Stereotypical Representations Of Women Research Articles

"STEM in Genere”: an impact evaluation

Research on labour market disparities between men and women has long since identified horizontal segregation in the educational system as one of the main factors driving the gender pay gap. One of the factors identified in the literature believed to be at the heart of horizontal gender segregation is the lack of representation and visibility of women in STEM fields. In this paper, we investigate the effectiveness of a program named “STEM in Genere”, developed within the Gender Equality Plan 2022-2024 of the University of Brescia (Italy), which is aimed at contrasting the underrepresentation and the stereotypical representation of women in science among primary and lower secondary school students. Students of participant classes will meet an educator for a total of 2 hours, in which counter-stereotypical thinking of women in science will be stimulated via learning games. Teachers of participant classes will follow in parallel a dedicated workshop about non-stereotypical science teaching. The effects of the program on students' gender stereotypes in science and study/job aspirations will be evaluated via a randomised controlled trial (RCT) conducted in primary and secondary schools of the Brescia province, an affluent province located in the northern part of Italy. In particular, we will randomise classes within participating schools to have a good balance between the statistical power of the experiment and potential contamination threats. The contribution of this evaluation is threefold. First, we will collect first-hand data on students' views and aspirations in a country - Italy - in which the population traditionally holds quite conservative views about gender roles. Second, we will provide robust, experimental evidence on the effectiveness of the program “STEM in Genere”, which is potentially scalable nationwide. Lastly, we will contribute to the methodological debate about question framing in survey methodology, by randomly varying the formulation of the questions in the surveys. Policy implications for educational and learning environments will be discussed.

Stereotypical Representation of Women in Junior High School Textbook: A Study of the Textbook English Published by Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press

Supervised by SDG goals (Gender Equality and Quality Education) and renewed national standards, China is performing an ongoing reformation of education curriculum, aiming to eradicate gender discrimination of all kindsincluding the omission and stereotyped representation of females in textbooks. To undo the historical preconceptions towards females and build impartial cognition in students, this paper demonstrates a critical approach to exam and refine the acclaimed textbook English (SFP Oxford Edition). The research adopted data collected by Sheng to testify the low participation of female figures in this textbook, and by deep down analyzing the contents of all six textbooks, the prescribed occupation for women, the inadequate representation of motherhood and heroine, and the omission of minority groups have been revealed. This research deconstructed the widely-used textbook in China, raised and categorized problems on equal and precise gender representation, which will guide and facilitate the development and iteration towards ideal textbook.

(Post-)Modernism and Cyborg Writing in George Egerton’s “The Regeneration of Two” (1894)

(Post-)Modernism and Cyborg Writing in George Egerton’s “The Regeneration of Two” (1894)

Unveiling Stereotypes, Disparity, and Framing: A Critical Analysis of Women’s Representation on Vanitha Magazine Cover Pages

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the representation of women on the cover pages of Vanitha, one of India’s most circulated women’s magazines, spanning from January 2019 to August 2021. Employing a content analysis methodology, we collected and analysed sixty-six cover pages from the magazine, utilising descriptive statistics and visual analysis to gain insights into the portrayal of women. Our findings reveal a pervasive and stereotypical representation of women on the magazine’s cover pages. While females are prominently featured, there remains a significant disparity in age, colour, class, and social status among the featured models. Older women are conspicuously absent from the cover pages, while middle-aged and young women conform to the societal norms dictated by patriarchal structures. Moreover, the cover pages predominantly display single portraits, perpetuating the normalisation of patriarchal ideals surrounding the “ideal” woman. The multidimensionality of the female psyche is primarily overlooked, failing to represent women’s diverse experiences and complexities accurately. Furthermore, our research highlights the dominance of male and female actors as the primary stars featured on the magazine covers, followed by a limited presence of models, politicians, singers, and authors. Additionally, we observe a tendency for cover photographs to emphasise a seductive effect rather than effectively communicating the magazine’s content. Examining the cover lines, we identify several dominant frames: health, celebrities, beauty, food, relationships, career, festivals, astrology, entrepreneurship, travel, and politics. These frames reflect the magazine’s prioritisation of topics and align with the interests and concerns of its target audience. In conclusion, our study underscores the need for more inclusive and diverse representations of women on Vanitha’s cover pages. By challenging stereotypical portrayals, addressing the disparity in age and social status, and adopting a more nuanced approach to the female experience, the magazine can foster a more empowering and authentic representation of women in its content.

