited apoptosis of chondrocytes. The GRA results showed that peaks 2, 3, and 8 were the main components contributing to the antioxidant activity of the collagen peptides, whereas peaks 11 and 14 were the main components contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of the collagen peptides. The components of peaks 8 and 14 were identified as GPRGPPGPVGP and VAIQAVLSLYASGR by UPLC-MS/MS. Those identified collagen peptides offer a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) due to their antioxidative stress and due to them disturbing the catabolism and anabolism processes in arthrodial cartilage.