Stereotypical Beliefs Research Articles

Explanation of the Opportunity Identification Model Based on Gender Restrictions Affecting Women's Entrepreneurial Identity

Background: Stereotypical beliefs and gender biases play a limiting and discouraging role in the development of women's entrepreneurship, which can have a significant impact on women's willingness to become entrepreneurs. Methods: This research aims to identify and analyze the gender-based limitations affecting the entrepreneurial opportunities of female entrepreneurs using a mixed-methods approach. This research is applied in terms of its objective. In the qualitative phase, 14 experts were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was conducted through library studies and semi-structured interviews. In this section, the data were analyzed in three stages: open, axial, and selective coding, which resulted in the identification of 51 indicators and 12 components. The research questionnaire was designed based on these indicators. In the quantitative section, the statistical population was all female entrepreneurs in the pharmaceutical companies under study, which totaled 425 people. Using Cochran's formula and a simple random sampling method, 170 people were selected as the sample size. Data collection was carried out using a researcher-made questionnaire, whose reliability was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89 and validity using expert opinion. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and PLS3 Smart software. Results: Based on the research findings, 12 components of social, cultural, economic, educational, legal, behavioral, personality, individual, commercialization, knowledge enhancement, entrepreneurial awareness, and market recognition limitations were identified under the title of dimensions and components of gender-based limitations affecting women's entrepreneurial opportunities. The results also showed that social limitations (β=-0/578), cultural limitations (β=-0/429), economic limitations (β=-0/408), educational limitations (β=-0/346), legal limitations (β=-0/297), behavioral limitations (β=-0/215), personality limitations (β=-0/189), and individual limitations (β=-0/138) have a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurial opportunities

Stéréotypes d’incompétence des bénéficiaires du RSA : une enquête auprès des professionnels de l’insertion du RSA

BackgroundRSA beneficiaries constitute a stigmatized group within the French population. The stereotype of incompetence, defined very broadly, appears central in this stigmatization, even though the valorization of skills is a fundamental aspect of professional integration support. ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to identify the domains of skills stigmatized in RSA beneficiaries by insertion professionals and the factors associated with this stigmatization. MethodAn online survey was conducted with a specific measure of the stereotype of incompetence and its associated factors. Participants must be insertion professionals working with RSA beneficiaries. Participants were recruited on professional social networks. ResultsThe responses of 427 participants were analyzed. The results reveal four domains of strongly stigmatized skills: the competence to make decisions regarding one's health, the competence to be effective at work, the competence to maintain good social relationships, and the ability to control one's emotions. Beliefs regarding the possibility of professional integration, perceived similarities between professionals and RSA beneficiaries, and the type of support are factors associated with less stigmatization of skills. ConclusionRSA beneficiaries are the subject of multiple stereotypes of incompetence among insertion professionals. These different domains of stereotypical beliefs are therefore a relevant target for promoting RSA beneficiary support types aimed at reducing stigmatization and promoting their professional integration.

Discounting Counter-Stereotypical Representations in Entertainment Based on Existing Beliefs

ABSTRACT Exposure to counter-stereotypical portrayals in entertainment media has been shown to impact attitudes toward marginalized groups in previous studies, which reveal generally positive but sometimes inconsistent effects. To better understand the role of individual differences in these outcomes, this study examines how perceptions of realism, character typicality, and persuasive intent are influenced by existing stereotypical beliefs. Individuals with high gender- and race-related stereotype endorsement about intelligence were found to perceive counter-stereotypical representations of brilliance as externally unrealistic, undermining the potential for portrayals to positively impact attitudes. This relation was mediated by perceptions of character atypicality. The role of persuasive intent in this process remains inconclusive. By elucidating these mechanisms, this research identifies factors that may impede the prosocial impact of media representations in improving attitudes toward stereotyped groups.

Investigating the Impact of Teacher Anxiety and Stereotypical Thinking on Spatial and Mathematical Education in Malaysia

This research is a case study of teacher anxiety and stereotypical beliefs' impact on spatial-mathematics education in Malaysia. It also examines how these variables are related to the quality of instruction, teacher retention, and student outcomes. In this study, 246 math and spatial education teachers and an average of seven students from 650 representative primary and secondary schools in Malaysia were included in the research. This uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. Results: It was concluded that when it comes to maths education, low teacher anxiety is considered very important on the level of effective teaching, and student-engaged Ness had a significant role in isolating gender differences. These results indicate a need to develop interventions to reduce teacher anxiety and gender stereotyping, elements that may contribute toward an inclusive classroom that supports learning. These actions are vital to the progress of student performance and the hunting of educational equity in Malaysia.