Yuni: Stereotype Representation Of Women

This study was conducted to find out how the stereotypical representation of women is shown in the film titled Yuni. Yuni is a film produced by Fourcolours Films, Akanga Film Asia, Manny Film. There are criticisms that this film raises the stereotype of women in one of the areas in Indonesia which is the background for this film, namely Serang, Banten. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using the narrative analysis method of Vladimir Propp. The subject of this research is a film with the title Yuni which is seen from the narrative structure. Meanwhile, the object of research to be analyzed is the representation of women's stereotypes. The results showed that the film with the title Yuni was not able to optimally change the patriarchal pattern system. At first, the narrative of this film tries to break the stereotype of local culture with the strong stance of the main character named Yuni. However, the end of the film is very realistically depicted that women will tend to accept the existing stereotypes.

Yuni: Stereotype Representation Of Women

This study was conducted to find out how the stereotypical representation of women is shown in the film titled Yuni. Yuni is a film produced by Fourcolours Films, Akanga Film Asia, Manny Film. There are criticisms that this film raises the stereotype of women in one of the areas in Indonesia which is the background for this film, namely Serang, Banten. This type of research is descriptive qualitative using the narrative analysis method of Vladimir Propp. The subject of this research is a film with the title Yuni which is seen from the narrative structure. Meanwhile, the object of research to be analyzed is the representation of women's stereotypes. The results showed that the film with the title Yuni was not able to optimally change the patriarchal pattern system. At first, the narrative of this film tries to break the stereotype of local culture with the strong stance of the main character named Yuni. However, the end of the film is very realistically depicted that women will tend to accept the existing stereotypes.

African video films: Stereotypes and narrative crumple in the quest for transnationality in Dar 2 Lagos

This article takes a close-up look at Dar 2 Lagos, a film by Femi Ogedegbe, focusing on how the film attempts to feature transnational elements in filming across Africa. The film which demonstrates a new trend in filmmaking practices in Africa introduces possible multinational collaborations which are likely to offer opportunities for talents and producers to team-up and utilize not only talents and stories but also beautiful locations around the continent. However, such opportunities for the industry to cater for the demand of the audience with stories that people across the continent share and relate to is haunted by the film’s stereotypical representation of women. While I read Dar 2 Lagos as the industry’s effort to unite the two emerging film industries in Africa, Nigeria’s Nollywood and Tanzania’s Bongo Movies, I also highlight the way the film segregates women in the union process. I use a textual analysis to argue that although the current film practice in Africa attempts to ease border crossing, Dar 2 Lagos permits only male stories, ideas, narratives, talents and bodies to unrestrictedly move between African nation-states and beyond. The film’s narrative denies free movement of the female bodies and their passions. This stereotypical practice of the medium perpetuates the past cultural practices and therefore jeopardises a clear envisioning of the future of film production in Africa.

Bank Advertisements in Newspaper Websites and the Representation of Gender

Many individuals in the country are beset by financial woes and this has led most of them to search for information on the way to manage their finances. Many people read the newspapers especially online newspapers. Banks have often placed their advertisements using online news portals because it will easily reach various segments of the community. This paper is a study on bank advertisements in Bahasa Malaysia and English newspaper websites and the manner in which gender is represented in these advertisements. This study has found that there are stereotypical representation of women as being less successful than men whereas men are portrayed as more successful than the former. It is recommended that banks should change with the times and start acknowledging women as equally as successful in life and portray this image in their future advertisements as this will most probably attract more female clients to their financial institution. Keywords: banks, online, gender, representation, advertisements, stereotype

The stereotypical representation of women in the classic fairy tales Snow White, Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty

The stereotype that emerges from some classic fairy tales is a princess who has a beautiful face and an angelic heart, a prince on a white horse who is handsome and charming, and a happy ending forever. These three sweet things are generally always the main menu served in bedtime fairy tales, including the classic fairy tales Snow White, Cinderella, and Sleeping Beauty. Besides sounding beautiful, the plot and characterization presented in the classic fairy tale represent a woman through feminine standards packaged through stereotypes. This research uses qualitative research methods and narrative analysis. The research results found details of the seven functional characters of the characters in the fairy tale. It can then be seen that various stereotypical representations aimed at women in the three tales, ranging from the obsession with natural beauty, misconceptions about the meaning of ambition, and marriage, are the solution for all the problems of a woman.

