Stereotypes Of African Americans Research Articles

Revisiting the Relationship Between Sports Fandom and the Black Criminal Stereotype: A Replication and Extension Study

In news media, one stereotype that is continually over-represented is Black men as criminals, leading to what many refer to as “the Black criminal stereotype.” Although research demonstrates that distorted news portrayals of criminals can provoke stereotypical responses in viewers, limited evidence connects these effects to sport media. Anderson and Raney (2018) explored this in an experimental study ( n = 234) and found evidence of the Black criminal stereotype among sports fans. However, more research was needed to further explore this phenomenon. The current study employed a similar experimental design ( n = 603) in an attempt to (1) replicate their 2018 study to examine whether sports fans’ perceptions of criminal athletes have changed over the past several years, especially in light of the Black Lives Matter movement, and (2) determine whether the sport played by an alleged criminal athlete might be linked to judgments regarding race and crime in sports. Our findings indicate that sports fandom still predicts stereotypical judgments. However, individual difference variables—particularly social conservatism, African American stereotype endorsement, and gender—were more strongly related. Our findings point toward the potential power of social movements in influencing attitudes and beliefs regarding race and crime.

A Comparative History of Irish and African American Stereotypes on Food Packaging

A Comparative History of Irish and African American Stereotypes on Food Packaging

Behavioral descriptions pretested for racial stereotypicality and valence: Data from an American and a Portuguese sample

In social psychology research, there are several kinds of stereotypical materials that can be used – faces, videos, lists of words, attributes. However, when it comes to behavioral sentences, there is a lack of pre-tested racial stimuli available in the literature. To fill the gap, this paper provides two lists of 154 short behavioral sentences, with stereotypicality (white to black) and valence (negative to positive) ratings. The first list was pre-tested with an American sample (Study 1), while the second list was pre-tested with a European Portuguese sample (Study 2). Importantly, this paper focuses on the broader meaning of black stereotypes’ and not just the narrower definition of the African American stereotype, whose differences are discussed. T-tests identified 73 and 118 stereotypical behavioral descriptions, for future use, respectively for the American and European Portuguese samples. Additional comparisons within and between samples are also provided. Full behavioral descriptions, along with pertinent statistical data, are available to the reader, as a useful working instrument for future research.

Do Counterstereotype Examples in Films Influence Peoples Stereotypes of African Americans?

Due to the higher consumption of social media in the development of technology and the pandemic of Covid-19, social media effects on people were studied. It has been proved that characters in films can influence peoples thoughts, and by showing counter stereotypical role models to children, their gender stereotypes changed in the short term. Since African Americans have constantly been subjected to negative stereotypes in films and everyday lives for a long time, this study proposal aimed to study the counterstereotypes in films and cultural effects on film major students stereotypes by utilising the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) and the Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) to measure their explicit and implicit attitudes. Since the study had no chance to carry out, this study predicted the possible results that both Chinese and American students attitudes toward negative racial stereotypes declined after a designed lecture on stereotypes. Conversely, it was also expected that their perspectives might not change because the designed lecture was not practical enough.

Watchmen (2019): Is it an African-American superhero narrative or another traditional way to present racism?

There have been many studies on race relations between African-American and White-American or Asian-American and White-American. However, there are few studies regarding the portrayal of these three races in media, such as film. The purpose of this study is to expose the Watchmen (2019) television series’ African-American superhero narrative and its racial relationship between white Americans, African Americans, and Vietnamese Americans (Asian Americans). In the United States, recent race relation is considered better than in the past, as proved by Obama serving the country for two terms, but the media is still preserving each race’s labels. This study argues that this series is proof of racist behavior in media. This qualitative study uses narrative and non-narrative to analyze the data gained from the series. This television series, uncommonly, shows the White-American as the villain while the African American as the hero, which makes this series worth analyzing. The series finally attained a complex racial relationship when a Vietnamese-American character was introduced. Racial stereotypes are frequently depicted in popular culture, including movies and television shows. Consequently, it is interesting to investigate its intricacy in light of white supremacy. This series presents several shots and events indicating a racist community, even from the very beginning of the series. Thus, this study argues that the series does not portray White-American as a villain but perpetuates the stereotypes of African-Americans and Asian-American.

