Stereotypical Perceptions Research Articles

Do Adjectives Matter? Exploring the ‘Islamic’ in Constitutions and Constitutionalism(s)

Abstract This paper calls for a paradigm shift in the face of the remarkably common, but ultimately stereotypical and simplistic perceptions of ‘Islamic’ constitutions requiring all laws to conform to Shari’a. It problematizes the term ‘Islamic’ to describe disparate constitutions and constitutionalism(s) in Muslim majority countries demonstrating the plurality of ‘Islamic’ constitutions, locating this descriptor within varied socio-cultural, historical and political contexts of the Muslim world. Plural interpretations of the religious texts in Islam — i.e., the Qur’an and Sunna — and meanings of complex concepts — ‘Shari’a’ and ‘Islamic law’, are integral to Islam’s (legal) traditions. In Muslimmajority countries, a variety of constitutional texts, court decisions and state practices, demonstrate this plurality. We argue that use of ‘Islamic’ as a descriptor for heterogeneous constitutional texts, is a product of ‘realpolitik’ and deployed in this manner, un-nuanced, simplistic, and reductive of the dynamic and plural nature of Shari’a

Uncover your inner power: Breaking leadership biases in global healthcare.

Women currently represent approximately 70% of the global healthcare workforce, 60.9% of the global dental workforce, 77.6% of the US healthcare workforce, and 36.7% of the US dental workforce. The American Dental Association states that the number of practicing women dentists in the United States has increased by 2.25 times since 2001, with a projected trajectory to level off by 2040. Despite having a major impact on the healthcare sector globally, women earn 24% less than men and only serve in 25% of senior leadership positions. In the US dental schools, only 14% of faculty serve in administrative roles, and as of April 2022, 28.6% of the US dental school deans were women, indicating gender underrepresentation in the highest roles of academic leadership. This corresponds to the data on gender parity still not being the norm in many societies and workplaces and can be attributed to public policies, stereotypical perceptions, and individual factors. Five key factors have been identified to be crucial for women's entry or advancement in global health leadership: a) public policy, b) community, c) institutional, d) interpersonal, and e) individual. Individual self-improvement and institutional practices may be used to overcome these barriers to women's leadership in healthcare and shift the power dynamics toward reinforcing gender equality. These transformative changes are measured through women's collective capacities and skills, relationship dynamics, community perceptions, and environmental practices. This article recognizes the present obstacles to women in healthcare leadership and proposes strategies to achieve gender equality both through individual and institutional practices.

An Investigation into the Perceptions and Stereotypical Beliefs of Preschool-Age Children Regarding Poverty

The perception of poverty among children in the process of socialization can be indicative of how society perceives poverty. Identifying this perception is crucial for developing different approaches to address poverty. Stereotypes related to poverty are another important aspect that draws attention. Stereotypes involve generalizing specific characteristics of one social group based on comparisons with another group. This study aims to determine preschool children's perceptions and stereotypes regarding poverty. The research method employed is qualitative, utilizing a case study design. Data was collected through drawings and semi-structured interviews with five-year-old children. Content analysis was employed for data analysis. The research findings revealed that children's perceptions of poverty can be grouped under four themes: financial situation, housing and sanitary conditions, health, and living spaces. Children's stereotypes about poverty emerged as "economic, health, physical, gender, and cultural-oriented stereotypes." In conclusion, it can be stated that children develop both perceptions of poverty and societal stereotypes related to poverty from an early age.

Stereotype-driven emotional responses and their impact on discriminatory intentions towards suicidal individuals