“What’s that supposed to mean?”: Examining Chicanx/Latinx transfer student intersectional microaggressions at a public four-year research-intensive university

ABSTRACT This study employed a Critical Race Theory’s intersectionality framework to examine microaggressions Chicanx/Latinx students experienced targeting their transfer student identity while simultaneously interrogating their racial, ethnic, class, and gender identities. The authors define transfer student intersectional microaggressions as microaggressions rooted in stereotypical beliefs that associate the community college transfer student identity with racialized, classed, gendered, and ageist-based assumptions to suggest lower academic abilities, socioeconomic status, and/or a questionable moral character. Based on a qualitative case study of 16 Chicanx/Latinx transfer students at a research-intensive public institution, two major forms of transfer student intersectional microaggressions emerged: (1) interrogation of perceived academic/intellectual capabilities and (2) interrogation related to race, class, gender, and/or age. Participants consistently grappled with the impact of microaggressions on their intersecting identities. This study revealed that the transfer student identity amplifies intersectional oppression for Chicanx/Latinx students. The authors offer policy and practice recommendations.

Cultural and National Peculiarities of Russian and Chinese Proverbs with Component ‘Mouse’

The study examines the cultural norms of Russian and Chinese cultures as represented in proverbs with the key component “mouse”. Thirty-three Russian and nine Chinese proverbs extracted from dictionaries are analyzed. The author describes the cultural stereotypes of Russians and Chinese regarding individuals, aspects of their lives, social roles, and life experiences embodied in proverbs featuring the component “mouse”. It is noted that only two socio-cultural representations of both nations in the studied expressions intersect: five Russian and one Chinese proverb metaphorically speak of a person’s cowardice when facing a strong opponent (usually symbolized by a cat) and the impossibility of resisting them. Russian proverbs are characterized as declarative, drawing on the life experience of socially insignificant individuals who find it difficult to resist the powerful. In contrast, Chinese proverbs reflect on life’s difficulties, also featuring an opposition between the “strong” and the “weak”. To compare cultural norms in Russian and Chinese proverbs with modern stereotypical beliefs of language speakers, an associative experiment was conducted. The author concludes that the associative series of modern language speakers is more pragmatic than the cultural norms reflected in proverbs.

Biased search engine autosuggestions against females and immigrants can lead to hiring discrimination: An experimental investigation

This article addresses the effects of biased search engine autosuggestions on hiring discrimination against females and immigrants. In two pre-registered experiments (N1 = 266, N2 = 263), we exposed the participants to biased autosuggestions against these two groups in certain occupations (female lapidaries in Study 1 and immigrant rideshare drivers in Study 2) and measured the hiring preference. We found the biased autosuggestions affected the hiring preference, contingent on stereotypical beliefs of the respective groups: When the group was perceived less warm (e.g., females less warm than males), the biased autosuggestions increased users’ hiring discrimination against the group. In contrast, when the group was perceived warmer (e.g., immigrants warmer than non-immigrant citizens), the biased autosuggestions triggered a reactance response, reducing their hiring discrimination.

True and Moral by Repetition: Unveiling the Impact of Exposure on Positive Stereotypes Perception

Despite their apparent benevolence, positive stereotypes have negative effects on person and group perception. However, little is known about how exposure can intensify these negative consequences. In two pre-registered experiments (total N = 240) we investigated the effect of exposure on believability and moral condemnation of positive stereotypes. In Experiment 1, participants rated the truth value of positive stereotypes, which were either previously encountered or not during an exposure phase. Repeated positive stereotypes were perceived as more true than unrepeated ones, indicating a truth effect. In Experiment 2, we replicated the truth effect and further found that exposure to stereotypes reduced their moral condemnation, indicating a moral-repetition effect. Extending the truth effect and moral-repetition effect research to positive stereotypes, our findings emphasize the need to raise awareness of the impact of exposure on reinforcing the believability and moral condemnation of stereotypical beliefs.

