Stereotyped Patterns Of Behavior Research Articles

O LÚDICO COMO PROPOSTA ESTRATÉGICA PARA O ENSINO, APRENDIZAGEM E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ESTUDANTES AUTISTAS

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by atypical development, behavioral manifestations, deficits in communication and social interaction, repetitive and stereotyped behavior patterns, and may include a restricted repertoire of interests and activities. It is crucial that schools are concerned with the quality of education, which requires the collective commitment of educators and students, aiming at the integral formation of citizenship through the effective construction of knowledge. In order to better understand autism within the context of regular schools and education for autistic individuals, we chose to conduct a bibliographical research, discussing the theoretical foundations relevant to the study. Upon concluding the research, we observed that the use of play as a pedagogical method can be highly effective with autistic students, providing an interesting and fun approach to learning acquisition. We recognize that autistic students have special educational needs that must be met by teachers in order to promote their development and ensure that they follow the teaching-learning process.

THE BENEFITS OF NON-BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)

Introduction – Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by three main problems, namely the presence of communication disorders, impaired reciprocal social interaction with the surrounding environment, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior patterns in the first 3 years of age. In Indonesia, there were around 112,000 ASD sufferers in 2012, while in 2015 it was estimated that 1 in 250 children had ASD, or around 134,000 people. Methods – The author used the literature review method by collecting the results of several kinds of literature on ASD, and non-biological therapy and their benefits in ASD children. The literature on non-biological therapy and its benefits in ASD children is limited to 2011-2021. Results – Autism is a lifelong disorder, so it is important to recognize it as early as possible, and parents need to understand the problem. It's important to remember that the cause of autism is unknown, and no single drug has been found that can cure ASD, but some therapies can suppress ASD symptoms that can help ASD lead a more productive life by reducing symptoms and improving skills. Discuss – There is no definitive therapy that can cure ASD, but therapy is aimed at improving ASD symptoms. Non-biological therapy which includes behavioral therapy (such as TEACCH or ABA) is currently used as first-line therapy for ASD. Conclusion – Symptoms that appear in ASD children vary widely, therefore the therapy given is individual and depends on the circumstances and symptoms that appear. There are many types of non-biological therapies for ASD, such as ABA, TEACCH, PECS, Caregiver-mediated Intervention, Parent-mediated Communication, SIT, and AIT. These therapies have been shown to have benefits in improving ASD symptoms such as communication skills, social interaction, and behavior, where each therapy has different benefits in each type. These therapies are given to everyone as needed. Keywords: non-biological, children, autism.

Neurodevelopmental changes in Drosophila melanogaster are restored by treatment with lutein-loaded nanoparticles: Positive modulation of neurochemical and behavioral parameters

Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), are characterized by persistent changes in communication and social interaction, as well as restricted and stereotyped patterns of behavior. The complex etiology of these disorders possibly combines the effects of multiple genes and environmental factors. Hence, exposure to insecticides such as imidacloprid (IMI) has been used to replicate the changes observed in these disorders. Lutein is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and is associated with neuroprotective effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of lutein-loaded nanoparticles, along with their mechanisms of action, on Drosophila melanogaster offspring exposed to IMI-induced damage. To simulate the neurodevelopmental disorder model, flies were exposed to a diet containing IMI for 7 days. Posteriorly, their offspring were exposed to a diet containing lutein-loaded nanoparticles for a period of 24 h, and male and female flies were subjected to behavioral and biochemical evaluations. Treatment with lutein-loaded nanoparticles reversed the parameters of hyperactivity, aggressiveness, social interaction, repetitive movements, and anxiety in the offspring of flies exposed to IMI. It also protected markers of oxidative stress and cell viability, in addition to preventing the reduction of Nrf2 and Shank3 immunoreactivity. These results demonstrate that the damage induced by exposure to IMI was restored through treatment with lutein-loaded nanoparticles, elucidating lutein's mechanisms of action as a therapeutic agent, which, after further studies, can become a co-adjuvant in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD and ADHD.