Carnival in Africa

Carnival in Africa

Implicit bias reduction that lasts: Putting Situational Attribution Training to the test

AbstractAddressing the damaging effects of implicit stereotypes—spontaneous, awareness‐independent associations between social groups and particular traits—remains a social imperative. These biases have been linked to negative outcomes in settings ranging from the workplace to medical care facilities. However, many techniques found to reduce implicit biases have been shown to yield short‐lived effects. In the present experiment, we assessed the longevity of reduced implicit racial stereotyping resulting from an intensive training technique that focuses on weakening the fundamental attributional processes underlying implicit stereotyping. Specifically, we aimed to strengthen the likelihood of White participants to consider situational attributions for behaviors performed by Black men that might otherwise have been judged to reflect negative African American stereotypes. White participants were randomly assigned to complete either Situational Attribution Training (SAT), a technique comprised of intensive training (480 trials) to “consider the situation” when making judgments about stereotype‐consistent behaviors performed by Black men, or a control task. Implicit stereotyping was assessed 24h later via the Person Categorization Task and found to be reduced for SAT, versus control, participants even after this delay. Implications for future antibias research and practice are considered.

Supplemental Material for Dynamic Stereotypes of African, Latinx, and White Americans

Supplemental Material for Dynamic Stereotypes of African, Latinx, and White Americans

Dynamic stereotypes of African, Latinx, and White Americans.

Two studies examined how young adults from historically advantaged (Study 1) and disadvantaged (Studies 1 and 2) racial groups perceived agentic and communal traits of their group over time. Consistent with previous research on dynamic stereotypes of gender, disadvantaged groups were expected to perceive significant gains in agentic traits from the past to the present. This tendency was expected to increase with ethnic identification. In Study 1, White American (n = 226) and African and Latinx American (n = 60) students at a predominantly White private college in the Midwestern United States participated in an online survey. In Study 2, African American (n = 137) and Latinx American (n = 167) young adults were recruited primarily via an online platform (www.prolific.co) to complete an online survey. In both studies, African and Latinx Americans attributed significantly lower levels of agency to past ingroup members than to present members. Although ethnic identification was not correlated with the difference between present and past agencies, it was more strongly correlated with present agency than with past agency for both groups. These patterns were not observed among White Americans. Similar to women, African and Latinx Americans perceived significant gains in agentic traits of their group members from the past to the present. These perceptions may serve the needs of historically disadvantaged groups for a positive social identity by affirming how far the ingroup has come. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Navigating Black Identity and White Desire: Seven-Eleven and the 1920s Crossover Musical Comedy

Navigating Black Identity and White Desire: <i>Seven-Eleven</i> and the 1920s Crossover Musical Comedy

Racism and Racial Discrimination in the United States

During the days of American slavery, many whites held stereotypes of African-Americans as inferior, unevolved, incapable. In societies such as the United States, which are characterized by unequal cultural power, prejudiced ideologies, usually affected by history, there is a solid reason for which dominant groups (e.g. whites) sustain and legitimate their power over other groups (e.g. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians). The present paper is designed to see whether stereotypes during Jim Crow have persisted after the civil rights movement, event that was meant to bring equality and push the United States into a postracial era. Moreover, this analysis aims to extend the current research on the portrayal of ethnic minorities in advertising, especially in the case of African-Americans. After establishing an analytical and theoretical framework based on the relationship between racial ideology and stereotypes of African-Americans, this study investigates how AfricanAmericans are represented in American advertising and how racial ideology is embedded within those depictions.

Winning Spelling Bee Competition: The Representation of Black Girl in Akeelah and The Bee (2006) Movie

&lt;p class="AbstractText"&gt;This research examines the representations of African-American stereotype and the struggle of Black American girl in National Spelling Bee contest in Hollywood movie entitled Akeelah and the Bee (2006). The use of African-American English (AAVE) is one of the stereotype often depicted in Hollywood movie. Race theories are used to examine the relationship between race, racism and power. Meanwhile, Roland Barthes’s theory and semiotic film theory are used to examine the meaning portrayed in the movie. Findings show that the representation of Akeelah as a successful participant in the spelling bee competition challenges the stereotype of African American as academic underclass, and as associated with crime, failure and frustration. Akeelah is represented as a successful African American girl as she assimilates (adopts) American values of change/mobility, time and its importance, action and work orientation. The assimilation is achieved through a mentoring process and support from African American community.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractText"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="AbstractText"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords&lt;/em&gt;: African-American, African American Vernacular English (AAVE), Stereotype, Spelling Bee&lt;/p&gt;