Profiling adolescents' vulnerability to racial misinformation: An hybrid intervention aimed at promoting mediated intergroup contact

AbstractThis study addresses the issue of adolescents' susceptibility to racial misinformation, testing a socio‐analytical intervention within an educational community through the inducement of analytical processing of misleading news on one side, and mediated contact on the other. Rolling Minds web app has been designed to implement a hybrid schools intervention thanks to which classmates engage with conversational agents, guiding them in deconstructing racial stereotypes, reframing misleading narratives and empathizing with immigrants' point of view. All the intervention activities aim to enhance intergroup contact. For this purpose, in this study, which involved 208 young participants (mean age 14.65; SD = 0.74), we pursued two research objectives. Firstly, by employing a person‐centred approach, our first research question (RQ1) is to identify subgroups of adolescents based on their propensity to engage in analytical reasoning, stereotypical beliefs and self‐transcendence values, finding different vulnerability clusters to racial misinformation. In relation to the emerging profiles, their reactions to the misleading news were initially observed (ie, sharing and fact‐checking). Secondly, regarding the second research question (RQ2), through path analysis we aim to understand whether and how adolescents characterized by different profiles vary in performing activities of socio‐analytical intervention aimed at enhancing contact intentions. These results can guide the development of tailored hybrid educational strategies to engage young people in approaching racial online misinformation in a more reflective and unbiased manner, considering the adolescents' individual differences in vulnerability to racial hoaxes.

Looking Back to Advance Equity in Psychiatric Nursing: Strategies for the Classroom and for Practice.

With deep historical roots in psychiatry, structural racism persists in psychiatric nursing today. Psychiatric nurses may hold implicit biases and stereotypical beliefs that influence how they perceive, assess, and interact with people from different racial backgrounds, leading to discrimination, poor treatment, and misdiagnosis. To eliminate discrimination in clinical care and diversify the workforce, there is an urgent need to integrate teaching and learning strategies that address influences of racism and racial identity in psychiatric nursing education. This article explores the historical context and proposes antiracist psychiatric nursing teaching and practice interventions to reduce the harms of racism.

The relationship of stereotypes, social distance and sexuality knowledge with attitudes towards sexuality of people with mild intellectual disabilities.

The present study examines the relationship between stereotypical beliefs about people with intellectual disabilities, desire for social distance, and general knowledge about human sexuality with attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with mild intellectual disabilities. Two hundred fifty participants from staff, family and community samples completed an online set of questionnaires. Higher agreement with stereotypical beliefs and lower sexual knowledge were associated with less normalising and more paternalistic attitudes towards the sexuality of adults with mild intellectual disabilities. Higher agreement with stereotypical beliefs was also associated with more negative attitudes. On the other hand, willingness to interact with these adults was associated with more normalising and less paternalistic attitudes. Interventions that aim to support adults with intellectual disabilities in relation to their sexuality should also address the perceptions of their support network towards them as individuals with disabilities, as well as their knowledge about sexuality.

Stereotypical behavior vs. expectations: Gender differences in a dictator game

In general gender differences have frequently been studied in experimental economics, but the findings remain inconclusive. In this study, we focus on gender differences in expectations and gender specific stereotypic mindsets in a dictator game, building on Blanckenburg, Tebbe, & Iseke (2023). We add to prior work by differentiating between stereotypical behavior and stereotypical expectations. Accordingly, we extended the classic dictator game by three steps in order to study whether recipients develop stereotypical beliefs regarding the dictator’s gender based on the amount of money the dictator has allocated to them. First, we asked recipients to estimate the amount. We then revealed the amount the dictator actually allocated to the recipient and finally, we asked the recipient to assess the dictator’s gender. In contrast to and building on previous results which show no gender differences regarding the amount the dictators allocate, we find evidence for stereotypical expectations of the recipients based on the amount the dictator allocates to them.

Attitudes and behaviours of mental health professionals in the care of transgender people: A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Transgender people face against significant barriers in accessing mental health services due to, among other reasons, discrimination and a lack of expertise among professionals. To explore the beliefs and attitudes of professionals in the mental health network of the region of Murcia towards transgender people, focusing on aspects such as knowledge, perceptions, and prejudices about gender identity. We carried out a qualitative study involving 14 participants, conducting semi-structured interviews based on prior knowledge of the topic. We asked the professionals about their experiences and challenges in their clinical interaction with transgender users and followed an inductive-deductive process to analyse the data. Two main themes were identified from the interviews, which were sub-categorised into different sub-themes: (a) beliefs about transgender people: underlying factors and origins of gender diversity, health needs, and stereotypes about the demand for health care; (b) attitudes and behaviours of professionals towards transgender people: pathologization and attitudes towards decision-making. Our findings suggest that mental health professionals tend to oversimplify the factors underlying gender diversity and hold certain stereotypical beliefs about these users that oversimplify the complexity of their experiences.