Conditional deletion of neurexin-2 impaired behavioral flexibility to alterations in action–outcome contingency

Neurexins (Nrxns) are critical for synapse organization and their mutations have been documented in autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. We recently reported that conditional deletion of Nrxn2, under the control of Emx1Cre promoter, predominately expressed in the neocortex and hippocampus (Emx1-Nrxn2 cKO mice) induced stereotyped patterns of behavior in mice, suggesting behavioral inflexibility. In this study, we investigated the effects of Nrxn2 deletion through two different conditional approaches targeting presynaptic cortical neurons projecting to dorsomedial striatum on the flexibility between goal-directed and habitual actions in response to devaluation of action–outcome (A–O) contingencies in an instrumental learning paradigm or upon reversal of A–O contingencies in a water T-maze paradigm. Nrxn2 deletion through both the conditional approaches induced an inability of mice to discriminate between goal-directed and habitual action strategies in their response to devaluation of A–O contingency. Emx1-Nrxn2 cKO mice exhibited reversal learning deficits, indicating their inability to adopt new action strategies. Overall, our studies showed that Nrxn2 deletion through two distinct conditional deletion approaches impaired flexibility in response to alterations in A–O contingencies. These investigations can lay the foundation for identification of novel genetic factors underlying behavioral inflexibility.

Sensemaking Process of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Identification of Specific Clusters of “Sense of Grip”

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent atypicalities in social communication and social interactions across different domains of life, often with restricted, repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. A large corpus of previous research shows that parental involvement in caregiving is perceived as stressful and challenging, in many cases resulting in poorer parental quality of life. The authors present a quali-quantitative mixed method research on sensemaking process of 34 parents (16 mothers and 18 fathers) of children with ASD. The interviews were collected and analyzed according to the “Sense of Grip” (SoG) methodology. SoG indeed refers to the sensemaking processes that a person realizes to manage the relationship with diseases or disorders by organizing several degrees of flexibility, differentiation, and adaptation to the variability of experiences and contexts of life. This construct of health psychology—semiotically and clinically oriented—is based on specific narrative functions (i.e., temporal, integrative, emotional, sharing, and agentive functions). The cluster analysis procedure allowed to identify three different SoG profiles: (a) enterprising (parents who are able to construct flexible and dynamic familiar routines), (b) opposing (parents who experience the ASD disorder as a deep unacceptable crisis, hindering the rest of familiar and professional activities), and (c) condescending (parents who organize family life completely on adherence to medical prescriptions and care protocols). These profiles show interesting implications for clinical practice and support as showing specific aspects of treating, managing, and sharing children conditions within family and relational contexts of life.

Behavioral Characteristics of Children with Autistic Disorders

This study aims to describe the Behavioral characteristics of children with Autistic disorders, at the Autism Center in Sulaimani Governorate. This study investigates the behavioral traits of children who have been diagnosed with autism at the Sulaimani Autism Center in the Sulaimani governorate. The research period spans from November 2013 to May 2014. The findings of the study revealed that children exhibit difficulties in social interaction, with the highest percentage of responses being observed in the item "Marked impairment in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction," accounting for 88%. This was closely followed by the item "Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language," which accounted for 82% of the responses. The prevalence of communication impairments in children is greatest in the category of "Delay in, or complete absence of, the development of spoken language (without any effort to utilize alternative forms of communication such as gestures or mime)," accounting for 80% of cases. In relation to the restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, it has been observed that children exhibit the highest frequency towards the item "Preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus," accounting for 62% of cases. Furthermore, the item "Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting or complex whole-body movements)" has the lowest frequency.

