Stearic Research Articles

Optimization of callus induction protocol from leaf explants of P<i>ortulaca oleracea</i> and assessment of fatty acid profiles

A protocol for optimization of callus culture establishment from leaf explants of Portulaca oleracea L. was developed. The effect of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) on callus induction and synthesis of fatty acids was evaluated. Callus culture was initiated from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 2,4‑dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‑D), a combination of 2,4‑D + 6‑benzyl adenine (BA) or 2,4‑D + kinetin. The maximum callus biomass was obtained at 2.5 µM BA + 2.5 µM 2,4‑D (20.22 g leaf explant–1 fresh weight). The leaves treated with EMS (0.1 to 0.4% h–1) differentiated callus on this optimized medium combination. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of fatty acids indicated that the leaves had a high linolenic acid content (17.72%). The callus cultures synthesized heptadecanoic, oleic, and tricosanoic acids, which were otherwise absent in the leaves. Eicosanoic and docosanoic acids in callus cultures were 2.78 and 3.18 times higher than their content in the leaves, respectively. The diversity of fatty acids in treated callus cultures decreased with increased EMS concentration, but the content of a few individual fatty acids was enhanced. Callus at the dose of 0.1% EMS synthesized linoleic acid, which was two times higher than in the untreated callus, while at 0.2% EMS stearic acid was synthesized, which was absent in the untreated callus. It was concluded that the callus of P. oleracea accumulated different fatty acids, and EMS treatment enhanced the content of a few fatty acids in the cultures.

The effect of increasing canola oil and soybean oil addition to beef cattle rations based on corn silage and barley grain on the in vitro ruminal gas production and rumen fermentation

AbstractThe purpose of the current experiment was to determine the effects of ruminal fermentation parameters of the additions of canola or soybean oils at different rates (4, 8 and 12%) to beef cattle total mix rations (TMR), based on corn silage and barley grain. The addition of 4% soybean oil to TMR positively affected in vitro gas production, net energy lactation (NEL), metabolic energy (ME), and organic matter digestion (OMd). The additions of 8% and 12% of soybean oil to TMR linearly decreased ME, NEL and OMd (p < 0.05). The additions of 4, 8 and 12% canola oil to the TMR linearly decreased the in vitro gas production and estimated fermentation values (ME, NEL and OMd) (p < 0.05). All doses of soybean or canola oils in TMR reduced the molarities of total short‐chain fatty acids (tSFCA), acetic (AA), butyric (BA), propionic (PA), valeric (VA), iso‐valeric (IVA) and iso‐butyric acids (IBA) for in vitro fermentation fluid (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the increasing dietary stearic, oleic and linoleic acid and the end‐products of in vitro rumen fermentation. However, increasing dietary α‐linolenic acids had no adverse effect on in vitro ruminal fermentation end‐products. As a result, 4% addition of the soybean oil, which included a higher rate of α‐linolenic acid and saturated fatty acids and a lower rate of oleic, linoleic acids according to those of canola oil, to the TMR positively affected in vitro ruminal fermentation. In addition, the ≥8% addition of canola or soybean oil adversely affected the in vitro fermentation values.

Associations of the rs12504538 and rs6824447 Polymorphisms of the Elovl6 Gene with Estimated Elongase and Desaturase Activity and Fatty Acid Concentrations in Mexican Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: This study aimed to investigate the possible associations of the rs12504538 and rs6824447 polymorphisms of the Elovl6 gene with estimated elongase and desaturase activity and saturated fatty acid concentrations in Mexican women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Methods: We recruited 172 women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy who had undergone an oral glucose tolerance test, including 66 who had diagnosed with GDM according to the 2016 ADA criteria and 106 who had normal glucose tolerance test results, from the General Hospital and Health Centers of the Health Ministry of Guanajuato, México. Participants were matched by gestational week. Data on age, gestational week and anthropometric characteristics were collected. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fast for the measurement of serum glucose, lipid, NEFA, serum fatty acid and insulin levels; SNP genotyping and quantification of fatty acids was performed and elongase and desaturase activity was estimated. Findings: With the exception of HDL-cholesterol, all variables, including NEFA levels, were significantly greater in the GDM group than in the non-GDM group. The rs6824447 polymorphism of the Elovl6 gene, an age >25 years and HOMA-IR levels were associated with the development of GDM (OR=5.1, 95% CI 1.56-17.1, p=0.006; OR=4.89, 95% CI 1.65-14.4, p=0.003; OR=34.1 95% CI 8.7-133, p<0.000001, respectively). Palmitic acid (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.06-1.11; p<0.001) and oleic acid (OR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.14-1.2; p<0.001) concentrations were also associated with the development of GDM. No differences in the estimated elongase and desaturase activity among the non-GDM and GDM groups were found and only the activity of Δ9D SCD18 desaturase was marginally high in GDM patients (p=0.050). Conclusion: The rs6824447Elovl6 polymorphism is associated with the development of GDM, as are high serum palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid concentrations and estimated Δ9D SCD18 desaturase activity.