Symptomatology and knowledge regarding pelvic floor dysfunctions and influence of gender stereotypes in female athletes

Pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD) are highly prevalent among females who do athletics, a sport requiring jumping, strength, and running. Although educational approaches are useful options, the educational need for this particular population remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to describe the level of knowledge regarding PFD and its relationship with symptomatology and gender stereotypes in female athletes in Spain. A total of 255 female athletes completed an anonymous online survey to explore their knowledge regarding urinary incontinence (UI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), anal incontinence (AI), and sexual dysfunction (SexD), as well as their PFD symptoms and gender stereotyped beliefs related to sport. Educational level and sports characteristics (training volume, experience, and athletic modality) were also explored. Participants demonstrated a low level of knowledge in terms of POP (52.5%), AI (64.0%), and SexD (40%), but not for UI (70.8%). The proportion of PFD complaints was 63.5% for dyspareunia, 51.8% for urine leakage, 42.4% for pelvic pain, 17.3% for AI, and 9.0% for POP, with no associations with knowledge (p > 0.05). Lower knowledge about UI and SexD was related to greater gender stereotypes (p < 0.05) and rejection of professional healthcare (p = 0.010). As a conclusion, the level of knowledge about PFD was low in female athletes who train and compete in athletics in Spain, mainly with regard to sexual dysfunction. Although 63.5% of athletes had dyspareunia and 51.8% urinary leakages, symptomatology was not associated with level of knowledge. However, a lower level of knowledge was associated with more stereotyped beliefs and rejection of professional healthcare for PFD. These findings confirm the need to design appropriate educational interventions to disseminate information on all the types of PFD, particularly sexual contents. The potential influence of gender stereotypes makes it appropriate to include the gender perspective in these interventions.

A randomized controlled trial of a reading-based weight bias intervention.

Weight bias, or negative attitudes about larger bodies, is a prevalent issue associated with problems in psychological and physical health, as well as discriminatory behaviors and weight stigma. Literature is mixed regarding the efficacy of weight bias reduction efforts. This study sought to combine three elements that yielded promising results from previous studies (i.e., reductions in beliefs about controllability of weight, reductions in stereotypical beliefs, and promotion of empathy) in a reading-based intervention to reduce weight bias. Participants (N = 319) were randomized to read a third-person fictional narrative passage about a peer with obesity (intervention) or information on overweight and obesity (control). Linear mixed models controlling for body mass index and gender indicated the intervention was effective in producing reductions in overall weight bias and beliefs about controllability of weight from baseline to 1-month follow-up, but significant differences were not found in the domains of bias related to character disparagement or physical unattractiveness. This combination-approach reading intervention is a promising strategy to reduce weight bias; however, future work is needed to more effectively target negative weight-related attitudes pertaining to character and attractiveness. A reading-based intervention targeting controllability of weight, stereotypes, and empathy can produce reductions in overall weight bias compared with a control condition. Reductions in beliefs about controllability of weight were shown from the reading-based intervention. These findings may inform the development of programs to reduce negative attitudes about weight, which could help enhance quality of life and reduce risk for several mental health issues.

Morphosyntactic stereotypes of speakers with different genders and sexual orientations: an experimental investigation

Abstract Previous research has identified differences in language use between speakers representing different genders and sexual orientations, as well as stereotypical beliefs about the existence of such differences. The present paper investigates such stereotypical beliefs among speakers of two varieties of Spanish and explores whether linguistic stereotypes of gender and sexual orientation are stronger in a society with more conservative gender roles. We conducted an experiment where 252 speakers of European and Mexican Spanish were shown pairs of texts and sentences depicting the same event but differing in the use of morphosyntactic resources, creating stereotypically “masculine” and “feminine” variants of the same text or sentence. The informants were asked which of the variants was more likely uttered by a woman (rather than a man), a lesbian woman (rather than a straight woman), or a gay man (rather than a straight man). Some of the morphosyntactic features were strongly associated with speaker gender (e.g., use of first- and second-person singular) and others with lesbian (e.g., use of impersonal structures) or gay speakers (e.g., direct reported speech). Contrary to expectations, the responses did not differ according to informants’ age, gender, or nationality. While the present study did not reveal any differences between the two societies, more cross-linguistic and cultural research is needed to elucidate the effect of society on morphosyntactic variation and stereotypes thereof.