Oral hygiene practice and home-care challenges in children with autism spectrum disorder in San Francisco: Cross-sectional study.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and stereotypical patterns of behavior. They are more likely to have tooth brushing issues and need help with routine dental care. Children with ASD could face difficulty in accessing dental care as the parents have a challenging task in finding a dentist that would treat the child with special needs. As a result, dental care is often neglected. The aims of this study are to evaluate oral hygiene practices and challenges in children with ASD and compare it with typically developing peers (TDP). The sample size of the study was 60. Parents of children aged 3-10 were recruited and divided in 2 groups with 30 in each group. Age and gender of children were matched. ASD group included children with medical diagnosis of ASD only and no other co-morbidities. Children in TDP group had no diagnosis of ASD, and reported no disability, or any other diagnosis. Parents were asked to complete the questionnaire which asked about their demographic information, child's oral care regimens, and their knowledge about dental care. Chi-squared tests and t-test were used for statistical analysis. A p-value of .05 was used for determining statistical significance. Many children with ASD (47%) had to travel more than 20 miles for their dental home compared to 13% with TDP (p<.05). Only 60% of children with ASD brushed twice a day with 70% of parents reporting that it is difficult to brush their child's teeth compared to TDP with 93% of children brush twice daily (p<.05). Significantly a smaller number of children with ASD (47%) allowed their parent to brush their teeth as compared to 93% of TSD children (p<.001). Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder travel longer distance to find a dental home and face more difficulty in maintaining their child's daily oral hygiene.

Short Sensory Profile Assessment System for Autism Children

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are life-long neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in reciprocal social interactions, impairment in verbal and non-verbal communication skills, and restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities. Children with ASD normally shows the sensory impairment and struggles to process sensory data. Short Sensory Profile (SSP) is an assessment tool which is widely used to identify whether the autism children have exhibited the sensory disorder. There are seven parts of the questionnaire which are tactile sensitivity, taste/ smell sensitivity, movement sensitivity, under responsive/ seeks sensation, auditory filtering, low energy/ weak and visual auditory sensitivity. The problem with the current system is that the assessment is being done manually whereby it requires the therapist to spend more time and effort to get the results. Therefore, by providing a web-based SSP assessment system, it will ease the therapist to automate the manual process and receive the output easily. In addition, the profile of the patient can be stored digitally and can be referred for future reference of developing and revisit the therapy plan.

Exploring Coping Strategies of Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan: A Qualitative Study.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience impairments in their social interactions, language communication, and stereotypical patterns of behavior. Parents of children with ASD experience higher levels of stress and more depression and anxiety than parents of children with other disabilities or typically developing children. Parents of children with disabilities develop coping strategies to counteract the stresses associated with raising a child with special needs. Understanding coping strategies to help counteract the stresses associated with parenting a child with ASD may enhance well-being in parents of children with ASD, improve the quality of care provided to these children, and foster better parent-child relationships. The purpose of this study was to explore the coping strategies used by parents in Taiwan parenting a child with ASD. In this descriptive qualitative study, thematic analysis was conducted on data collected during face-to-face interviews. Fourteen parents of children with ASD were recruited using purposive sampling. Researchers employed a teamwork approach for data analysis to increase the dependability and consistency of the transcribed interviews. Team members discussed coding and identified the themes collaboratively. Taiwanese parents of children with ASD coped with the psychological impacts of parenting by employing problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies. Problem-focused strategies included communication, support, and management, whereas emotion-focused strategies included acceptance and adaptation. Findings showed that both coping strategies were useful in addressing specific situations and circumstances. Social and clinical support improved parents' mental health and children's external behaviors. Healthcare providers should evaluate how parents are coping with the stresses related to raising a child with ASD and consider the cultural factors that might influence how they accept and adapt to parenting children with ASD. Understanding these variables may be used to tailor strategies appropriate to reducing stress and improving the well-being of parents and their children. Support and resource referrals should be considered, including parent support groups, books, web-based services, and recommendations for professional consultations with social workers or therapists.

Fighting Flies: Quantifying and Analyzing Drosophila Aggression.

Aggression is an innate behavior that likely evolved in the framework of defending or obtaining resources. This complex social behavior is influenced by genetic, environmental, and internal factors. Drosophila melanogaster remains an effective and exciting model organism with which to unravel the mechanistic basis of aggression due to its small but sophisticated brain, an impressive array of neurogenetic tools, and robust stereotypical behavioral patterns. The investigations of many laboratories have led to the identification of external and internal state factors that promote aggression, sex differences in the patterns and outcome of aggression, and neurotransmitters that regulate aggression.