The Stereotypical Representation of Females in Women’s Health Magazine’s Cosmetic Advertisements

This research examines how the ideal white beauty is portrayed in the cosmetic advertisements in a popular women’s magazine named Women’s Health, which is mainly based on the topics of health, diet, fitness and fashion, and how this contemporary women’s magazine uses the stereotypical representations of women in the cosmetic advertisements. With this aim, this paper bases its argument on the cultivation theory, which points out that the media indeed constructs the world that others should live in, and it presents the gender stereotypes that they should embrace (Bögenhold & Naz, 2018: p. 60). Thus, it is the media, which shapes how people understand the gender representations in real life. In this research, the researcher has used social semiotics as a method in order to reveal that. It is seen that the magazine basically uses five different stereotypical representations of women, which are the sex kitten, the classic and feminine model, the cute model or lolita, the trendy model, and the casual model. The magazine creates a perception that wearing make-up is essential for good-looking and attracting the opposite sex and by using most of the models as a decorative object, the magazine uses benevolent sexism. Overall, the magazine shows to the average women how gender roles should be perceived through stereotypical representations so that they can apply them in real life. Nevertheless, the usage of an elderly woman creates a contrast in the stereotypical representation therefore it is seen as progressive. Thus, the magazine, which takes a broad-minded step, breaks the conventional representation of women in the cosmetic advertisements.

Gender Representation in Simba and Yanga’s Joking Cartoons in Tanzania

ABSTRACTSimba and Yanga are popular soccer teams in Tanzania and are known as long-time joking partners. Several cartoons have emerged in relation to their joking relationship. This paper examines how gender is represented in the joking cartoons between these two soccer teams in Tanzania. The focus of this paper is on the cartoons that display male and female characters. The guiding questions are: How is gender represented in these joking cartoons? What are the themes conveyed by that representation? What is the broader role of such gender depiction in the entire Tanzanian society? The data for this study were collected from blogs and websites. By using Social Identity Theory, this study found that some cartoons seem to disadvantage women by depicting them as incapable of fighting for success in life as they are portrayed as failures. The study also revealed that the themes conveyed by gender representation in these cartoons are sports (victory and defeat), marriage, love and sex, religion, leisure and entertainment, reproduction and decision-making. Despite the fact that these cartoons are about jokes in sports, they demonstrate a traditional stereotypical representation of women as unsuccessful and compliant and men as successful and decisive.

Efekti prikazivanja žena u reklamama na formiranje stavova potrošača

The influence of advertising on creating social attitudes and customer behavior is visible both on rational and emotional level. Due to that, advertising creates psychological effects, and is also in conflict with moral and ethical standards of the society which should be based upon. Stereotypical representation of women in advertising, which usually includes images of a housewife, business woman with no family, or just an ornament, can be found in all kinds of ads, such as TV and Internet commercials, billboards, on a daily basis. However, the paradox which women very often face, with no clear connection with the product or service which is been advertised, brings up the following questions as the purpose of this paper: whether frequent representation of women in advertisements is necessary, or desirable even, whether the suggested models of women's beauty which is promoted in this way, are the most powerful 'means' for sales. If it is the most powerful means, is it possible to settle two opposing phenomena that arise from such a fact - the social one, which puts a woman in a negative context, has a negative effect on her personal satisfaction and self-confidence, and is opposed to the morals and ethics, and the marketing one, which has an aim of attracting consumers, thus changing their attitudes towards purchasing.

“Scrutinize her actions, punish her body to saver her soul”: The Figure of the Governess in Jane Eyre


 In 1840s the figure of the governess, particularly her sexuality became a subject of much concern to the periodical essayists. The Victorian period, as Foucault argues saw an immense proliferation of discourses about sex. Sexuality thus came into being as the ultimate open secret. This justified the attention devoted to the distressed governess by emphasizing the central role she played in reproducing the domestic ideal- on one hand she, as a teacher was to teach her students ‘accomplishments’ that would attract a good husband and later make them good wives and mothers yet at the same time police the emergence of undue assertiveness or sexuality in her maturing charges.
 The employment of women as governess also mobilized and engaged with two of the most important representations of women: the figure who epitomized the domestic ideal-the wife/mother, and the figures who threatened to destroy it-the working-class women/prostitutes.
 
 It is within these contexts that the paper will try and place Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. The paper would also analyse the way this stereotypical representation of women throws light on the condition of women in general and working-class women.

“Scrutinize her actions, punish her body to saver her soul”: The Figure of the Governess in Jane Eyre

In 1840s the figure of the governess, particularly her sexuality became a subject of much concern to the periodical essayists. The Victorian period, as Foucault argues saw an immense proliferation of discourses about sex. Sexuality thus came into being as the ultimate open secret. This justified the attention devoted to the distressed governess by emphasizing the central role she played in reproducing the domestic ideal- on one hand she, as a teacher was to teach her students ‘accomplishments’ that would attract a good husband and later make them good wives and mothers yet at the same time police the emergence of undue assertiveness or sexuality in her maturing charges. The employment of women as governess also mobilized and engaged with two of the most important representations of women: the figure who epitomized the domestic ideal-the wife/mother, and the figures who threatened to destroy it-the working-class women/prostitutes. It is within these contexts that the paper will try and place Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. The paper would also analyse the way this stereotypical representation of women throws light on the condition of women in general and working-class women.