Addressing gender in STEM classrooms: The impact of gender bias on women scientists' experiences in higher education careers in Germany

AbstractGender bias underlying discrimination against women are particularly salient in STEM higher education. Complementing top-down measures to mitigate these issues identified in the extant literature, we aim to highlight a complementary bottom-up approach. First, to elicit gender stereotypes and gender bias in STEM, we conducted a group concept mapping (GCM) study involving women professors, teaching staff, and scientific staff from different STEM disciplines at German universities (N = 70). We first asked them to provide statements reflecting their experience in response to the following focus prompt: ‘In my career as a STEM teacher, I experienced gender issues related to:’ Experts were then asked to thematically cluster and rank the statements according to their importance and feasibility with respect to a potential pedagogical intervention that may target these issues. Findings revealed an agreement across STEM disciplines regarding stereotypical beliefs about women, heteronomous gender roles, gender workload, sexism, and structural power relations, in that they remain significant factors for hindering female success in STEM careers in higher education. Based on their experience, however, the women saw potential in working on the awareness of gender bias with pedagogical interventions in online group learning scenarios (CSCL). Statements rated most appropriate were discussed in the light of the aspects of gender bias addressed, with a specific focus on addressing them in collaborative scripts.

Nurses' knowledge and beliefs on pain management practices with hospitalised persons living with dementia: A qualitative descriptive study.

To understand nurses' knowledge, beliefs and experiences affect pain management practices in hospitalised persons living with dementia (PLWD). Naturalistic inquiry using qualitative descriptive design. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 registered nurses who worked in one acute care hospital in Southern California from October to November 2022. Data were analysed using content analysis to identify themes. Two themes were developed: improvising pain assessment, which included how pain was documented, and administration hesitancy referring to nurse's concerns about PLWD's confusion. Nurses described the challenges of assessing pain in hospitalised PLWD particularly if they were non-verbal and/or demonstrating responsive behaviours. Nurse's years of experience, dementia stigma, and their unconscious biases affected nurses' pain management practices. The study findings highlight the complex challenges of pain management in hospitalised PLWD that are exacerbated by nurses' knowledge deficits, negative stereotypical beliefs, dementia stigma and unconscious biases towards older people that contributes to undermanaged pain in hospitalised PLWD. A comprehensive strategy using an implementation framework is needed to address nurse's knowledge gaps, unconscious bias, dementia stigma and techniques that enhance communication skills is suggested. Building a foundation in these areas would improve pain management in hospitalised PLWD. Improving pain management in hospitalised PLWD would improve the quality of life, decrease hospital length of stay, prevent readmissions, and improve nurse satisfaction. The study adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ). Improving pain management in hospitalised PLWD would prevent long term confusion, episodes of delirium and improve quality of life as they recover from their acute illness for which they required hospital care.

Development of a RIASEC-based model to analyse students’ perceptions of the work of nuclear- and astrophysicists

There are many stereotypical beliefs about the work of scientists among students. These can lead to a lack of interest and ill-considered career choices. This paper aims to shed more light on the everyday work of researchers in physics. To this end, an interview study (N=12) and a questionnaire study (N=66) were conducted among physicists in a Collaborative Research Centre for nuclear- and astrophysics in order to determine the physicists’ activity profiles using an adapted RIASEC+N model based on the theory of vocational choices by Holland. As a result, activities from all seven RIASEC+N dimensions were found, highlighting the broad spectrum of activities in modern physics research. However, with respect to the significance of each dimension, we found that the activity profiles of doctoral students and professors in general, as well as their profiles in theoretical and experimental groups differ particularly within the Realistic, Conventional and Investigative dimension. In the future, these results will be used to develop an outreach programme to give students an authentic insight into modern physics. Additionally, the activity profiles could serve as a reference for addressing stereotypes in school.

An Investigation into the Perceptions and Stereotypical Beliefs of Preschool-Age Children Regarding Poverty

The perception of poverty among children in the process of socialization can be indicative of how society perceives poverty. Identifying this perception is crucial for developing different approaches to address poverty. Stereotypes related to poverty are another important aspect that draws attention. Stereotypes involve generalizing specific characteristics of one social group based on comparisons with another group. This study aims to determine preschool children's perceptions and stereotypes regarding poverty. The research method employed is qualitative, utilizing a case study design. Data was collected through drawings and semi-structured interviews with five-year-old children. Content analysis was employed for data analysis. The research findings revealed that children's perceptions of poverty can be grouped under four themes: financial situation, housing and sanitary conditions, health, and living spaces. Children's stereotypes about poverty emerged as "economic, health, physical, gender, and cultural-oriented stereotypes." In conclusion, it can be stated that children develop both perceptions of poverty and societal stereotypes related to poverty from an early age.