Stereotypical Conceptions Research Articles

Materialising Gender-fluidity through Fashion

As the final year comprehensive design project for the Honours Degree of Bachelor of Design, Department of Integrated Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, I have selected a project which is based upon my own clothing brand. It is an emerging ready-to-wear clothing brand based in Sri Lanka, which was launched in August 2020 through the Colombo Fashion Week named “HARID”. Currently, HARID retails at the Design Collective store in Colombo for a consumer group based upon it. The brand philosophy of HARID is to challenge gender-related stereotypical concepts. As the brand identity, HARID uses heritage craft practices.

THE SYSTEM OF SEMANTIC VALENCY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article considers the potential of creating a system of categories of consistency and valence in the Kazakh language. To distinguish the typical types of phrases that make up the valence system, an experiment is carried out. In the Kazakh language, phrases are not enough to be divided into two parts: syntactic and lexical. The issue of expanding forms, concretizing patterns, in-depth study of the abilities of the valence of the Kazakh language will be considered. Compatibility is the main property of language units based on the syntagmatic relation. The syntagmatic relation is the ability of linguistic symbols to be harmoniously combined in accordance with the regularity of the language, depending on the order of the sequential arrangement in the composition of the text, sentence, word. Compatibility is a linguistic category that functions in all linguistic areas. The stereotypical concept “compatibility is a combination of two or more words” is recognized only as a form of grammatical compatibility. Thus, compatibility is an important category in determining the phonetic, lexical, morphological, and syntactic patterns of a language. Here compatibility is considered equally with the concept of valency. Because valence itself is the main indicator that refl the ability of all language units in the structure of the text, starting with the sound layer.

Gender Inequality Against Female Online Ojek Driver (Case Study on Grab Queen Community in Malang City)

This study examines the gender inequality of female online motorcycle taxi drivers in the Grab Queen community in Malang City. Female online motorcycle taxi drivers in Malang City have problems from each individual who gets a case of gender inequality. The purpose of this study is to describe how the form of gender inequality that occurs in female online motorcycle taxi drivers in Malang City, especially in the Grab Queen Malang community. The research method used in writing this thesis is to use a qualitative method with a case study approach. The technique of determining the subject used snowball sampling technique. The location of this research is in the Grab Queen community, Malang City. The data collection used are interviews and documentation studies, data analysis techniques used by researchers are data reduction, data presentation, conclusing drawings or conclusions, and data validity. This study uses the concept of gender inequality, namely subordination, stereotypes, violence and double burden to classify the types of gender inequality cases and the theory used by researchers is gender functionalism from Miriam M. Johnson which consists of functions, roles, social structures, so as to achieve a balance to realize social order. From the results of theoretical analysis, there is an imbalance of roles between female and male drivers in the regulations made by partners and also the mindset of the community so that cases of inequality will easily occur among female online motorcycle taxi drivers. In this study, researchers want to examine the balance of roles to establish social order so that there is no opportunity for gender inequality.

Understanding the Gender Gap in Sports through a socio-environmental lens.

The issue of low levels of women’s participation in the sports has always been a key global issue. The discipline of sport psychology allows for a psychological interpretation of reasons to why this is the unfortunate case. The main focus in sport psychology lies upon the concepts of gender stereotyping. This research paper will explore the socio-environmental approach: through gender schema and parental involvement; and the biological approach: through the understanding of various concepts regarding hormones and evolution. Both these approaches help explain why this difference of participation levels exist between the two biological genders.