Intertextual Echoes: Emblems, Rabelais, and Heptaméron 13

This article argues that in novella thirteen of the Heptameron , Marguerite de Navarre positions her text against misogynistic and iconographical representations of women found in works by Guillaume de La Perriere, Gilles Corrozet, and Rabelais. The article begins with a brief overview of the representations of women found in emblems of the period and in Rabelais's work. Next, the article analyzes novella thirteen from the perspective of emblematics. This analysis reveals how Navarre deploys emblematic structures and a technique of inversion in her tale in order to position her work against contemporary misogynistic and stereotypical representations of women.

Women bloggers: Identity and the conceptualization of sports

With the emergence of the blogosphere, women have gained a unique opportunity to share their experiences. This study explored the formation of self and the conceptualization of sports in the “Sports Blog” directory of BlogHer, a women’s blog network. A content analysis of 449 profiles in the directory revealed that women bloggers tend to use blogging to document personal experiences of participation in sports and to provide resources for others about physical activity, health, and fitness. Women’s active and participatory relationship with sports defies both stereotypical representations of women in mainstream sports media and hegemonic masculine discourses replicated in the blogosphere. We suggest that women who blog about sports challenge assumptions about sports consumption and engagement in sports. This study offers an alternative conceptualization of sports blogging as well as a broader understanding of the role of sports in women’s lives.

Gender Trouble in Hongkong Cinema

The authors conduct a brief survey of some recent examples of the Hongkong cinema, focusing on questions surrounding the portrayals of female and male characters in them. Today's Hongkong films, society and culture are just now taking tentative steps towards an awareness of gay and lesbian themes, and in some measure, of feminism. How are different types of female characters presented in contemporary Hongkong cinema? How does the traditional Chinese view of "male" differ from the West's? The recent trend that has "gender-bending" characters appearing in a number of Hongkong feature films is also examined. The authors maintain that stereotypical representations of women, men, and homosexual characters persist in the Hongkong film industry, that honest portrayals of gay and lesbian characters are mostly absent from the movie screens of the Crown Colony.

Gendered Constructions of Professionals in Daycare

In The Netherlands the boys' problem debate in education has expanded to daycare, concerning the children between 0 and 4 years of age. Women daycare workers are blamed by mainstream media for frustrating boys' need for physical activity and adventure. In 2004 we conducted a study, involving 96 daycare workers in 36 daycare centers in a Dutch city. We addressed the research question whether the stereotypical representation of women's daycare work in the media is an adequate picture of these professionals' perceptions of their work in daycare. Findings indicate that the stereotypical images of women daycare workers in the media-debates do not resemble the personal qualities and professional characteristics that these daycare workers ascribe to themselves.

Pedagogical professionalism and gender in daycare

In the Netherlands, moral panic about boys’ education and behavioural problems has led to public concern about the almost exclusively female environment in which young boys in daycare find themselves. Female daycare workers are attacked for creating a feminized culture in daycare centres. In this article we explore the extent to which these media stereotypes about female workers in daycare coincide with their own ideas and experiences of their work. In 2004 we conducted a (preliminary) study involving more than 80 childcare students in an intermediate vocational training programme in Social Pedagogic Work to qualify them to work in daycare centres in the Netherlands. The results of the study do not support the binary stereotypical representation of women’s professional and personal characteristics as an adequate picture of these trainees’ opinions of their work in early childhood care.

‘On location’

The interconnected and globalized industries of tourism, fashion and the media are profound and unsuspected agents of cultural pedagogy and investigation of travel-fashion iconographies from a tourism studies perspective is overdue. In this article we explore discourses of tourism, place and gender as articulated in the lifestyle magazine Condé Nast Traveller. Based on a critical textual analysis, the article premises that the fashion features of such magazines form an element in the circle of representation and that their narratives are rooted in heteropatriarchal discourses embedded in imperialist conceptions of desire and the exotic. Analysis of a fashion feature photographed in Hong Kong reveals how the myths and fantasies privileged within the discourses of both the tourism and the fashion industries entwine, so that sexualized and stereotypical representations of women are seen to exoticize and eroticize tourism destinations, particularly Asia.