BackgroundThis research delves into the role of stereotypes and emotional prejudice in behavioral intentions, particularly towards individuals with suicidal tendencies. The study extends the cognitive-affective-behavioral process model, identifying pathways that negative stereotypes use to impact emotional responses and behavioral intentions.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was conducted in South Korea, utilizing the largest Korean online panel (1,623,938 users) to recruit 552 eligible participants (49.1% male, 50.9% female) aged 20 and above with online access and no history of suicide attempts. The survey assessed negative stereotypes, prejudices, and behavioral intentions related to suicidal thoughts, employing specific measurements.ResultsThe findings established the correlation between negative stereotypes and both stigmatized emotional responses and discriminatory intentions. The study uniquely demonstrated that emotional responses act as a bridge between negative stereotypes and behavioral intentions towards suicidal individuals. These findings carry profound implications for health psychology, emphasizing the necessity of modifying attitudes to reduce suicide stigma. It was observed that stereotypical perceptions fuel negative emotions, which in turn provoke various behavioral intentions.ConclusionsThe study enhances our understanding of the influential role emotional reactions can have in shaping attitudes. It points towards the potential that addressing emotions holds in the stigma process, enabling people to shift their attitudes about stigmatized individuals, thus establishing intervention opportunities for stigma reduction in health psychology.

“All they see is black”: The experience and negotiation of racial identity for Nigerians in the United States

ABSTRACT The United States experienced rising racial tensions in 2020 due to several brutal killings of Black people. Given this context, this study examined how Nigerian immigrants experienced race and how these experiences affected their identity negotiation strategies as Black in the United States. Using a qualitative open-ended questionnaire, a purposive sample of Nigerians (N = 68) who grew up in Nigeria but resided in the United States at the time of the study was assembled. Constant comparative analysis revealed Nigerians’ experience of race was a function of (a) understandings of race, (b) salient racial encounters, and (c) affective states. Findings also indicated Nigerians’ racialized experiences impacted perceptions of Blackness and stereotypes communicated to them. Lastly, racial identity negotiation strategies included (a) awareness and caution, and (b) affinity and pride in being Black. These findings’ implications are discussed in relation to the boundaries of race, Blackness, and group membership, thus providing more nuanced understandings of race, even as globalization increases the likelihood of intercultural and interracial communication.

Reflecting the Cold War in “Atomic Heart”

Introduction. The present study is devoted to the study of the influence of artifacts of the symbolic politics of the USA and the USSR on the positioning of the respective socio-political systems in modern video games. The article includes the content of the “Atomic Heart” video game studies and analysis from the point of view of the theory of social memory and symbolic politics. Methods and materials. A certain number of methods were used to solve the actual tasks in the article. In particular, case-study methods and elements of structural and comparative analysis were used. Analysis. The game “Atomic Heart” was chosen as a research case. The choice of the case is due to the high popularity of this game both within Russia and internationally, as well as the connection of the plot to the topic of the confrontation between the USSR and the United States after World War II and the presence of a wide representation of the symbolism of this conflict inside the game (up to the reproduction of real campaign materials). On the one hand, the ways of representing the USA in Soviet propaganda and their interpretation by video game developers are studied. On the other hand, the positioning of the Soviet Union by game designers and screenwriters by exploiting the images and stereotypes of perception that were formed in Western culture during the Cold War is examined. Results. The author concludes that, when forming the in-game symbols, the developers actively exploited the resource of Soviet aesthetics; however, Cold War narratives in Western mass culture works played a significant role in shaping the project’s emotional, semantic, and value content. The main reason for this decision was most likely economic, as the game was created with the expectation of generating the main profit in foreign markets as a commercial product. However, this decision actually contributed to the resuscitation of the functional qualities of the symbolic legacy of the Cold War and the use of its narratives to correct the perceptions of the target audience about the USSR and its role in the confrontation between the two blocs.

The perception of ageism from the perspective of different professions

Abstract Aim. The aim of the study was to compare the differences between young people’s perceptions of ageism in terms of professions: helping professions and non-helping professions. Material and methods. We collected data by the Fraboni Ageism Scale. Cronbach α represented a value of 0.87. We performed statistical processing in SPSS 25.0 and used the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The data collection of the entire research sample lasted from December 2020 to March 2021. Our final research group consisted of 262 respondents (HP and NHP). The selection criteria were the consent of each respondent, affiliation to the faculty and the age limit of 18 years and over. Results. HP are more inclined to help others and elderly. They have a greater degree of tolerance for older adults than NHP, which is confirmed by our results (the D2: Behavior attitudes; p=0.000 and in the D3: Affective attitudes; p=0.000)). Conclusions. For university students in preparation for their future profession, we can fundamentally influence their cognitive, affective and behavioral components of the perception of seniors. For these reasons, the evaluation of the perception of stereotypes (D1), separation (D2) and affective attitudes (D3) among students of different fields was important.