Measuring stereotypes in the banking industry – an application to client relational benefits

PurposeDespite interest in social stereotypes such as gender, race and age, professional stereotypes of frontline employees is still a new topic that requires measurement in the banking services. The purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a reliable banker stereotype scale that reflects all useful dimensions.Design/methodology/approachA multi-dimensional scale is developed using a mixed method in the French context. Qualitative data were collected from two samples (11 private banking clients, 17 retail banking clients). Quantitative data were collected from two diversified samples built by quotas: an exploratory sample (n = 226) and a confirmatory sample (n = 579). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test and validate the scale.FindingsThe measurement scale proves to be valid and reliable. The scale is then used in a conceptual model as an explanatory factor of expected relational benefits where relations are analyzed using structural equation modeling. The model successfully provides some explanatory links between the banker stereotypes and the expected relational benefits.Practical implicationsThe concept of the professional stereotype can be further used to better understand relationship quality and customer satisfaction through relational benefits, and more widely as a part of the know your customer (KYC) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) procedures.Originality/valueThe scale identifies four behavioral dimensions (partner, paternalistic, subordinate and shark) and one about dress code (formal clothing).

Returning to Nature as Habitat? The Ecocritical, Non-Canonical Voice of the Environmentally Dispossessed in Waslala: Memorial del Futuro

Neoliberal capitalist growth and ecological exploitation have been raising formerly unknown problems and pose significant difficulties for the environmentally dispossessed, for instance in terms of meeting an ever-increasing consumer demand concerning natural resources and simultaneously coping with a massive and indisputable waste problem. The virulent topic of inconsiderate environmental destruction and improper waste disposal is addressed by Gioconda Belli’s 1996 utopian novel Waslala: Memorial del Futuro in different ways. With its postcolonial-ecocritical agenda, the novel detaches itself from narrow dichotomous and stereotypical conceptions and aims to draw the readers’ attention to the negative and fatalistic impact that neoliberal capitalist consumerism has on the environments of the poor. The Nicaraguan novel furthermore highlights the underrepresented, non-canonical voices of the environmentally dispossessed and depicts environmental exploitation and ecological damage through their perspectives. This article demonstrates how Waslala articulates a powerful anti-capitalist, ecological, and postcolonial critical perspective and helps imagine alternative convivialist scenarios of returning to nature as habitat in ethically and ecologically more inclusive terms. My close reading focuses on the novel’s critique of the waste policies of capitalist and industrialized nations and the challenges resulting from what Rob Nixon has termed “slow violence.” Hereby, the article illuminates the ways readers are addressed by the drastic depiction of tragic historical events. In its critical examination of stereotypical dualistic thinking, Waslala concretely proposes the bioregion of the river as a promising and convivialist alternative space for returning to nature as habitat.

Social judgement of L2 accented speech stereotyping and its influential factors

ABSTRACT If extraneous information leads listeners to biased judgements, then their speech perceptions are likely to manifest distortion in that direction. This phenomenon is known as reverse linguistic stereotyping (RLS), which has been confirmed by 25 years of empirical study. Recent research on effects of listener background on ratings of speaker pronunciation and social judgments are likewise consistent with the concept of reverse linguistic stereotyping. In particular, one way of operationalising listener aberration is measuring a function of listener backgrounds and proclivity toward RLS along with a dimension of speaker social attractiveness, superiority, and dynamism. The current study examined to what extent listeners’ background characteristics and RLS propensity factors affect their social judgements of second language (L2) accented speech. The background factors included learners’ accent exposure, study abroad experience, the degree of foreign language study experience, and three RLS dimensions. Results suggest that listeners who hold negatively stereotyped expectations about LX accents tend to find accented speech less superior and less socially attractive. Findings offer implications to language education and various workforce-related communication in global contexts.