DNA Hypomethylation Is Associated with Increased Inflammation in Peripheral Blood Neutrophils of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Understanding the Role of Ubiquitous Pollutant Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multidimensional disorder in which environmental, immune, and genetic factors act in concert to play a crucial role. ASD is characterized by social interaction/communication impairments and stereotypical behavioral patterns. Epigenetic modifications are known to regulate genetic expression through various mechanisms. One such mechanism is DNA methylation, which is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). DNMT transfers methyl groups onto the fifth carbon atom of the cytosine nucleotide, thus converting it into 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in the promoter region of the DNA. Disruptions in methylation patterns of DNA are usually associated with modulation of genetic expression. Environmental pollutants such as the plasticizer Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) have been reported to affect epigenetic mechanisms; however, whether DEHP modulates DNMT1 expression, DNA methylation, and inflammatory mediators in the neutrophils of ASD subjects has not previously been investigated. Hence, this investigation focused on the role of DNMT1 and overall DNA methylation in relation to inflammatory mediators (CCR2, MCP-1) in the neutrophils of children with ASD and typically developing healthy children (TDC). Further, the effect of DEHP on overall DNA methylation, DNMT1, CCR2, and MCP-1 in the neutrophils was explored. Our results show that the neutrophils of ASD subjects have diminished DNMT1 expression, which is associated with hypomethylation of DNA and increased inflammatory mediators such as CCR2 and MCP-1. DEHP further causes downregulation of DNMT1 expression in the neutrophils of ASD subjects, probably through oxidative inflammation, as antioxidant treatment led to reversal of a DEHP-induced reduction in DNMT1. These data highlight the importance of the environmental pollutant DEHP in the modification of epigenetic machinery such as DNA methylation in the neutrophils of ASD subjects.

Saliva based diagnostic methodologies for a fast track detection of autism spectrum disorder: A mini-review.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered a complicated neurodevelopment disorder with rising prevalence globally. ASD is characterized by a series of events including varying degrees of defects in communication, learning, and social interaction which is accompanied by stereotypical behavioral patterns. Despite extensive research, the current diagnosis for ASD is complex and almost solely based on the behavioral assessments of the suspected individuals. The multifactorial etiopathology of this disease along with the diversity of symptoms among different individuals adds to the current intricacies for accurate prognosis of ASD. Hence, there exists a dire need for biologically relevant biomarkers for an early diagnosis and for tracking the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Until recently, among various biofluids, saliva has gained increasing interest for biomarker identification, the advantages include the non-invasive nature and ease of sample handling. This mini-review aims to provide a succinct summary of recent literature on saliva-based diagnostic modalities for ASD, examine various studies that highlight the potential use of proteomic and/or RNA-based biomarkers. Finally, some conclusive perspectives of using the salivary system for ASD mechanistic details and diagnosis are also discussed.

Adults with autism spectrum disorders – specificity of functioning, needs, limitations, possibilities

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) belongs to the group of neurodevelopmental disorders that are characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and social communication, accompanied by limited, repetitive and stereotypical patterns of behavior, activity and interests. They are usually diagnosed early in life, but are increasingly being diagnosed for the first time in adults who were not diagnosed in childhood. Diagnosing adults with ASD is a big challenge for professionals, a long process and a complex and difficult task. Receiving a diagnosis of ASD in adulthood is very important for these people and can help people around them better understand the specific behaviors of a person with ASD. An important potential benefit of obtaining an ASD diagnosis is also the ability to obtain the necessary professional support. For most people, these disorders are life-long, and therefore there is an absolute need to support people with ASD beyond childhood and adolescence. The analysis of the social situation of adults with ASD in Poland shows that no systemic solutions have been developed to help these people throughout their lives, especially in “transition” periods, such as starting school, the next stage of education, or transition to adulthood. Effective support systems for adults with ASD and their families should be developed as soon as possible. People with ASD have a variety of needs that require the coordination of activities in the field of health care, education, finance and social affairs throughout their lives, and taking active measures in the integration and participation of people with ASD and their families in society.