Knowledge Exchange Networks: Does Gender Matter?

Gender diversity in knowledge exchange networks can be a source of innovation in organizations as it provides new insights that improve the creative process. Diversity literature provides enough evidence of the importance of utilizing mixed-gender teams to gain innovative outcomes. However, in knowledge management literature, gender diversity has been scarcely addressed. Knowledge management literature happens to be dominant, and there is a need to study the impact of gender diversity in knowledge creation processes and networks. This theoretical paper links the diversity literature to knowledge management literature and provides new understandings by considering gender as an important factor in the knowledge creation process. This paper contributes to the literature by emphasizing on exploring knowledge exchange relationships through a feminist perspective. Feminist perspective is also missing in knowledge management literature; thus, by making gender an important consideration in the socialization phase of the knowledge creation process, this paper provides a diverse perspective in knowledge management literature. Furthermore, this paper presents a conceptual model of gender-diverse knowledge exchange networks that shows the inclusion of women in knowledge exchange networks enhances the effectiveness of teams. Women are being neglected when it comes to inclusion in knowledge creating networks because of in-group bias against men and the stereotypical perception of women’s lack of technical and innovative knowledge. This paper sheds light on the importance of women's inclusion in knowledge exchange networks by emphasizing the vitality of diversity in creating knowledge and innovation in collaborative networks and teams in organizations.

Exploring women's strong preference for women surgeons in breast healthcare.

This study challenges the prevalent belief that surgical roles demand masculine traits, potentially limiting women's suitability for such positions. Contrary to this stereotype, we explored the hypothesis that in sensitive surgical procedures, where communal traits are valued, women patients might favor women surgeons. Two experimental studies investigated women's preferences for a man versus a woman surgeon in a breast exam and breast surgery. In two studies we experimentally tested women's preferences for a man versus a woman surgeon for a breast exam (a noninvasive and non-complicated procedure), and breast surgery (an invasive and more complicated procedure). Study 2 delved into factors influencing these preferences, including patients' age, stereotypical perceptions of women surgeons as communal/warm, past negative experiences with men and women doctors, and previous body-related trauma. Women consistently preferred a woman surgeon for both procedures and expressed increased willingness to wait for an appointment with a woman surgeon. However, this preference was less pronounced for surgery than for an exam. Study 2 identified the stereotypical perception of women surgeons as communal/warm as the strongestpredictor for this preference, along with previous negative experiences with men doctors and age. While some gender bias persists, this study underscores a notable preference for women surgeons in intimate medical services like breast exams or surgery. This preference holds practical implications for healthcare providers encouraging women's preventive checkups and offers insights for women medical students making residency choices.

Exploring citizen perceptions and values for a responsible society

AbstractAimsCitizens’ perceived values play a decisive role in shaping a responsive society, driving social and political attitudes and behaviors. Understanding these values, influenced by cultural, historical, and personal experiences, is essential for comprehending public perspectives on social, economic, and ecological aspects crucial for sustainable societies. This study investigates perceived values as indicators of citizens’ potential civic engagement, mainly contributing to societal development.Materials and methodsFor the purpose of this study, we analyzed 1012 cases from the European Value Survey/World Value Survey data set of the Republic of Macedonia. In addition to the exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis, we employed XGBoost regression, coupled with SHAP analysis, offering a transparent exploration of the significance of citizens’ perceived values, while emphasizing their role in motivating social responsibility and duty.ResultsWe identified 12 factors and categorized Macedonian citizens into 4 clusters. Through the SHAP feature importance method, we determined that perceptions of gender stereotypes, trust in people, civil rights, and job equality strongly influence the idea of social responsibility.ConclusionsOur findings offer pathways to promote individual accountability and increased participation in societal actions, fostering greater advocacy and policy changes for a responsible, engaged, and sustainable society.