The Root Causes of Migration: Why Africans Leave their Homes

In recent years, irregular migration from sub-Saharan Africa has been under the spotlight. Western media and politicians often use doomsday scenarios to describe the supposedly millions of desperate people knocking at the gates of the European Eldorado to escape poverty and warfare at home. Such a stereotypical conception of sub-Saharan African migration is not only overlooking its root causes, but it is also far from its real dynamics. Thus, inspired by the extensive literature on international migration and based on data availability, 27 potential root causes of migration were selected to cover 30 sub-Saharan countries for the period between 2002 and 2016. The sensitivity and robustness of each potential determinant of both net migration and refugee population is tested using the two approaches of extreme bounds analysis proposed by Leamer and Leonard, and Sala-I-Martin. The results reveal that gross domestic product per capita, domestic credit, trade, foreign direct investment inflows, external debt, youth unemployment, natural resources rents, international tourism, military expenditure, health expenditure, undernourishment, food production, life expectancy, HIV prevalence, population growth, corruption, voice and accountability, rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and common law are the root causes of migration in sub-Saharan Africa.

Commentary on the Impact of Teacher Appearance and Age on Student Attitudes

Early research in the psychological and social development of students has explored the effect of a teacher’s appearance on physical education students’ learning and perceptions of the teacher. Initial studies of this nature suggested that teachers’ appearance, clothing, and fitness influenced students’ perceptions of teachers’ instructional ability. The purpose of this commentary is to review and summarize the literature relative to teacher age and appearance to provide considerations for sport pedagogists, K-12 educators, and health professionals while teaching students about the concept of age-related stereotypes and healthy aging. A thorough literature review was conducted using search terms related to age, youthful age-related stereotypes, and youthful perceptions of healthy aging. Themes were categorized into logical categories. College, middle school, and elementary school students favor being taught by younger teachers. Research on perceptions of age and aging in general has indicated that a bias against older individuals is evident in very young children and becomes stronger as they age and enter adolescence. Furthermore, research has also indicated that children, adults, and youth often regard older individuals negatively. It is important to further assess how the reduction of age stereotypes among youth influences the attitudes and behaviors of youth. Schools can play a significant role in influencing the perceptions children have of the elderly and the aging process. They have the resources and capabilities to integrate material on healthy aging into their curricula as well as to introduce students to older individuals, thus reinforcing the view of aging as a more positive experience.

« De la bêtise et du conformisme » comme forme de stéréotype dans la littérature de Belinda Cannone

In this paper, our analysis will focus on the concept of stereotype based on the notion of “bêtise” (stupidity) that French essayist and novelist Belinda Cannone deplores. We will study how she rethinks the “bêtise”, after Flaubert who defined it as the art of wanting to conclude. In La bêtise s’améliore (2007) Cannone gives the example of Flaubert, making the “bêtise” the doxa that touches all areas of social life. The central element of “bêtise”, according to Belinda Cannone, remains in many respects conformism. It is a question of seeing how, in Cannone’s discourse, these two notions – “bêtise” and conformism – are articulated and allow her to redefine her ethos of the engaged intellectual in the public space.

Representation of Ethnicity in Lexicographic Discourse

In the modern world, which is characterised by migration processes, ethnic and cultural mixing, the interest of representatives of various fields of knowledge to the category of ethnicity, ethnic processes, their historical, cultural, philosophical and linguistic component is growing. In this regard, the work is devoted to studying the dynamics of representations of ethnicity in different types of discursive practices and identifying the specifics of conceptualisation of ethnicity in English-speaking society in the context of ideological, socio-economic and socio-cultural transformations of the second half of the 20th – early 21st century. The relevance of the study is due to the inclusion of the dynamics of language development and change in such areas of modern linguistics as ethnolinguistics, linguocultural studies and discourse analysis, as well as growing interest in the evolution of language, lexical structure of English and changes in the English world picture with the development of ethnic culture, the synthesis of language modifications in the context of global socio-cultural transformations. The following methods were used in the work: definition analysis; comparative analysis; quantitative analysis; analysis-discourse; hypothetical-deductive method; generalisation; systematisation. The research methods used in the article made it possible to substantiate the principles of material selection for studying the dynamics of ethnic representations in English dictionaries; to reveal the concepts of ethnic stereotype and ethnonym-nickname as ways of stereotyping; to characterise the concept of political correctness as relevant for the study of linguistic construction of ethnicity. The dynamics of the representation of ethnicity in the lexicographic discourse on the material of British dictionaries of two times cross-sections (mid-20th century and modern latest edition) in the context of socio-cultural transformations were analysed. The practical value of the work is that the obtained results contribute to a fuller understanding of the English-language picture of the world, deepen scientific ideas about the interaction of ideology, language, culture.