Robust mussel-inspired LBL carbon nanotube-based superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge for efficient oil–water separation utilizing photothermal effect

Superhydrophobic materials possessing efficient and rapid oil–water separation capabilities, as well as robustness, have emerged as the epicenter of global attention. Conventional three-dimensional adsorbent materials often succumb to impaired performance under extreme environmental conditions, rendering it arduous to ensure the efficacy of oil–water separation, and confining the application scenarios. In this study, polyurethane sponges (PUs) co-modified with stearic acid (SA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), designated as SA-PDMS/MWCNTs@PU (SPMPU), were successfully synthesized via layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly and liquid-phase deposition. The SPMPU sponge exhibits an overall separation efficiency of not less than 90 %. It boasts a stable adsorption capacity, formidable mechanical properties, and commendable reusability. SPMPU sponges maintain unparalleled stability in extreme environments, such as strong acids and alkalis, and in the photothermal effect experiment, the SPMPU sponge can attain a temperature of 101.5 °C within 2 min, with rapid reaction kinetics, high efficiency, and unwavering stability. Through the photothermal effect-assisted oil–water separation, a reliable solution is furnished for the current oil–water separation endeavors. The SPMPU sponge preparation is uncomplicated, economical, and yields stable performance, holding significant potential for application in marine oil spills and industrial oil–water separation scenarios.

Role of Stearic Acid toward the Gelation of Cocoa Butter and Wheat Germ Oil-Based Oleogels: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Application in Topical Mupirocin Delivery

Role of Stearic Acid toward the Gelation of Cocoa Butter and Wheat Germ Oil-Based Oleogels: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Application in Topical Mupirocin Delivery

Stearic Acid as Polymerization Medium, Dopant and Hydrophobizer: Chemical Oxidative Polymerization of Pyrrole.

In recent years, fatty acids have garnered significant attention as a natural phase-change material and a hydrophobizer due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, the utilization of fatty acid is proposed as a polymerization medium for the first time. As a specific reaction, chemical oxidative polymerizations of pyrrole is conducted using ferric chloride as an oxidant in a stearic acid medium. The polymerizations resulted in the production of micrometer-sized polypyrrole (PPy) grains, which are aggregates of atypical primary particles with submicrometer size. The PPy grains are doped with stearic acid, suggesting that the stearic acid functioned as a dopant and a hydrophobizing agent as well as a polymerization medium. The dried PPy grains can adsorb at the air-water interface and function as a liquid marble stabilizer with light-to-heat photothermal properties. The liquid marble can move on a planar air-water interface by Marangoni flow induced by NIR laser light irradiation.

Genetic and environmental influences on fatty acid composition in different fenugreek genotypes

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) plays a crucial role in both the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its rich nutritional profile and medicinal properties, such as regulating blood sugar and reducing inflammation. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the fatty acid composition in fenugreek seeds, revealing significant variability influenced by genetic and environmental factors. The analysis showed that linoleic acid ranged from 32.16 % to 45.96 %, linolenic acid from 17.3 % to 31.21 %, oleic acid from 11.40 % to 20.32 %, stearic acid from 3.78 % to 6.76 %, and palmitic acid from 8.74 % to 16.44 %. Both genotype and environmental conditions had a profound impact on these profiles, with notable variations arising from differences in water availability. The Israel and Kermanshah (Iran) genotypes recorded the highest linoleic acid levels under irrigated conditions, while the Kayseri (Turkey) genotype exhibited the highest linolenic and stearic acid values across both irrigated and non-irrigated environments. Additionally, the Ahvaz (Iran) and Ukraine genotypes excelled in oleic and palmitic acid concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) biplots further highlighted the complex genotype-environment interactions, providing essential insights for breeding fenugreek varieties optimized for diverse agro-climatic conditions.