In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940 by Elliott Bowen

Reviewed by: In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940 by Elliott Bowen Sean Morey Smith In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940. By Elliott Bowen. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv, 217. $49.95, ISBN 978-1-4214-3856-6.) In Search of Sexual Health: Diagnosing and Treating Syphilis in Hot Springs, Arkansas, 1890–1940 intervenes in the historiography of both medical tourism and venereal disease (VD) by examining these subjects in one location: Hot Springs, Arkansas. For half a century, more sufferers of syphilis traveled to Hot Springs than to all other treatment destinations in the United States combined. As Elliott Bowen argues, Hot Springs' unique location "played a key role in determining treatment norms, attitudes, and parameters around syphilis" (p. 2). Using sources written by patients and doctors, especially patient letters and case files, allows Bowen to write a bottom-up history of VD and its connection with health tourism. This perspective, Bowen argues, emphasizes the largely unexamined therapeutic aspects of medical tourism and also decenters government action in the history of VD treatment. Most crucially, this therapeutic perspective enables Bowen to demonstrate that the historiographical view of VD treatment as "'sin vs. science'" has overstated the separation between these positions (p. 15). This perspective also showcases the importance of medicine and therapy as located in a specific place. Bowen shows that, starting in the late nineteenth century, syphilis treatments in Hot Springs did not fit neatly into a medicine or morals binary. Though white men were generally the only people able to participate in such medical tourism, they received therapies alongside faith cures and hygienic behavioral regulations. The unique environment at Hot Springs also allowed for particular variations on the nationally accepted treatment for syphilis: mercury rubs. In Hot Springs, the heat of the spring waters allowed physicians to prescribe greater doses of mercury without them being fatal. Doctors continued to stress the importance of the local waters after the development of the first syphilis drug, Salvarsan. From the 1910s, they stressed both that the water cure was a time-tested tradition and that Hot Springs' waters worked best because they contained radium. Bowen also uses patient narratives from Army and Navy Hospital, which opened in Hot Springs in 1887, to demonstrate that syphilis diagnosis changed [End Page 541] less in the early twentieth century than previously believed. He traces greater patient openness in sharing sexual histories after 1910 to a change in policy, rather than a change in morality, and he rejects the common assumption that a "'laboratory revolution'" altered VD diagnosis (p. 77). Specifically, he shows that the Wassermann blood test, used to detect syphilis, was predominantly ordered only after patient histories pointed to a syphilis diagnosis. How physicians used syphilis to reinforce existing forms of racialization is a major theme running throughout In Search of Sexual Health. Bowen demonstrates that white doctors "carve[d] a color line through VD" in order to separate their mostly white clientele from stereotypes of African Americans as a "'syphilis-soaked race'" (pp. 53, 64). Physicians treated syphilis in African Americans solely as a physical disease and argued that African Americans' natural amorality rendered hygienic treatment inapplicable to them. White doctors, meanwhile, positioned their own work in terms of treating a disease caused by urbanism and over-civilization and thereby preventing the destruction of the white race. Race also affected the Depression-era VD efforts of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). For instance, the PHS opened Camp Garraday in 1935 solely for white men, a site where they could receive food, shelter, and medical care in an environment isolated from outside prejudice. While women as well as nonwhite men could receive aid, they were not granted the privacy of an isolated camp. Despite Bowen's emphasis on locality, the book perhaps engages less with the South than readers of this journal might expect. Jim Crow is mentioned, and race is an important theme. However, given that racial segregation existed in many forms throughout the country, Bowen could explicitly consider whether it took an especially southern form in Hot Springs...