Disagreement and mitigation in power-asymmetrical venture capital reality TV shows: a comparative case study of Shark Tank in the US and Dragon’s Den in China

Abstract This paper examines the relationships among cultural variation, power, disagreement, and mitigation devices. Based on a multi-modal analysis of original data from two TV shows (Shark Tank in the US and Dragon’s Den in China), it is found that investors’ linguistic performance shows greater frequency and variation in both disagreement and its mitigation, influenced by power and politeness. Regarding the role of cultural variation, this study challenges some stereotypical conceptions of culture with the finding that Chinese participants use negation more often than their US counterparts. Meanwhile, Chinese and American participants choose different disagreement-mitigation formats: In the US Shark Tank investors tend to initiate disagreements by enforcing explicitness and entrepreneurs tend to mitigate them by offering explanations, while in the Chinese Dragon’s Den investors tend to utter negations and then mitigate them with qualifiers or alternative statements. Moreover, the American show also contains cases where the pre-set power-asymmetrical relationship changes during the course of presentation, and entrepreneurs with increasing power start to challenge investors by asking them various questions. However, this alteration of power relationships appears to be more difficult in the Chinese context.

Golding’s Narrowed Attempts at Defining Human Nature in Lord of the Flies

This paper is an attempt to prove the assumption that William Golding is a failure who claims to have written his novel Lord of the Flies on the idea of human nature. He considers that he wrote about human nature in general, but he is a Western and has those ideas of being superior to other people. He takes all his characters from among the English boys. Not a single character who is shown as civilized belongs to a marginalized race. This act of Golding reveals his ethnocentric attitude. He does not bother to include a female character in this novel. All his characters are male. It shows his androcentric nature. Though he tries to put the evil like every man whenever he wants to show the brutality or savagery of a human, in the form of his chosen English boys, he portrays them as the hunters of Africa or paints them with mud. In doing so, he is affiliating savagery with the blacks and Indians. Thus, he propagates the same stereotypical concept of “Orients” as uncivilized and savages. Golding relies solely on the biological factors of human nature. He ignores to consider any social problem for the conflict of the two groups of boys. These social factors may include political system, religion, or Marxism. This research work has proved that Golding’s self-critique of human nature in the novel is a failure on his part.

Woman the Natural Nurturer: An Ecofeminist Study of Niki Caro’s The Whale Rider.

This paper deliberates upon the impact of gender stereotypes in the Maori community proposing the role of women as the preserver of environment, enlightening the concept of ecofeminism. The research aims to explore The Whale Rider by Niki Caro analyzing the concept of gender valorization and the relationship between humans and the environment. The objective of the research is to highlight the concept of male dominance and draw parallels between the oppression of nature and the clampdown of women. The film displays the life of a coastal village in New Zealand, who trace their lineage back to the first Whale Rider through male descendants. Koro, the aging leader of the tribe, tries to ensure his line of succession, but when his first great-grandchild is female, he feels he must search the community for a new heir since in his mind women cannot be tribal leaders. Caro’s work has been analyzed in the concept of gender stereotype juxtaposing the concept of females as the natural nurturers. The camera angles of the protagonist demonstrate the natural struggle of a woman in a patriarchal setup.

GENDER ASPECTS IN THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATION OF SUBJECTS OF SPORTS ACTIVITIES

Gender stereotypes are intertwined in relations in society, reflect gender differences, and consolidate traditional gender roles. The concept of gender stereotype means the ability of a person to generally assess the relationships of people in the world and is the basis for inferences and uncritical conclusions. The positive function of stereotypes is the person will be able to react quickly to the changes even with limited data. The process of cognition is a reflection of objective reality, in which stereotypes often have a conservative effect. They form erroneous knowledge and ideas, which negatively affect the processes of interpersonal interaction.

Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study

The present investigation used ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to different ethnic groups, by means of an implicit paradigm.285 sentences were presented to 20 Italian Caucasian participants while EEG signals were recorded from 128 scalp sites. Sentences could either violate (Incongruent condition), non-violate (Congruent condition) or be neutral (Neutral condition) with regard to stereotypical concepts concerning non-Caucasian ethnic groups (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabs). No awareness or judgment about stereotypes was required. Participants were engaged in a fictitious task, ignoring the overall study's purpose.The results showed that Incongruent terminal words elicited a greater anterior N400 response (300–500 ms) compared to Congruent and Neutral words, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. The participant's individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent – Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, administered at the end of the experimental session.Intra-cortical sources explaining the N400 involved areas of the social cognition network such as the medial frontal cortex (BA10) and the inferior temporal gyrus (BA20) which are known to support processing of information about other people and impression formation. Moreover, Congruent terminal words evoked a greater P300 response (500–600 ms) compared to the other conditions, possibly reflecting the merging of incoming inputs with anticipated semantic information. A late post-N400 frontal positivity (650–800 ms) was found to be larger to sentences concerning other-race characters (ether congruent or incongruent) compared to sentences involving own-race characters (neutral).The study corroborated the effectiveness of neurophysiological measures to assess implicit complex semantic representations and circumventing social desirability-related problems.

La puissance des clichés langagiers dans La Cousine Bette de Balzac : entre le dévoilement de stéréotypes et leur reconnaissance par le lecteur contemporain

The aim of this article is to examine the stereotypy in Balzac’s novel Cousin Bette, by relying on the scene of a famous confrontation between Célestin Crevel and his metaphysical opposite – Baroness Hulot d’Ervy. José-Luis Diaz underlines that the Balzacian stereotype imposes itself as the imitation of the social norm and all kinds of linguistic, sartorial, behavioral automatisms etc. His research justifies the use of the concept of stereotype in relation to Balzac’s creation, especially because the nineteenth century only knows its meaning in printing. Thanks to the notion of stereotype, we can question on its influence on the behavior of the protagonists. We are also able to identify the character of the social norm of the time and its regulatory mechanisms. On the one hand, the excessively fixed language, like the cliché, allows the writer to imitate the material preoccupations of the bourgeoisie under the July Monarchy by forging, in the reader’s mind, his negative image. On the other hand, this analysis shows that the protagonist’s expression goes beyond linguistic mimicry. The stereotype allows a certain stylistic originality by which the protagonists give the reader a look into their belief systems. In this sense, the stereotype is a mechanism of regulation : it complicates the characters, creates an impression of reality. Finally, this stylistic enity capture the reader’s attention with logically permissible ideas that are morally unacceptable.

What's Sex Got to Do with It? Mapping the Impact of Questions of Gender and Sexuality on the Evolution of the Digital Rights Landscape in India

Issues relating to gender and sexuality have a considerable, but as yet undocumented, importance in digital rights related law in India, in some cases expanding such rights, but often reducing avenues of free speech, privacy, and anonymity for women online. However, so far, this intersection has not been systematically documented or analysed in any way. In this paper, we examine in detail how gender and sexuality issues have driven the development of digital rights related law in India. We interrogate intersection of gender, sexuality, and digital rights both in cases where where litigants have viewed women as objects of state control to be protected for their own safety, to safeguard public morality, and to uphold values of “Indian culture”; and where women's conduct online represents a deviation from stereotypical conceptions of an “ideal” daughter, wife, mother, and victim, and has made them the subject of social and legal control. Through an analysis of cases concerning regulation of OTT platforms, banning of pornography, intermediary liability, sexual harassment and #MeToo, the right to anonymity, and right to be forgotten, the right to internet access, ban on TikTok, and non-consensual sharing of sexual images online, we find that all too often, anxieties surrounding women’s sexuality continue to justify court cases and jurisprudence that are geared towards protecting middle class morality and a very narrow vision of “Indian culture” rather than gender and sexuality rights.