Cytotoxic Potencies of Zinc Oxide Nanoforms in A549 and J774 Cells.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are used in a wide range of consumer products and in biomedical applications, resulting in an increased production of these materials with potential for exposure, thus causing human health concerns. Although there are many reports on the size-related toxicity of ZnO NPs, the toxicity of different nanoforms of this chemical, toxicity mechanisms, and potency determinants need clarification to support health risk characterization. A set of well-characterized ZnO nanoforms (e.g., uncoated ca. 30, 45, and 53 nm; coated with silicon oil, stearic acid, and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane) were screened for in vitro cytotoxicity in two cell types, human lung epithelial cells (A549), and mouse monocyte/macrophage (J774) cells. ZnO (bulk) and ZnCl2 served as reference particles. Cytotoxicity was examined 24 h post-exposure by measuring CTB (viability), ATP (energy metabolism), and %LDH released (membrane integrity). Cellular oxidative stress (GSH-GSSG) and secreted proteins (targeted multiplex assay) were analyzed. Zinc oxide nanoform type-, dose-, and cell type-specific cytotoxic responses were seen, along with cellular oxidative stress. Cell-secreted protein profiles suggested ZnO NP exposure-related perturbations in signaling pathways relevant to inflammation/cell injury and corresponding biological processes, namely reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis/necrosis, for some nanoforms, consistent with cellular oxidative stress and ATP status. The size, surface area, agglomeration state and metal contents of these ZnO nanoforms appeared to be physicochemical determinants of particle potencies. These findings warrant further research on high-content "OMICs" to validate and resolve toxicity pathways related to exposure to nanoforms to advance health risk-assessment efforts and to inform on safer materials.

Antioxidant potential and fatty acid composition of Lactarius sanguifluus

Edible mushrooms have been valued as a source of food and traditional medicines since ancient times. Mushrooms have drawn the attention of numerous researchers in recent decades since they contain a variety of bioactive compounds with antibacterial, antiallergic, antidiabetic, antitumoral, and antioxidant activities. As a member of the Russulaceae family Lactarius sanguifluus (Paulet) Fr. (1838) (also known as bloody milk cap) is an ectomycorrhizal edible mushroom distributed in Asia, the Mediterranean shores and mid-Europe. In this study it was aimed to identify the mushroom sample both by physical traits according to the current literature and by molecular techniques. The antioxidant capability of L. sanguifluus methanol extract was evaluated by stable radical scavenging activity and metal ion reducing capability methods. The content of total phenolic compounds and the fatty acid composition of the mushroom sample were also investigated. The mushroom sample was identified both by comparing the physical traits with the current literature and by comparing the sequence data of the ITS region of rDNA with GenBank. The methanol extract of the dried mushroom sample was used to perform the analysis to determine the antioxidant activity and content of total phenolic compounds. It was found that L. sanguifluus methanol extract contained 3.677±0.207 mg GAE/g DW phenolic compounds and exhibited radical scavenging activities as 211.652±0.537 mg TE/g DW against DPPH and 73.389±1.003 mg TE/g DW against ABTS. L. sanguifluus methanol extract also had metal ion reducing capabilities with ferric reducing and cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of 191.903±0.659 mg AAE/g DW and 379.598±7.527 mg TE/g DW, respectively. The GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract of the mushroom sample revealed that palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid were the predominant fatty acids found in L. sanguifluus.

Modulating the behavior of ethyl cellulose-based oleogels: The impact food-grade amphiphilic small molecules on structural, mechanical, and rheological properties

