Stereotypical Imagery Research Articles

Stereotypical conceptions and criminal processing: The case of the victim-offender relationship

This study examines the impact of the victim-offender relationship on case processing and sentencing decisions. After discussing the stereotypical imagery surrounding the victim-offender relationship, several hypotheses about the main, conditional, and context-specific effects of a prior relationship are tested. The victim-offender relationship is found to have a significant impact on various dispositional decisions primarily because it invokes multiple crime scripts. In contrast to other criminal conceptions, however, these auxiliary images not only appear to be the basis for differential treatment between known offenders and strangers, but also contribute to notable differentiation within each category of the victim-offender relationship. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for further research on stereotypical conceptions and criminal processing.

Eros and Liberty at the English Masquerade, 1710-90

TO CARRY ON AN INTRIGUE with an Air of Secrecy, to debauch a Citizen's Wife, or steal an Heiress, what Contrivance in World so proper as a Masquerade? What indeed? The London audience at Griffin's 1717 comedy The Masquerade: Or, An Evening's needed no answer to Reveller's question: by second decade of eighteenth century it was a commonplace that for erotic Intrigue of any sort one ventured, muffled up in mask and domino, to that most notorious of urban diversions, Midnight Masquerade. When Addison, in Spectator 101, described Heidegger's weekly masked revel at Haymarket (then open to public at three or five shillings a ticket) as a kind of promiscuous his readers knew he referred not just to motley visual promiscuity of occasion-its hodge-podge of Turks and harlequins, Merry Andrews and milkmaids, Scaramouches and hussars, chimney sweeps and Circassian maidens-but to its air of universal libertinage. The Spectator reflected conventional opinion when he wrote that the whole Design of this libidinous Assembly seems to terminate in Assignations and Intrigues.' The student of eighteenth-century culture may make same association. To extent that we think of masquerades at all-as more than just a part, along with snuffboxes, beauty patches, follies, and fetes champetres, of stereotypical imagery of eighteenthcentury frivolity-we may connect them with a realm of erotic conspiracy and license. Contemporary literary and visual renderings of masquerade topos most familiar to us now support such a

Yaḥyā Ḥaqqī as Critic and Nationalist

Yaḥy¯a Ḥaqqī's first article of literary criticism appeared at a time when the critic was still more or less exclusively concerned with explaining a text, or with justifying the rival merits of “ancient” as opposed to “modem” literature. In 1921 Mā.zinī and 'Aqqād had published their Ad-dīwān: kitāb fī an-naqd wa al-adab which constituted a significant step away from the traditional mold of literary criticism. The primary motivation of the madhhab jadīd seems to have been an attack, not always purely literary, on the neo-Classical trend as exemplified in the poetry of Shauqī, Hāfiz and Ismā'il Sabrī. The Diwan School, as it came to be called, required that the poet express his true feelings in an imaginative way without resorting to pure description or stereotyped imagery confined within traditional poetical forms.

Occupational Stereotypes and Prestige

Occupational Stereotypes and Prestige

Occupational Stereotypes and Prestige

This paper examines occupational evaluation as a behavioral process. First, alternative methods of investigating occupational stratification are distinguished: the socioeconomic or “objective” approach, the prestige assessment or “subjective” approach, and a “linkage model” that attempts to identify objective characteristics that enter as status-conferring criteria into prestige assessment. The third approach assumes a weighting and combining process according to which prestige assessments are concluded de novo by each person who reviews the occupational structure. Taking account of occupational characteristics may, however, involve response to stereotyped imagery as to what occupations and their incumbents are like, as well as the processing of objective data. Popular stereotypes of occupations are explored through the use of the semantic differential.