Teacher's imaginative elaborations on adolescence: a Winnicottian reading

Abstract Adolescents in situations of social vulnerability demand a type of care, from parents, teachers, and society, that protects them from the additional risks to which they are exposed, without compromising the development of their autonomy. This qualitative study aimed to investigate the imaginative elaborations of 30 teachers about adolescence using an Interactive Narrative approach as an investigative resource. The narrative material was analyzed interpretively, searching for the affective-emotional senses underlying the elaborations of the participants, resulting in the following fields of meaning: "Do not turn adolescence into rocket science" and "Adolescence: a sign of danger". In addition to the pedagogical issues, the participants expressed difficulty in dealing with issues that are specific to the adolescent's emotional development, oscillating between stereotyped conceptions and an empathic posture in the face of adolescent immaturity. It is concluded that teachers experience ambivalent feelings towards adolescents, assuming either an authoritarian or a patronizing posture, understanding adolescent conflict as natural at this development stage.

АНАЛІЗ ВПЛИВУ ДИТЯЧИХ СТРАХІВ НА ФОРМУВАННЯ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ ДОРОСЛОЇ ЛЮДИНИ

The childhood fears and demonstration of their consequences in adult life is an important topic of psychology and psychiatry. The analysis of theoretical studies, allows to reveal more deeply consequences of formation and functioning of stereotypes in consciousness and behavior of people. The phenomenon of stereotype from a psychological and psychophysiological point of view is considered in the article. The psychological understanding of the concepts of stereotype and fear is provided on the basis of the analysis and generalization of related materials. The different interpretations of the stereotype have been found to reflect the different aspects of the same phenomenon: physiological basis, social and psychological conditioning, behavioral and verbal realization. The determinants (external and internal) of the appearance of the stereotype of person's behavior have been determined and the relations between the individual determinants have been revealed. In particular, the influence of childhood fears on the formation of adult stereotypes was revealed. The main goal is to systematize and generalize the scientific concepts regarding the influence of childhood fears on the formation of adult stereotypes. The main research methods: Analysis and synthesis of information on professional sources. The problem statement. The one of the most important characteristics of stereotypes is their diversity, which makes them function in all spheres of society in different modifications. It is first necessary to develop its generalized, detailed methodological typology based on various scientific classifications in order to study the problem of the formation of stereotypes of human behaviour under the influence of childhood fears. The various fears, both normal and pathological, influence the adult behaviour. The normal fears of a child are always reactions to real dangers, the consequences of which the child assesses adequately, without overstating or minimizing the consequences. The pathological fears are considered to hinder the development of children, their communication with their peers and their social inclusion, and cause various mental disorders. The reaction of the child to such abnormalities is disobedience, reduced academic performance, behavioural disorders and communication with peers and parents. The greater influence of childhood fears when they are laid down for the future, when adults take certain steps under the influence of stereotypes created by their own experience, in which the fears of different levels of intensity and importance were significant. The stereotypes that define the character of the person and his behavior in adulthood go through a long period of formation. The stereotype takes effect even before the mind, the intelligence, puts a specific imprint on the data that the human senses perceive even before the data reaches the mind. At the same time, certain stimuli, especially those inherited by an adult from his or her childhood, activate a certain part of the stereotype system. Thus, the direct impression and a certain evaluation, which has been formed earlier, appear in consciousness simultaneously. The fears inherited by the adult from the period of childhood can carry out a number of characteristic reconstructions in consciousness, which are reflected in individual links of the system, in the entire system or, finally, in the entire above nervous activity.