This work evaluates the ability of various lipid-based amphiphilic small molecules (ASMs) to modulate the mechanical and rheological properties of oleogels principally structured by ethyl cellulose (EC). Six ASMs varying in the chemical structure of their polar headgroups were used to produce EC-ASM oleogels. Stearic acid (StAc), monoacylglycerol (MAG), sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL), and citric acid esters of monoglycerides (CITREM) all provided a dramatic enhancement in gel strength, while lactic acid (LACTEM) and acetic acid (ACETEM) esters produced only a marginal increase. Those additives which crystallized above 20 °C displayed pronounced changes in their network organization and crystal morphology in the presence of EC. Differences in the solid/liquid phase change behavior were also observed in select samples using differential scanning calorimetry. Both the small and large amplitude oscillatory shear responses were dependent on the ASM which was dependent on the chemistry of the headgroup, crystal network organization, and ability to plasticize the polymer network. The extent of thixotropic recovery was largely dependent on the polarity of functional groups in the ASMs, but was also influenced by the formation of a secondary crystal network. In general, ASMs which formed larger, system-spanning crystal networks (MAG, StAc) produced more brittle gels, while the highly hydrophilic, charged headgroup of SSL promoted a homogeneous distribution of small crystals, resulting in a tougher material. In the absence of a crystal network, stronger polar species in the ASM headgroup produced higher gel strength and increased elasticity. Thus, both ASM chemical structure and crystallization properties strongly contribute to the functionality of the resulting combined oleogelator systems.

Biochemical analysis and fertilization success of Cirrhinus mrigala ova during induced spawning

Fish egg quality is very crucial in aquaculture sector for production of healthy seed. Egg yolk is an energy reservoir for growth and development of embryo. This study evaluated the biochemical composition and quality of Cirrhinus mrigala eggs at three different hatchery sites of Pakistan, (Site 1= Fish Seed Hatchery, District Pakpattan; Site 2= Sidhuwan Hatchery, Head Balloki, District Kasur; Site 3= Chenab Fish Hatchery, Rangpur, District Muzaffargarh) during induced breeding. For this, a total of 36 (18 males and 18 females) fish brooders, 12 (06 males and 06 females) from each site were utilized. Fatty acids analysis revealed significant differences among three different sites. Saturated fatty acids i.e., palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acids (C18:0) were higher at site 2 compared to the others sites. Monounsaturated fatty acids i.e., Oleic acid (C18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids i.e., Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6) exhibited considerably greater values at site 2 than those of other two sites. Egg mineral contents unveiled remarkable differences, particularly at site 2 indicating significantly higher mineral contents except copper (Cu) in comparison to the other sites. Significant variation exists in fertilization and hatching rates during induced spawning, with the highest values recorded at site 2. It is concluded that biochemical composition of egg especially fatty acid profile and mineral content greatly influences the embryonic development and hatching success of farm reared Cirrhinus mrigala.

Tea polyphenols coating improves physiological properties, microstructure and chemical composition of cuticle to suppress quality deterioration of passion fruit during cold storage

The plant cuticle plays a crucial role in modulating postharvest quality and extending shelf life of horticultural crops. Passion fruit often suffers from quality degradation primarily due to peel wrinkling after harvest. Tea polyphenols (TPs) hold potential for enhancing postharvest preservation. However, the specific effects of TPs coating on preservation of passion fruit, as well as the underlying mechanisms involving cuticle regulation, have not been thoroughly investigated. This study demonstrated that treating ‘Qinmi no.9’ passion fruit with TPs at a concentration of 0.1 g L−1 significantly mitigates weight loss, maintains firmness, and reduces cell membrane permeability during storage at 10 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that TPs treatment notably enhances cuticle thickness and structural integrity. Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and metabolomics analyses indicated that TPs treatment obviously promotes the accumulation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and their derivatives—primarily 12-Octadecenoic acid and 10(E)-Octadecenoic acid—as well as increases the levels of 11-Octadecenoic acid, primary alcohols such as 1-Eicosanol, and long-chain alkanes (including C31 and C32 alkanes) in the fruit peel cuticle. These biochemical changes contribute to the quality maintenance of passion fruit during cold storage. The findings suggest that TPs treatment is a promising biological strategy for extending shelf life and mitigating quality degradation by regulating cuticle metabolism in postharvest passion fruit.

Enhancing flux rates and energy efficiency in membrane distillation through stearic acid-electrosprayed membranes

This study investigates the effects of stearic acid-electrosprayed coatings on commercial PTFE, PVDF, and PA membrane substrates for membrane distillation (MD). Drawing inspiration from prior research involving carbon nanotube modifications, stearic acid was selected for its ability to increase hydrophobicity and reduce heat transfer resistance. The stearic acid was electrosprayed from an ethanol solution onto the substrates, which were subsequently characterized by contact angle, liquid entry pressure, and thickness measurements. The results showed a notable flux increase of 131% for PTFE and 17% for PVDF, but a decrease of 56% for PA. A heat transfer model suggests that stearic acid improves flux by lowering heat transfer resistance in PTFE and PVDF substrates. This study highlights the potential of stearic acid coatings to enhance MD performance, providing valuable insights into improving flux and energy efficiency in MD applications.