IMAGOPOETICS AS AN IMAGOLOGICAL VISION OF A CONTEMPORARY MUSICAL WORK

The academic paper considers the imagological approach to musical works, characterized by priority attention to the identification of stereotypes used by the author. Imagology entered the postmodern discourse in the middle of the XX century; however, it was limited to the literary sphere for a long time. The present research explores the possibility of applying an imagological approach to musical art and its specifics. In contrast to literature, music operates with its own semiotic system based on intonation, a complex of pitch, rhythmic, and other features that determine the semantic content of musical constructions. This feature suggests supplementing the transduction of the concept of “imagology” with the transduction of the literary concept of “poetics” to the immanent features of a musical composition. From the perspectives outlined, the definition of the concept of imagopoetics in relation to musical art is derived in the academic paper. It is revealed that both the author’s European audience’s perception of non-European musical cultures and a wider range of images, which in the imagological discourse are called “imagothemes” and “imagotypes”, can be considered as stereotypes in the modern scientific discourse. At the same time, the issue of the correlation between the author’s authentic immersion in the relevant figurative sphere and the orientation to the stereotypical perception of the relevant figurative spheres by the author’s audience is actualized for each “imagotheme” and “imagotype”. The author also touches upon the controversial issue of the possibility of using the imagological approach to deny the existence of an objective difference between artifacts of different peoples, which is most clearly manifested in the musical art.

In Search of the Russian Idea (From the Novel "Generation P" to Import Substitution)

The article deals with the literary interpretation of translation/adaptation of advertising texts, a process that took place intensively in Russia in the 1990s. The object of the study is Victor Pelevin's cult work – the novel Generation P. The advertising texts in Pelevin's novel are analysed considering the actual context in which the opposite process is taking place (at least declaratively), i.e., the replacement of foreign production by domestic production. Such process, like the one described by Pelevin, is accompanied by the production of texts that are, in fact, translations/adaptations of Western texts (names, advertising slogans, etc.) or new texts created for "Russian" surrogates of foreign goods or brands. Both processes are typified by the imposition of a certain material culture (consumer goods), the endeavour to adapt media texts to the requirements of the customer and the target group (the Russian consumer), which is also manifested in the search for the so-called "Russian idea" or "Russian soul". The article attempts to prove that in V. Pelevin's novel, this process is presented as a post-industrial one. Pelevin's novel presents this process as a postmodernist game, mockery, intentional irony, exposing the existing cultural clichés and stereotypical perceptions of Russians about themselves. Pelevin implies that comicality of the import substitution industrialisation (ISI) taking place today indicates a failure of this process and inadvertently points out the actual absence of the so-called "Russian idea". Reception of Victor Pelevin's novel through the lens of contemporary events in Russia allows us not only to look at Pelevin’s text from a new perspective, but also to see the ongoing processes in a broader historical and cultural context.

Fragile Ties: Spanish Themes in Soviet Porcelain

This article is devoted to the study of the so-called “Spanish theme” in Soviet porcelain. The author analyses the reflection of the stereotypical perception of Spain in small porcelain sculptures of the Soviet period produced by a variety of manufactures. Among the components of the Spanish theme, the author highlights the images of flamenco (Spanish dance), bullfighting, the most recognizable heroes of Cervantes (Don Quixote and Sancho Panza), and the fiery Carmen who was created by Prosper Mérimée and has become the stereotypical image of a nineteenth- century Spanish woman in the popular imagination thanks to the musical and dance pieces of the same name. These traditional components of the perception of Spain in the twentieth century were supplemented by the interpretation of a turning point in Spanish history – the Civil War of 1936–1939 – in propaganda porcelain. This article proposes another perspective on the Spanish theme in Soviet porcelain and considers the formation of the images of Spaniards, men and women. Such images are reflected in all the plots presented in this paper. Most of the sculptural works by different generations of Soviet porcelain masters are devoted to dance. The author concludes that dance scenes, including the ones that refer to Carmen, are fundamental for the Spanish theme in Soviet porcelain.