Autism spectrum disorder is associated with multifold risks in the process of pregnancy: Imbalance of nutritional, environmental and social behavioral aspects

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction, communication, and stereotyped behavior patterns. The cost burden for health coverage for ASD is focused on educational applied behavioral analysis and psychotropic drugs to decrease maladaptive behaviors and support learning and development. Determinants of either risk factors or prevention related to ASD covering environmental, social-behavioral, and genetic are still unknown. This review focuses on the multifold risks of Autistic disorder (ASD), including environmental, genetic, and food supplemental concerns and health policies and regulations.

POSTMODERN MASALLARDA CİNSİYET KURGUSU VE ANLATI STRATEJİLERİ: KIRMIZI BAŞLIKLI KIZ MASALININ YENİDEN YAZIMLARI

Studying fairy tales and their rewriting without addressing gender issues causes studies to be incomplete. The masculine elements in fairy tales provide a wealth of material to be evaluated within the framework of feminist theory. In the narrative structure consisting of characters acting with a limited number of stereotyped behaviour patterns, stereotyped understandings of gender representations and sexual orientation differences are maintained and reproduced. In order to make this sexist attitude visible and transform it, the tales that were born in the folk culture and survived until today are rewritten by the authors. The narrative of "Little Red Riding Hood", a European folk tale, based on events between a little girl and a wolf; It is one of the leading tales that maintain a sexist attitude, have a worldwide reputation and are rewritten. In the study, three different rewriting of the Little Red Riding Hood fairy tale will be examined in terms of form and content in the perspective of postfeminist criticism, the differences and similarities between the first written version and the later derived forms will be revealed, and it will be discussed whether the three texts examined apply a deconstruction to the first text. The texts will be analysed considering whether these tales provide alternative positions for children.

Pharmacological approaches in the treatment of autism: a narrative review

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in communication and social interaction and by the presence of repetitive and restricted behaviors. To review the literature on drug interventions in the treatment of ASD in children and adolescents. Narrative review conducted at a university in São Paulo, Brazil. Search of the literature of studies published from 2005 to 2022, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, in the SciELO, PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACS and TripDatabase databases. Risperidone alone improved stereotyped patterns of behavior. Associations with aripiprazole or galantamine reduced irritability and managing the behavioral symptoms, respectively. Ginkgo biloba, associated to risperidone, led to an improvement in the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C) subscales scores. The association with sulforaphane exhibited a greater improvement in irritability and hyperactivity/noncompliance scores. Omega-3s reduced gesture use and hyperactivity. Bumetanide reduced restricted interests and repetitive behavior compared to placebo. Intranasal oxytocin improved social skills. The AB-2004 showed improvement in behavioral endpoints, especially anxiety and irritability. Folinic acid improved verbal communication in non-syndromic ASD children. Prednisolone increased language scores. There is not a drug that treats all of them and the possibility of significant adverse effects must be adjusted according to the symptoms and clinical response.