Study on binders and pore-forming agents on properties of SiCp particulates preforms

Abstract The effects of the content of the starch, stearic acid, or graphite and binder (sodium metasilicate) on the microstructure, volume fraction, porosity, dimension of the SiCp preforms, and compressive strength were studied. Two methods were used to fabricate the SiCp preforms, that is, SiCp preforms by using the binders of sodium metasilicate or not, respectively, and were calcined in air. The results show that the SiCp preforms were fabricated with starch, stearic acid and graphite as pore-forming agents, which the volume fraction can exceed 54%; used graphite which volume fraction can reach a maximum of 56.2%; After sintered, the dimension of SiCp performs is in the range of 2.9%∼3.2%; The compressive strength of SiCp performs with the binders of sodium metasilicate can reach 35Mpa.

Characteristics of natural corn starch/waste paper fiber composite foams treated by organic-inorganic hybrid hydrophobic coating technology.

With the growing global awareness of environmental protection, the demand for biodegradable materials to replace traditional plastic foam has become increasingly urgent. Starch-based foam, with its abundant availability, low cost, and biodegradability, has shown great potential as an alternative to plastic foam. However, its inherent high hydrophilicity and relatively low mechanical performance limit its widespread application. The aim of this study is to modify corn starch (NCS) and waste paper fiber (WPF) using citric acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA), and to develop an efficient hydrophobic coating through an organic-inorganic hybrid approach. This successfully resulted in the preparation of hydrophobic corn starch/waste paper fiber composite foam materials. Experimental results showed that the foam materials treated with a palmitic acid (PA)-modified nano-SiO2 coating (MCF@PA) exhibited excellent hydrophobic performance, with a water contact angle reaching as high as 138°, and a significant reduction in moisture absorption to 3.1%. In water immersion tests, the material maintained buoyancy and shape stability, demonstrating excellent self-cleaning properties. Additionally, the coating significantly enhanced the material's compressive strength, increasing by 90kPa, while also retaining thermal stability. However, the coating prepared by this method increased the material's hardness and reduced its biodegradability, which poses challenges for environmental sustainability. This study provides a new approach for preparing high-strength foam materials with excellent hydrophobicity and mechanical performance, paving an economical and efficient pathway for industrial production.

Robust ZIF-8 based superhydrophobic coating with anti-icing, anti-corrosion, and substrate universality

The design of superhydrophobic materials based on zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIF) has attracted considerable attention due to their exceptional chemical stability, high specific surface area, and environmental friendliness. However, research in the fields of anti-corrosion and anti-icing remains in its infancy, and the mechanical stability of reported ZIF-based superhydrophobic surfaces is generally poor. In this study, we synthesized ZIF-8@PDA materials in an aqueous system and followed with stearic acid (STA) modification to achieve low surface energy, resulting in ZIF-8@PDA@STA. Subsequently, we applied a spray-coating method to sequentially construct WPU and ZIF-8@PDA@STA layer on aluminum alloy substrates, achieving a ZIF-8@PDA@STA/WPU superhydrophobic coating with exceptional mechanical stability. This coating retained its superhydrophobicity even after 5600 cm of abrasion distance. Furthermore, results from surface wettability, electrochemical and anti-icing tests demonstrated that the coated aluminum alloy exhibited excellent interfacial non-wetting, self-cleaning, anti-fouling, and significantly enhanced corrosion resistance and delayed icing properties. Additionally, the facile preparation of this coating on various substrates facilitates the large-scale application of such materials. The construction of this multifunctional ZIF-8 based superhydrophobic coating is expected to greatly expand the application of ZIF materials across diverse fields.