Questioning Sports Journalists: Stereotypes, Work Routines, and Color-Blind Racism in Sports Press Conferences

Sports scholars have long studied how stereotypes pervade sports. However, little if any of this research has examined the origins of these stereotypes and how they influence journalistic practice. This study explores sports journalists’ work routines, their perception of stereotypes in sports, and whether there is a connection between the two. The authors conduct a critical discourse analysis of in-depth interviews with 13 sports journalists from across the U.S. Results show that journalists are (sometimes) aware of stereotypes, downplay their role in perpetuating them, and engage in color-blind rhetoric about the prevalence of stereotypes in sports media coverage of college sports. Additionally, the sports journalists interviewed as part of this study outlined the various constraints on their jobs that might impact their ability to establish rapport with athletes, which might result in an increased likelihood of the perpetuation of stereotypes. The findings underscore the need for more scholarly inquiry about sports press conferences and the connection between journalistic practice and ideology, particularly as it relates to race.

The opportunity and desire to buy: owner-occupation in Scotland’s new towns, c. 1950-80

ABSTRACT This article explores the role of the post-war new towns in Scotland in providing people with the opportunity to own their own homes. Most importantly, it traces the development of this policy prior to the ‘Right to Buy’ of the early 1980s when tenants were offered substantial discounts by local authorities, housing associations and crucially, new town development corporations. The article challenges the dominance of rented tenure in existing accounts of Scottish housing, showing that there was demand for ownership in Scotland in the decades before the introduction of incentives. This article takes a ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’ approach to understand a period of expanding opportunity for some, though not all, of those relocating and starting new lives in East Kilbride, Glenrothes and Cumbernauld. Archive evidence exploring policy and the response of the new town development corporations is complemented by analysis of life narratives provided by those that moved to the new towns and their children. In doing so, this article contributes to a growing scholarship that challenges stereotypical perceptions of class and identity in the immediate post-war decades whilst also revealing new insights into the post-war state as an enabler of opportunity for some.

Student’s perception of gender equality, stereotypes, and women in sports

The Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic from May 5, 2021, as well as all previous ones, enshrined the equality of rights and freedoms of men and women. Moreover, Kyrgyzstan had real experience of gender equality during the USSR. However, the positive experience of the past and the constitutional and legal consolidation of gender equality today cannot solve the problem of discrimination against women’s rights in society and the family. The government’s loyalty to the active dissemination of Islamic values, low GDP, and unemployment have led to an increase in domestic violence against women. More than 10 thousand women annually turn to crisis centers, because of domestic violence, polygamy, bride kidnapping, and underage marriage. Involving women in sports could significantly increase women’s self-confidence and improve their physical and therefore mental health. If the feminization of sports is happening all over the world, then in Kyrgyzstan patriarchal values with corresponding gender stereotypes put a woman before an existential choice - family or career, family or sport. The study is aimed at finding out what students think about gender equality in its socio-political, economic, and cultural aspects.

«Очень по-русски, скажут французы... Очень по-французски, скажут русские»: метаморфозы романа «Тело» Е. Бакуниной во французской и русской литературной критике

The article is devoted to the reception of the novel “The Body” (1933) by emigré writer E.V. Bakunina in French and Russian literary criticism in the early 1930s. A number of researchers have already analyzed the responses of Russian critics to the publication of the novel but have not paid enough attention to a cross-sectional view of the perception of the writer’s work. This question is of interest insofar as it allows us to identify weaknesses and strengths of Bakunina’s work and rethink the literary and cultural norms established in the early 20th century. One of the article’s crucial questions is critics’ reaction to the verbalization of the female character’s body experience. In France, the literary context of the 1920s and 1930s, the presence of progressive journals, and some trends in the history of French literature contributed to the fleeting but genuine interest of critics in the novel. At the same time, the focus on preserving the best traditions of Russian literature in exile, the historical “memory of culture,” and the requirement to observe the artistic measure led to a sharp rejection of body discourse among emigré critics. The conclusion focuses on the stereotypical perception of the novel by French and Russian literary criticism, and emphasizes the importance of studying the creative heritage of “minor” authors. If French literary criticism often perceived Bakunina’s novel through the prism of the distinctive features of the “Slavic soul,” then Russian criticism judged the writer’s novel through an established grid of artistic criteria (measure, taste, femininity).