"We Very Much Prefer to Have a Colored Man in Charge": Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee's All-Black Faculty

"We Very Much Prefer to Have a Colored Man in Charge":Booker T. Washington and Tuskegee's All-Black Faculty Crystal R. Sanders (bio) in the spring of 1896, a young george washington carver completed his master's degree in agricultural science at Iowa Agricultural College (present-day Iowa State University). Carver had a host of job offers to consider, including an offer to remain at his current institution as a professor and an offer to join the faculty at the Black Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College in Mississippi. Tuskegee Institute was not on his radar, but he was on theirs. Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee's principal, wrote Carver in hopes of getting him to establish a school of agriculture at the Alabama institution. He explained that the Slater Fund, a northern philanthropic organization committed to Black industrial education, planned to underwrite the endeavor, and its trustees asserted that "there was no colored man in the country fit for such work."1 Washington did not accept such a limited assessment of the Black applicant pool in agriculture, and so he sought out Carver. In his attempt to recruit the scientist to Tuskegee, Washington stated his desire "to have a colored man in charge." He conceded, however, that "if we cannot secure you, we shall be forced perhaps to put in a white man."2 Booker T. Washington was successful in hiring George Washington Carver and dozens of other Black faculty to Tuskegee Institute. In [End Page 99] fact, there were no non-Black members on faculty at the Alabama institution during Washington's tenure from 1881 to 1915.3 This all-Black faculty did not occur by happenstance. Washington regularly wrote to college presidents and deans at northern institutions such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Pennsylvania State College seeking information about Black alumni from those schools whom he could hire. He also employed Roscoe C. Bruce, a Harvard graduate and the son of the second Black United States senator, to recruit Black teachers from elite liberal arts schools.4 By 1900, Tuskegee had a student body of 1,100 and eighty-six officers and instructors. The list of Black educators who spent time at the Alabama institution included Robert Robinson Taylor, who became the first licensed Black architect and the first Black graduate from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Nathan B. Young, who served as president of both Florida A&M College and Lincoln University in Missouri; and Adella Hunt Logan, who graduated from Atlanta University and became a leader in the universal suffrage movement.5 It is not clear if Washington ever advertised his all-Black faculty in promotional materials or speeches, but he boasted that Tuskegee employed more Black college graduates than any other institution in the United States.6 This article explores the all-Black academic corps that Booker T. Washington assembled at Tuskegee Institute and demonstrates that it was an inherent challenge to white supremacy during the nadir of American race relations. The highly educated Black faculty elevated the race's image at a time when dominant stereotypes of African Americans in popular culture portrayed them as uncouth, promiscuous, dishonest, and slothful. The faculty's intellectual prowess resulted [End Page 100] in practical benefits for the surrounding community, including the generation of electricity for the white town in which the institute was located and innovative agricultural discoveries, including new uses for neglected crops such as the cowpea, sweet potato, and peanut.7 In showcasing the capabilities of African Americans within a climate of racism and repression, Washington skillfully refuted white supremacy. Moreover, the influx of Black instructors into the Deep South served as a form of resistance in the face of calls for the massive removal of Black people from the region by white nationalists like Alabama senator John Tyler Morgan who, in the 1890s, singled out the best-educated African Americans as the first to go.8 Booker T. Washington's commitment to Black advancement through an all-Black faculty is often overshadowed by his promotion of industrial education. For certain, the Hampton-Tuskegee model of industrial education that prioritized basic skills was at odds with the educational vison crafted by many former slaves who...

“It’s My Time to . . . Fight Some of These Battles”: The Life History of an Exemplary African American PETE Faculty Member

Purpose: To construct the life history of an exemplary veteran African American physical education teacher education faculty member. Method: The participant was Dr. Andrew Lewis, a retired professor from the College of Charleston. Data were collected through formal semistructured interviews, informal interviews, and documents and artifacts. They were analyzed using analytic induction and constant comparison. Findings: Key findings were that Lewis experienced a significant amount of marginalization throughout his life and career. In addition, he was subjected to different forms of microaggression and stereotype threat. Lewis dealt with these forms of racism by emulating several of his teachers and professors, working hard, and performing to a high level. In addition, he altered the pedagogy he employed. Conclusion: Lewis’s counter-story has the potential to influence other African American physical education teacher education faculty members, administrators, and those who perpetuate stereotypes of African Americans or deal in microaggressions.