Brief Report: An Art Therapy Pilot Dyadic (parent/caregiver and child) Telehealth for Children Living with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Due to COVID-19 safety protocols, the vulnerable within our community had limited access to resources. Children of determination have encountered disruption to therapeutic services especially from March 2020 to November 2020. The pilot attempted to address question(s) of feasibility in maintaining services, preventing mental health and deterioration of symptoms and behaviour, and in increasing access to resources for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The research looked to question, if online services could substitute in-person services with this population, and to determine plausibility of online group art therapy services for children and their caregivers. The impact of COVID-19 on mental health is still unclear; early published reports indicate the onset of moderate to severe depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress, potentially having a prolonged psychological impact on some individuals (Qiu et al., 2020). Overall, there is a lack of literature on art therapy in the region, and more so for online intervention, specifically in support of ASD during the pandemic. ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs a person’s ability to communicate, socialize, and respond to certain stimuli within environments. Parents, pediatricians, and nurseries typically identify concerns that prompt diagnosis, ideally by age 3; prevalence is higher in males than females (Elsabbagh et al., 2012). ASD is recognized by delayed language development, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, impacting imagination, and difficulty with social interaction (Rapin &amp; Dunn, 1997). Overall, the Middle East has had relatively little published research on ASD etiology, although statistics indicate that ASD affects 1 in 146 births in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Virolainen, 2020). Genetic linkage such as kinship and multiparity is culturally and regionally common. Epidemiological research into autism in the UAE is relatively new. The prevalence of autism likely remains underdetermined as many cases of autism potentially go undiagnosed within the community due to stigma and lack of awareness; mild cases can be unnoticed, and delayed diagnoses might result from a lack of focus or training in the area of early intervention (Salhia et al., 2014). It is, therefore, crucial that there is a continuation of support without disruption. Art Therapy is an integrative mental health profession that engages participants with the creative process, active art-making, and integrated psychological theory within the context of a therapeutic relationship (American Art Therapy Association, 2020). Art psychotherapists have a minimum of a master’s degree in art psychotherapy with clinical practice and supervised experience before gaining professional registration, a rigorous process. Children with autism are generally referred to art therapy specifically in the West (Martin, 2009; Teeuw, 2011) to support coping with communication challenges, behaviour, and low self-esteem (Schweizer et al., 2014; Schweizer et al., 2017). Research demonstrates that children with autism are expected to benefit from a non-verbal treatment such as art therapy, through sensory exploration, looking at, and shaping art materials to facilitate expression (Malchiodi, 2003; Rubin, 2001; Schweizer et al., 2009). This pilot study explores if conducting art therapy online would be beneficial and fill the gap when in-person services are not possible.

ВЕРБАЛЬНИЙ, СОЦІО- ТА БІОГЕНЕТИЧНИЙ КОДИ ЕКСТЕРІОРИЗАЦІЇ ЕМОЦІЙ: АФЕКТИВНО-ДИСКУРСИВНИЙ ПІДХІД

The article elucidates modern trends in humanities and social studies to encompass affective corporeality in the emotional conceptual sphere of the person, the structure of her social identity, and into processes of communal sense-making. But despite the prominence of the turn to affectivity which is putatively at the core of many social processes, discourse must be equally addressed to outline the epistemic role of emotional experiences. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to highlight the need for integrating the findings of both discourse and affect studies which will significantly benefit emotiology in unveiling the processes of social construction of reality. To meet the goal the following objectives are set: 1) to outline the semiotic nature and pragmatic potential of affect somatic concomitants; 2) to analyze the unity of social and biogenetic codes of affect and emotion externalization; 3) to provide an overarching classification of verbal means for affect and emotion manifestation; 4) to highlight the role of cognized corporeality of emotions; 5) to present the prospects of an integral approach to the study of affective-discursive sense-making. The methodology of the study involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparing, and deduction. Results. Current emotion theories in linguistics, philosophy, and psychology exhibit a general tendency towards the integration of embodied emotional and sensual experience in epistemic and sense-making practices of social interaction. An emotional pool proves indispensable from the pool of knowledge and involves shared experience of affective and emotional responses, their conventionalized and sedimented externalization, the library of verbal and nonverbal means of their manifestation, regulation, negotiation, and channeling. Consequently, the unison of scholarly claims resides in the recognition of both biological and social aspects of affectivity, verbal expression and/or representation of which elicits recognition and an embodied response in the co-emoter. The commonality of affective interaction is claimed formative in constructing worldviews and beliefs. Therefore, the pragmatic potential of verbal and nonverbal affectivediscursive practices favours efficient social affiliation and communal construction of reality simultaneously setting social boundaries within a society. Recurring and reproducing scenarios of affective interaction are based on the system of conventional behavioural and linguistic signs which foster meaning-making practices. The library of somatic signs can be accessed via biogenetic modality, modality on trigger, and modality on learning. This code is grounded in innate physiological responses and unequivocally relates to corresponding situations through stereotypical behavioral patterns. Modality on learning bridges biogenetic and alphabetic codes as the nativism of both anchors semantic correlation, with the difference that the latter system of signs is adopted only conventionally. A discursive account of emotional interaction has resulted in an integral classification of verbal means for affect and emotion externalization that equally involve verbal and nonverbal modes. Emotion triggers, emotional situations, psycho-physiological experiences, state and action tendencies are included in the comprehensive inventory of language means for emotion manifestation. Expressive and descriptive methods can also serve as means of invoking emotional response in other social members in the form of embodied simulations. This is engendered by the process of emotion knowledge acquisition which occurs both through embodiment and narrative practices. The knowledge of social and cultural aspects of one’s emotional stance involves a multilateral account of subjective experience shared by other members of a culture. Thus, emotional alignment is achieved in social acts through manifold resources of language that proves affective-discursive practices defining in sense-making and the approach seminal in further studies of social processes.