Updated profile of an adult Ukrainian learning Polish as a foreign language

The change in the status and conditions of teaching Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine has led to a fundamental change in the profile of those people who learn the Polish language, their needs, motivations and educational goals. The relevance of the study is related to the need to improve the system of work on teaching Polish to adult Ukrainians. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current situation of learning the Polish language in Ukraine by new groups of adults, taking into account age characteristics and social status, educational training and existing experience in learning foreign languages, previous contacts with the Polish language, needs and requirements regarding its mastery / proficiency level. This requires a more detailed analysis of the characteristics demonstrated by various groups of people consuming these educational services. The teacher is faced with the need to overcome students’ stereotypical perception of the speed of learning material, the mandatory presence of detailed explanations, the frequency of repetition, as well as the determination to obtain the final result. The factor of previous experience in learning foreign languages and the degree of student's previous education are important, as students transfer the associated successes and failures to the process of learning a new foreign language. Previous contact with the Polish language also has a significant impact on the effectiveness of learning. Ease of understanding the language, attempts to communicate with native speakers generally contribute to increasing motivation to study. The analysis showed that the goal of learning the Polish language for the majority of students was and remains the acquisition of higher education. The number of adults studying the language is also growing to fulfil their professional duties. Changing learning conditions alongside adjusting the goals and motivation level diversify the process of learning the Polish language, which often consists of several stages, in which Ukrainian and Polish teachers participate simultaneously. Taking into account all the listed aspects will make it possible to build an effective training model, namely to adapt programmes and training manuals to work with a qualitatively heterogeneous audience.

DIGITAL NARRATIVE GERONTOLOGY AS BRIDGES BETWEEN GENERATIONS TO IMPROVE WELL-BEING, LEARNING, AND SHARED EXPERIENCES

Abstract Elders are an essential society component for the collective success of the demographic transition, for social inclusion and the fight against ageism (Berrut, 2020). Ageism - discrimination by age, is a very present concern. One way to respond to this challenge is to build bridges between generations in society; intergenerational programs can reduce the perception of stereotypes about other generations (Barbosa et al., 2021; Pentecouteau & Eneau, 2017), strengthen intergenerational solidarity, and help develop capital and social cohesion (Topping, 2020). Based on the theories of lifelong learning and intergenerational learning, our research engages digital narrative gerontology (Crettenand Pecorini, 2019). We have organized several meetings in pairs (elder – young) where each pair created a digital narrative from the oral narration of the elder life story, supported by the multimedia skills that the young adult acquired during the workshop we have set up. From individual and pairs semi-directed interviews, logbooks, debriefings, and digital narrative, based on case study thematic analysis, our preliminary results confirm the results obtained in 2019: improved general well-being, reduction in the perception of generation stereotypes, reduction in feelings of loneliness and isolation, strengthening intergenerational solidarity, satisfaction to rediscover one’s life or the projection of one’s life stimulated by example, new knowledge acquisition, as well as the pride of artifact creation and its sharing. This innovative project can be applied in schools, colleges, and universities as well as in community centers and seniors’ residences.

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN FOR INTERGENERATIONAL AND AGE-INCLUSIVE LEARNING: LESSONS FROM A GERONTOLOGY CLASSROOM

Abstract The paper will present a multi-year research study that examined the learning needs of first-generation younger and older learners in a graduate-level online learning environment. Ageism and related stereotyping will be reviewed as concepts that reflect a potentially biased understanding of all age groups that should be addressed in intergenerational learning activities. Students’ perceptions of understanding aging issues and stereotypes were compared pre- and post-course. A model will be presented about designing an age-inclusive, age-friendly online course design utilizing intergenerational learning activities to optimize learning outcomes while reducing ageist assumptions through targeted virtual discussions about diversity perceptions in the classroom—the design of intergenerational engagement discussion and other learning assignment activities in an introductory graduate gerontology course. Implications for creating intergenerational programming will be discussed.