RACISM IN THE LAST DECADE OF HOLLYWOOD COMEDY MOVIES

The United States is considered to have entered the post-racial era in the 21st century, where racial preference, discrimination, and prejudice towards minorities, such as African Americans, are supposed to no longer exist. As one of the media that reflected American society, Hollywood movies tried to eliminate the discussion on race and racism. It can be seen in Hollywood movies that begin to eliminate the negative images and stereotypes of African Americans. However, it does not mean that racism vanished from the Hollywood movie industry, especially in comedy movies. Comedy movies are one of the genresthat often involve African-American actors and actresses. Their stereotypes are also commonly used to make humor in the narrative. Therefore, this genre is closely related to racism. However, comedy movies in the last decade, such as Evan Almighty (2007), Wild Hogs (2007), Meet Dave (2008), The Maiden Heist (2009), Last Vegas (2013), Someone Marry Barry (2014), and Going in Style (2017), are not showing any racism on the surface. By using Interdisciplinary as the approach, this research attempts to see how Hollywood presents racism in comedy movies, especially in the last decade. The representation theory is employed to interpret the images, scenes, and dialogues from seven selected comedy movies concerning racism. Meanwhile, the theory of humor is used to find out how racism makes humor occur through African-American characters. The finding of this research indicates that negative images and stereotypes of African Americans are still sustained in Hollywood movies. These depictions are shown covertly. Meanwhile, overt racism indicates that the African American characters are used to make humor occur in comedy movies.Keywords: African American; comedy; Hollywood; humor; racism; representation

Rebuttals as deracializing strategies for African American and white candidates

AbstractThe study of American racial politics has long focused on the conditions that activate racial animosity. A central line of research demonstrates that campaign messages that highlight negative stereotypes of African Americans can activate whites' racial attitudes. However, little is known about whether this activation can be overcome. I develop a theory of racial deactivation and test its predictions with two survey experiments. I find that explicitly criticizing the racial nature of an attack restores support for white candidates, but not African American candidates. However, African American and white candidates fare equally well using two rebuttal styles: a credible, non-racial justification of the attacked action or an explicit racial critique combined with the justification. The results have implications for how race affects campaigns, the susceptibility of the American public to racial cues, and campaign strategy.

STEREOTYPING AFRICAN AMERICANS’ RACIAL IDENTITY ON VALERIE MARTIN’S PROPERTY

This study is intended to analyze the persistence of African American stereotype in the contemporary slavery-themed novel authored by Valerie Martin, Property (2003). Valerie Martin is a white author, who seems to have changed the slavery discourse, but the stereotyping of African Americans is still there and built in a new form of stereotyping. Postcolonial analysis showed that the stereotyping of African Americansas ‘other’ existed in direct stereotyping and indirect stereotyping. Direct stereotyping is that the author directly uses the pejorative language and symbols in forming the African American character, meanwhile indirect stereotyping is the author using the shift of discourse that seemed worthy in describing the African American character, but in the same time it affirms the stereotype of the African American identity as inferior still exists, even in the so-called Post-racial era in the United States. Keywords: Representation, Stereotyping, Identity, Race, African American

A Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of the Content of Stereotypes About Native Americans

This research explores the content of stereotypes about Native Americans and how they differ from stereotypes about other racial groups from a psychological perspective. Building on a classic social psychology paradigm, participants identified adjectives associated with stereotypes of Native Americans and either Asian Americans or African Americans. Native American stereotypes were less favorable than Asian American stereotypes, but more favorable than African American stereotypes. Predominant themes that emerged in the stereotypes participants held about Native Americans reflected being historic (e.g., ancient) and contemporary negative behaviors and outcomes (e.g., alcoholic). Furthermore, relative to the stereotypes about other social groups, stereotypes about Native Americans more closely aligned with participants’ personal beliefs. Lastly, along dimensions of the stereotype content model (Fiske et al. in J Personal Soc Psychol 82(6):878–902, 2002), Native Americans were viewed as less competent, less competitive, and lower in social status than Asian Americans, and less competent and lower in social status than African Americans.

The Historical Perspectives of Stereotypes on African-American Males

Stereotypes are ingrained in the fabric of the USA and coincide with the institution of slavery. The expected behaviors of African-Americans are fueled by stereotypes maintained by the status quo. Throughout US history, the stereotyping of African-Americans, particularly males, has had a negative impact on African-American families and communities. For instance, the belief that African-Americans are unintelligent, lazy, violent, and criminals has affected educational outcomes, employment opportunities, socioeconomic status, and the dismantling of African-American families and communities. Educators, businessmen, and law enforcement often believe these stereotypes, which influences their treatment of African-Americans. The oppression of African-Americans is a critical human rights issue that has to be addressed in social work practice. This article highlights a historical overview of how stereotypes have contributed to a denial of human rights, evidenced by inequalities in education, employment, and the justice system. Recommendations for culturally competent interventions and practice to improve social equity are discussed.