Development of method and analysis protocol for fatty acids derivatives of castor oil by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Castor oil is a vegetable oil extracted from castor beans, known for its diverse applications across the chemical industry, food industry, skincare products, biodiesel components, and pharmaceuticals. Analyzing the fatty acid composition of castor oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) can be complex due to various factors inherent to fatty acids and the oil's composition. Therefore, the goal of this study is to effectively separate and analyze the major fatty acids present in castor oil using GC-MS. Castor oil was methylated using alcoholic potassium hydroxide, then neutralized with salicylic acid and centrifuged. The supernatant was diluted and injected into the GC-MS with a developed temperature program. The results indicated that castor oil contains five fatty acids: ricinoleic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, stearic acid methyl ester, and palmitic acid methyl ester, with respective concentrations of 87.63%, 1.81%, 6.57%, 2.93%, and 1.07%. Among these, methyl ricinoleate was the most abundant at approximately 87.36%, while palmitic acid methyl ester had the lowest concentration at 1.07%. The order of fatty acids detected was methyl ricinoleate > linoleic acid > stearic acid > oleic acid methyl ester > palmitic acid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an easy and efficient method for the analysis of castor oil. In conclusion, the developed methylation of castor oil and gas chromatography temperature program are suitable for the routine analysis of castor oil.

Biochemical characterization of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) varieties grown in Togo

Food and nutrition insecurity are a major problem in low-income countries. However, some crops like sesame are still underused and can be used to improve the food and nutritional security in rural areas. Grains of seven varieties of sesame comprising four (4) local and three (3) introduced varieties were studied for their nutrient content and oil composition to provide information on their nutritional value and oil quality for a holistic development and valorisation of the crop in Togo. Results revealed that water, ash, lipid, protein, total sugar, fiber, vitamin C, energy, total phenol and tannin contents ranged from 5.08 to 6.30%; 3.94 to 5.40%; 36.69 to 45.62%; 19.52 to 25.37; 11.10 to 19.16; 3.84 to 7.01%; 1.10 to 1.94%; 660 to 953.3 Kcal/ 100g; 0.0020-7 to 0.006% and 0.005 to 0.017%. The oils extracted from these different varieties had saponification and acid indices that ranged respectively from 179.95 to 190.54 and from 4.47 to 8.96. In terms of fatty acid composition, oleic acid and linoleic acid ranged from 37.92 to 42.24% and 36.1 to 39.8% respectively, while palmitic acid ranged from 6.82 to 12.41% and stearic acid from 5.51 to 7.83%. The results enabled us to identify the sesame grains of local varieties G3 and G3B as being suitable for enriching infant flours or for remedying the problems of protein and energy deficiency in Togo. Further, the oils extracted from these varieties are of good quality and can therefore be used in industry and for food purposes.

Inhibition of corrosion of carbon steel in acidic medium by using innovative Gemini nonionic surfactant based on stearic acid

Inhibition of corrosion of carbon steel in acidic medium by using innovative Gemini nonionic surfactant based on stearic acid

Seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonium bacteria improved fatty acid composition of different soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes

BackgroundSoybean is an important crop for food security as it fulfills global oil requirements. Seed inoculation with bacteria is frequently used to increase its production; however, it could change the seed composition. Nevertheless, the genotypes respond differently to the bacteria. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the impact of Rhizobium bacteria on the seed composition. MethodsThis two-year (2018 and 2019) study investigated the effects of seed inoculation with Rhizobium japonicum on fatty acid composition of different soybean genotypes. Three frequently cultivated soybean genotypes, i.e., ‘Gapsoy16′, ‘Traksoy’, and ‘İlksoy’ were included in the study. The seeds were either inoculated with R. japonicum or sown without inoculation. The fatty acid profile, i.e., saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidic acids) was determined, and the collected data were analyzed by single and multivariate analysis. ResultsSeed inoculation with R. japonicum significantly altered the fatty acid composition of different genotypes; however, varied effects were recorded for the genotype. Linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid made up ∼ 33 % of total fatty acids in seeds. Linoleic acid contents varied between 30.78–34.02 %, whereas oleic acid contents ranged between 27.85–31.04 %. Similarly, palmitic acid contents differed between 15.53–16.93 %. The ‘İlksoy’ and ‘Gapsoy’ had the highest contents of palmitic and oleic acids, respectively. Overall, inoculation of bacteria increased the composition of unsaturated fatty acids and lowered saturated fatty acids. ConclusionSeed inoculation with R. japonicum increased the essential fatty acid composition in ‘Traksoy’ genotype. However, ‘İlksoy’ genotype recorded a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, ‘Traksoy’ can be inoculated with R. japonicum to improve fatty acid profile.