Dissecting the Heterogeneity of Autism: Focus on Phelan-McDermid Syndrome

IntroductionAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that show delays and deficits in the development of multiple brain functions, which are characterized by social communication, poor language development, and restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests and behaviours. ASD affects about 1-2 % of the population and are considered to be highly genetic in nature. Structural variations of chromosomes have been identified in some ASD individuals, most common on chromosome 7q, 15q and 22q.Objectives1-To present a systematic literature review of the natural history of individuals with 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). PMS, increase awareness of different phenotypes 2- Correlation of clinical manifestations of PMS with hypothesized underlying biological mechanisms 3-Rational for novel treatments is inferred through translational neuroscience approaches.MethodsWe have conducted a systematic literature review of the natural history of individuals with PMS, including both cross-sectional and long-term longitudinal analyses and correlation with hypothesized underlying biological mechanisms, including roles in regulation synaptic development, function, and plasticity. This systematic review includes the basis for a promising common pathway for ASD pathogenesis and the clinical implications of novel therapeutic strategies inferred through translational neuroscience approaches.ResultsThis systematic review, therefore, outlines the: (1) Pathophysiological basis and clinical manifestations of PMS; (2) PMS pre-clinical models and applications to ASD; and (3) clinical implications of novel therapeutic strategies.ConclusionsA promising common pathway for ASD pathogenesis and rational for novel treatments is inferred through translational neuroscience approaches. Neurobiological basis for lithium treatment is indeed supported by experimental results and current clinical findings.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

CXCR2 antagonist SB332235 mitigates deficits in social behavior and dysregulation of Th1/Th22 and T regulatory cell-related transcription factor signaling in male BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mouse model of autism

Autism spectrum disorders is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal social interaction, defective communication, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviors or interests. The BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) inbred mice are generally used as a model for ASD, display a range of autistic phenotypes. Recent studies suggest that the CXCR2 antagonist is crucial for targets in the treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of the CXCR2 antagonist SB332235 on sociability behaviors, marble burying, and self-grooming, we also explored the treatment of SB332235 on Th1 (IFN-γ, Stat1, and T-bet), Th22 (IL-22, TNF-α, and AhR), and T regulatory (Treg, IL-10, Helios and Foxp3) production in CD4+ T cells in male BTBR and C57BL/6 (C57) mice in spleen. We also investigated the effects of SB332235 on IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-22, T-bet, AhR, and Foxp3 mRNA expression levels in the brain tissues. The SB332235-treated mice significantly improve behavioral abnormalities in BTBR mice. In addition, SB332235 administration causes a significantly decreases in IFN-γ, Stat1, T-bet, IL-22, TNF-α, and AhR, and increases in IL-10, Foxp3 and Helios production CD4+ T cells in BTBR mice. We further observed that SB332235 downregulated IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-22, T-bet, and AhR, and upregulated IL-10 and Foxp3 mRNA expression in the brain tissues. Our findings demonstrated that SB332235 treatment attenuated behavior deficits, through inhibiting Th1/Th22 and upregulating Treg cell-related transcription factors signaling pathway. Therefore, CXCR2 antagonist administration may be a promising therapeutic agent to attenuate behavior deficits via its anti-inflammatory effect.